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Micro-grids supplied by renewable energy : Improving technical and social feasibilityBastholm, Caroline January 2019 (has links)
Universal access to electricity stands high on the global agenda and is regarded as essential for positive development in sectors such as health care, education, poverty reduction, food production and climate change. Decentralized, off-grid electrification is deemed an important complement to centralized grid extension. By utilizing a renewable energy source, solar technology for the generation of electricity, photovoltaics (PV) is being considered as a way forward to minimize the environmental problems related to energy use. This thesis aims to contribute to improving the technical and social feasibility of PV and PV-diesel hybrid micro-grids for the purpose of providing access to electricity to people in rural areas of countries with low level access to electricity. In line with these general aims, the focus has been to address three questions related to challenges in three phases of rural electrification. The work has a multi-disciplinary approach, addressing mainly technical and social aspects of long-term sustainability of micro-grids, in a local context, and the changes these are intended to generate. One specific micro-grid in Tanzania has been used as a major case study. The thesis is developed through three papers, all presenting methodologies or aspects for investigation in rural electrification projects and studies in general, and for PV-diesel hybrid micro-grids in particular. Paper I puts forward a methodology to facilitate non-social scientific researchers to take social aspects increasingly into consideration. Paper II is a guideline to support system users to increasingly apply an evaluation based system operation. Paper III specifically highlights the importance to consider blackouts when investigating how an existing off-grid PV-diesel hybrid system shall be utilized when a national grid becomes available.
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A eletrificação rural com sistemas individuais de geração com fontes intermitentes em comunidades tradicionais: caracterização dos entraves para o desenvolvimento local / Rural electrification by individual systems with intermittent sources in traditional communities: characterization of obstacles to local development.Tina Bimestre Selles Ribeiro 23 April 2010 (has links)
A partir do processo de implantação dos sistemas fotovoltaicos SIGFI 13 na comunidade do Varadouro, isolada na floresta tropical do litoral sul do Estado de São Paulo, este trabalho identificou e caracterizou os principais entraves para difusão e adoção dos mesmos, com vistas ao desenvolvimento local e à melhoria da qualidade de vida. A fundamentação se baseia em referências teóricas sobre temas como comunidades tradicionais, exclusão social, atendimento de serviços públicos, dificuldade de implementação de projetos em comunidades isoladas e no relato da prática de experiências semelhantes em outros países. O método utilizado para pesquisa na comunidade foi o estudo de caso, que constou de revisões bibliográficas sobre trabalhos na região, visitas a campo e entrevistas com atores que trabalham na área. Os dados coletados foram analisados em uma abordagem voltada a compreender: a existência de barreiras no processo de implementação dos sistemas; os aspectos a considerar na superação dessas barreiras; e fatores positivos resultantes da implementação de tecnologia nessa comunidade tradicional. Os novos sistemas mostraram-se importantes e capazes de gerar sentimento de inclusão. Alguns usuários reclamam de não poder usar geladeira, sem, contudo, perder interesse pelo sistema disponível. A principal barreira diz respeito à falta de capacidade de organização dos moradores em prol de um objetivo comum e coletivo. Para a comunidade se desenvolver, não basta o acesso à energia. É preciso que sejam supridas suas necessidades básicas, tais como, saneamento básico, educação, saúde, transporte e acesso à comunicação, que são responsabilidade de Estado. Esta pesquisa conclui que o processo social de eletrificação rural através de tecnologia fotovoltaica é uma iniciativa que trás inovações que precisam ser adotadas e socializadas, e sua difusão deve levar em consideração a vivência coletiva dos moradores de cada comunidade. / Starting from the implementation process of the SIGFI 13 photovoltaic systems in the community of Varadouro, isolated in the rain forest in the Southern coast of São Paulo State, the objective of this work was to identify and characterize the main barriers to extending and adopting these systems, aiming at local development and life quality improvement. Foundation is grounded on theoretical references about themes such as traditional communities, social exclusion, public service assistance, project implementation difficulties in isolated communities, and on reports about similar practices in other countries. The method used was that of study of case, which consisted of bibliographic reviews on works in the region, field visits, and interviews with the people involved who work in the area. The data collected were analyzed according to an approach aiming at understanding: the existence of obstacles in the process of system implementation; the aspects to be considered when overcoming these barriers; and the positive factors arisen from the technology implementation in this traditional community. The new systems showed to be important and capable of generating a feeling of inclusion. Some users complain about not being able to use a refrigerator, without losing interest in the available system, though. The main hurdle concerns the locals lack of organization skills in favor of a collective and joint objective. The community development requires more than the access to energy itself. Their basic needs, such as sanitation, education, health, transport and access to communication which are the States responsibility -, must be provided. This research has come to the conclusion that the social process of rural electrification by photovoltaic technology is an initiative that brings up innovations which must be adopted and socialized, and its extension should take into account the collective locals life experience of each community.
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A universalização do serviço de energia elétrica acesso e uso contínuo. / The universalization of electric energy service - access and continuous use.Sérgio Kinya Fugimoto 19 April 2005 (has links)
Com base nos dados do IBGE, estima-se que aproximadamente 2,4 milhões de domicílios brasileiros não têm acesso ao serviço de energia elétrica. Ainda, projeções da Aneel indicam que, após a alteração dos critérios determinados pela Lei nº 10.438/2002, o número de unidades consumidoras classificadas na subclasse residencial baixa renda passou de 8 para 14 milhões. Conforme estimativas atuais, são necessários recursos da ordem de R$ 7,3 bilhões para equacionar o acesso à energia elétrica daqueles domicílios, bem como de aproximadamente R$ 1 bilhão por ano para compensar as distribuidoras pela perda de receita decorrente do aumento do número de consumidores baixa renda. Os dois aspectos são complementares na conceituação da universalização, na visão do autor. Deste modo, este estudo apresenta uma visão sistêmica sobre ambos os aspectos da universalização: a garantia do acesso físico e do uso contínuo; sendo este último considerado como as condições para a manutenção do acesso ao serviço de eletricidade por meio de uma tarifa social ou de programas compensatórios. O objetivo principal dessa dissertação é, então, analisar e avaliar as normas legais e os regulamentos que norteiam as políticas públicas de universalização dos serviços de energia elétrica, como também dos que indiretamente interferem nessas ações, buscando identificar eventuais necessidades de sua complementação ou mesmo de sua alteração. Para isso, mostra-se a evolução recente das ações do Estado, da legislação pertinente e da regulamentação promovida pela Aneel para cada um das duas vertentes da universalização. Apresenta-se também a dimensão dos recursos financeiros envolvidos, identificando os possíveis impactos decorrente da nova regulamentação da subclasse residencial baixa renda e também do programa de universalização Luz para Todos. / IBGE data has shown that approximately 2.4 million Brazilian households do not have access to electricity service. Moreover, Aneel´s projections indicate that, after the alteration of the criteria determined by Law 10,438/2002, the number of households classified as low income residential subclass has increased from 8 to 14 million. Further studies imply that R$ 7.3 billion would be necessary to enable those 2.4 million households to have access to electric energy, as well as R$ 1 billion per year to compensate the utilities for the loss resulting from the increase of low income consuming domiciles. The two aspects are complementary as for the universal electricity service, in the vision of the author. Hence, this work proposes to overview both aspects: to ensure physical access and the continuous use through social tariffs or compensating programs. The main objective of this dissertation is to analyze and to evaluate the regulations which guide the public policies of universal electricity service in order to identify whenever its complementation or its alteration is required. Thus, this study shows relevant government policies and Aneel regulation as well as necessary resources, possible and likely impacts to improve the current situation.
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A eletrificação rural com sistemas individuais de geração com fontes intermitentes em comunidades tradicionais: caracterização dos entraves para o desenvolvimento local / Rural electrification by individual systems with intermittent sources in traditional communities: characterization of obstacles to local development.Ribeiro, Tina Bimestre Selles 23 April 2010 (has links)
A partir do processo de implantação dos sistemas fotovoltaicos SIGFI 13 na comunidade do Varadouro, isolada na floresta tropical do litoral sul do Estado de São Paulo, este trabalho identificou e caracterizou os principais entraves para difusão e adoção dos mesmos, com vistas ao desenvolvimento local e à melhoria da qualidade de vida. A fundamentação se baseia em referências teóricas sobre temas como comunidades tradicionais, exclusão social, atendimento de serviços públicos, dificuldade de implementação de projetos em comunidades isoladas e no relato da prática de experiências semelhantes em outros países. O método utilizado para pesquisa na comunidade foi o estudo de caso, que constou de revisões bibliográficas sobre trabalhos na região, visitas a campo e entrevistas com atores que trabalham na área. Os dados coletados foram analisados em uma abordagem voltada a compreender: a existência de barreiras no processo de implementação dos sistemas; os aspectos a considerar na superação dessas barreiras; e fatores positivos resultantes da implementação de tecnologia nessa comunidade tradicional. Os novos sistemas mostraram-se importantes e capazes de gerar sentimento de inclusão. Alguns usuários reclamam de não poder usar geladeira, sem, contudo, perder interesse pelo sistema disponível. A principal barreira diz respeito à falta de capacidade de organização dos moradores em prol de um objetivo comum e coletivo. Para a comunidade se desenvolver, não basta o acesso à energia. É preciso que sejam supridas suas necessidades básicas, tais como, saneamento básico, educação, saúde, transporte e acesso à comunicação, que são responsabilidade de Estado. Esta pesquisa conclui que o processo social de eletrificação rural através de tecnologia fotovoltaica é uma iniciativa que trás inovações que precisam ser adotadas e socializadas, e sua difusão deve levar em consideração a vivência coletiva dos moradores de cada comunidade. / Starting from the implementation process of the SIGFI 13 photovoltaic systems in the community of Varadouro, isolated in the rain forest in the Southern coast of São Paulo State, the objective of this work was to identify and characterize the main barriers to extending and adopting these systems, aiming at local development and life quality improvement. Foundation is grounded on theoretical references about themes such as traditional communities, social exclusion, public service assistance, project implementation difficulties in isolated communities, and on reports about similar practices in other countries. The method used was that of study of case, which consisted of bibliographic reviews on works in the region, field visits, and interviews with the people involved who work in the area. The data collected were analyzed according to an approach aiming at understanding: the existence of obstacles in the process of system implementation; the aspects to be considered when overcoming these barriers; and the positive factors arisen from the technology implementation in this traditional community. The new systems showed to be important and capable of generating a feeling of inclusion. Some users complain about not being able to use a refrigerator, without losing interest in the available system, though. The main hurdle concerns the locals lack of organization skills in favor of a collective and joint objective. The community development requires more than the access to energy itself. Their basic needs, such as sanitation, education, health, transport and access to communication which are the States responsibility -, must be provided. This research has come to the conclusion that the social process of rural electrification by photovoltaic technology is an initiative that brings up innovations which must be adopted and socialized, and its extension should take into account the collective locals life experience of each community.
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Meeting basic needs-patterns and the problem of energy sustainability : a case study of the Matome community, in the Limpopo ProvinceMojapelo, Molapo Pheladi Malebo January 2002 (has links)
Thesis (M. Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2002 / Refer to document
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An assessment of the role played by Polokwane Local Municipality in service delivery within Manthorwane Community of Limpopo ProvinceMmola, Dinkgolang Matildah January 2012 (has links)
Thesis (M.DEV.) --University of Limpopo, 2012 / The main purpose of this study was to assess the role played by Polokwane Local Municipality in delivery of basic services such as water, sanitation, electricity , and housing in the village of Manthorwane, Limpopo Province. It was of critical importance for the researcher to investigate this area, as there was no study done before related to basic services delivery.
The objectives of the study were ,to assess the extent to which the municipality is providing basic services, investigate the strength, weaknesses , examine the impact of the Municipality‘s role in the development of Manthorwane Village and recommending strategies for enhancing the level of basic service delivery.
Qualitative and quantitative research methods were used because the study combines the use of instruments and methods for measurement and the way the researcher interacts with the people. Interviewees and questionnaires were used to understand the community’s feeling towards delivery of basic services.
The researcher has gone through a detailed process of investigation, where it is found that there is no delivery of basic services (electricity, sanitation, housing). Only water has been provided in this village. The researcher also discovered that there are no valid reasons why the Polokwane Municipality has not delivered the services above. It is also revealed that there are no stakeholder’s participation and consultations meetings when the decisions for service delivery are taken. Evaluation and monitoring tools are not applied when implementing projects.
There are some recommendations proposed to the municipality. The municipality could intensify their training process in a way in which the officials could be productive to the community. Transparency must always be practiced for the municipality to excel in their delivery services.
Intergovernmental relationship is also encouraged. Awareness programs must be done effectively so that the community is aware of all activities done in their area.
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Desarrollo de un sistema de control que hace el seguimiento del máximo punto de potencia en paneles solares aplicado a sistemas de generación fotovoltaica para entornos rurales / Development of a control system that monitors the maximum power point in solar panels applied to photovoltaic generation systems for rural environmentsPeña La Torre, Walter José, Nevado Talledo, José Eduardo 16 July 2019 (has links)
El presente proyecto detalla el desarrollo de un sistema de control que tiene como objetivo mejorar el performance de aplicaciones solares para electrificación rural. La idea fundamental es que el sistema realiza el seguimiento del máximo punto de potencia en paneles solares estabilizando su funcionamiento en esta zona.
Para poder diseñar y construir el sistema, se hará uso de técnicas de control, conocimientos de conversores DC-DC y además de programación de microcontroladores.
Esta tesis consta de cinco capítulos. En el primer capítulo se presenta la problemática y justificación del desarrollo del proyecto, así como los objetivos buscados. En el segundo capítulo se trata el marco teórico de la tesis, una explicación de las técnicas de control utilizadas, conceptos aplicados a fuentes DC-DC y una descripción de los elementos que conforman Sistema Fotovoltaico. En el tercer capítulo se trata de la descripción del hardware, en el cual se describe el diseño del conversor DC-DC elegido. En el cuarto capítulo se presenta la descripción de la etapa de control, la cual muestra el algoritmo usado para el control, así como la simulación y los resultados. Por último, en el quinto capítulo, se muestra los resultados experimentales de la construcción del circuito y su operación, así como un informe de costos de la tesis. / The present project details the development of a control system that aims to improve the performance of solar applications for rural electrification. The designed system monitors the maximum power point in a solar panel stabilizing its operation in this area.
In order to design and build the system, control techniques, knowledge of DC-DC converters and programming of microcontrollers were use.
This thesis consists of five chapters. In the first chapter the problem and justification of the development of the project is presented, as well as the objectives sought. The second chapter deals with the theoretical framework of the thesis, an explanation of the control techniques used, concepts applied of DC-DC sources and a description of the elements that make up the Photovoltaic Autonomous System. The third chapter deals with the hardware description, in which the design of the chosen DC-DC converter is detail. In the fourth chapter the description of the control stage is presented, which shows the fuzzy algorithm used for the control, as well as the simulation and the results. Finally, in the fifth chapter, the experimental results of the developed prototyped are shown in a 100W photovoltaic panel control scenario then conclusion of the development process are presented as well. / Tesis
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Load flow control and optimization of Banverket’s 132 kV 16 2/3 Hz high voltage gridLindén, Annica, Ågren, Anna January 2005 (has links)
<p>The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the possibility of power flow control, on a section of a railway grid fed by rotary converters, using an extra feeding line. Two possible solutions for the power flow control were examined. The first using a series reactance in connection to each converter station and the second by changing the tap changer level of the transformer between the converter station and the feeding line.</p><p>In the two models a distance, comparable to the distance between Boden and Häggvik, in Stockholm, was used. The simulations were performed using the software SIMPOW.</p><p>The results from the performed simulations show that series reactances, under the stated conditions, can essentially improve the power flow. To implement this air coils with inductances in the approximate size of 10 to 45 mH could be used. Further, the tap changer levels of the transformer may be used, for individual converter stations, as a way to control the reactive power flow.</p>
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Load flow control and optimization of Banverket’s 132 kV 16 2/3 Hz high voltage gridLindén, Annica, Ågren, Anna January 2005 (has links)
The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the possibility of power flow control, on a section of a railway grid fed by rotary converters, using an extra feeding line. Two possible solutions for the power flow control were examined. The first using a series reactance in connection to each converter station and the second by changing the tap changer level of the transformer between the converter station and the feeding line. In the two models a distance, comparable to the distance between Boden and Häggvik, in Stockholm, was used. The simulations were performed using the software SIMPOW. The results from the performed simulations show that series reactances, under the stated conditions, can essentially improve the power flow. To implement this air coils with inductances in the approximate size of 10 to 45 mH could be used. Further, the tap changer levels of the transformer may be used, for individual converter stations, as a way to control the reactive power flow.
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Sustainability of rural energy access in developing countriesMainali, Brijesh January 2014 (has links)
The importance of access to modern energy has been well understood by governments and donor agencies in many developing countries, and significant effort has been made in recent years to address energy access challenges. However, despite these efforts, the International Energy Agency (IEA) has predicted that the energy access problem will remain unresolved by 2030. Therefore, adequate and appropriate action is needed to resolve this problem more quickly. This dissertation analyses policies and their impacts and will help researchers and policy makers in developing countries to (i) understand the impact of policies in the formation of a renewable energy (RE) market, (ii) consider the determinants of technological choices when promoting access to energy services and, (iii) better appreciate the sustainability performance of rural energy. For the purpose of analysis, several country cases from Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa region were carried out as these are the two main regions where the energy access problem are most acute. To understand the impact of policies in the formation of RE based rural electrification market, a case study was conducted in Nepal. The study has shown that rural electrification has been expanding as a consequence of market-oriented policies. When it comes to selection of electrification path-ways, different technological alternatives are analysed in Afghanistan and Nepal, taking levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) as the means to select cost effective options. The analysis has presented best-fit conditions for these various technological pathways in the two countries and verified whether they are following the appropriate and cost effective course in their efforts to expand rural electrification. For understanding the determinants of cooking fuel choices and to analyse policy implications in the transition of large populations from traditional to modern fuels, fuel choices are modelled in the case of China. Choices are modelled (using MESSAGE–ACCESS mod-el) with standard economic variables such as income, technology costs and fuel prices, along with some unique variable such as inconvenience costs. Future access scenarios are designed considering different policy options to accelerate the transition. Sustainability is one of the key concerns in terms of energy access. This dissertation introduces methods for evaluating (i) the sustainability performance of energy technologies and (ii) the status and progress of developing countries in providing sustainable energy access. Different sets of sustainability indicators are considered for the rural energy sector and aggregated to form a single composite index. The energy technology sustainability index (ETSI) is used for assessing the performance of different energy technological systems in the case of India. The analysis reveals that mature technologies such as biomass gasifiers, biogas and micro hydro have relatively better sustainability performance among the options considered, while solar and wind, though showing fairly good improvement in sustainability performance, still have difficulties competing with more mature and conventional technologies without policy support. The Energy Sustainability Index (ESI) has been applied to China, India, South Africa, Sri-Lanka, Bangladesh and Ghana between 1990 and 2010 to evaluate the status and progress made by these countries in rural energy sustainability. The analysis suggests that South Africa’s rural energy sustainability index is highest followed by China, Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh and Ghana respectively. The rural energy sustainability has improved relatively over time in all countries except Ghana. The dissertation shows that policies are helping the rapid expansion of the RE market though with uneven penetration in rural Nepal. Access to credit and cumbersome subsidy delivery mechanism are perceived as the major factors affecting the expansion of rural electrification, requiring innovation. The electrification pathways taken by Nepal seem functional and moving in the right direction but some flaws in the delivery mechanisms require attention. Meanwhile in Afghanistan, pathways are not well defined and the country lacks a clear-cut national policy framework for the expansion of rural electrification. The analysis on fuel transition shows that even a fast developing country such as China will continue to have serious problems guaranteeing the access to solid fuels for cooking for one third of its rural population by 2030. The problem could be more severe in poorer nations. There-fore, further policy intervention addressing the high implicit discount rate of the poorer section of the population, reducing the upfront cost of more efficient technology (stoves) or the costs of cleaner fuels with subsidies must be considered to promote energy transition. Overall, this dissertation has analysed key issues in the global discussion about sustainable energy access. The methods for sustainability assessment suggested have been specially designed for rural settings in developing countries and are instrumental to assess the performance of rural energy technologies and track the progress of sustainable energy access efforts among rural households. / <p>QC 20140210</p>
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