Detta arbete har utförts inom ett projekt på Scania, Södertäljes chassimontering. Scania genomgår nu en omställning till elektrifierade lastbilar. För att göra den här omställningen krävs det förstudier på hur monteringar för nya komponenter kan se ut. Det här arbetet fokuserar på en förmontering som ingår i Scanias omställning, där målet är att ta fram ett koncept av montering och layout med rätt nivå av säkerhet, kvalitet och leveranssäkerhet i en arbetsmiljö som är hållbar över tid. Ett annat mål med det här examensarbetet är att undersöka vilka metoder och analyser som används i samband med framtagning av layout, balansering och riskanalys och jämföra det med hur det funkar på Scania. Eftersom det är en förstudie har arbetet fokuserat på att fånga kapaciteten av ett maximalt scenario samt även undersökt ett mindre scenario för att analysera flexibiliteten i den framtagna lösningen. Resultatet från detta arbetet är att Scania arbetar mycket från erfarenhet kompletterat med teoretiska metoder och i nära samarbete med påverkade gränssnitt för att ta hänsyn till många olika delar samt se helheten. Andra resultat från det här arbetet är en konceptlayout presenterad i AutoCAD och en balanserad monteringssekvens gjord i Avix. På grund av sekretess är bara delar av leveranserna till Scania presenterade i denna rapport. Det resultat som presenteras är centrerat runt en station, benämnd station X. Slutsatsen från arbetet är att teoretiska metoder ofta behöver kompletteras med erfarenhet, eftersom verkligheten är mer komplex än vad de teoretiska metoderna kan fånga. Scanias klimatomställningsplan är enligt författarna utarbetad och omställningen är ett drivande fokus inom företaget. Författarna ser stor potential i att Scania ska nå sina hållbarhetsmål. / This thesis was conducted within a project at Scania, Södertälje Chassi Assembly. Scania is currently going through a transformation towards electrified transport solutions. This transformation leads to a need of new products, and therefore a need of prestudies for new assembly lines. The focus of this thesis is on one preassembly being part of Scanias transformation, where the goal is to deliver a concept of assembly and layout with the right amount of safety and quality in a lasting working environment. Another goal is to look into what methods and techniques that are used within the development of layout, balancing and risk assessment, and to compare these with what is implemented at Scania. Since this thesis carries through a prestudie, the work has been investigating a worst case scenario, regarding the maximum capacity of the preasembly. A lower scenario has also been looked into, in order to explore the flexibility of the suggested preassembly. The result of the thesis work and the delivery to Scania was a conceptual layout in AutoCad and a balanced assembly sequence in Avix. Due to sensitive material, parts of these deliveries are presented in the report, these parts are centered around one of the assembly stations, station X. Regarding the comparison it was found that Scania works a lot based on experience, complemented with theoretical methods, having close cooperation with near interfaces in order to intercept many aspects and achieve an holistic view. One concluding note of the thesis, is that the theoretical methods often need to be complemented with experience, since the reality is complex and has more interfaces than what is captured with the methods and techniques. The sustainability plan of Scania is well worked through and it is a driving focus for the company, which the authors see as a great potential for Scania in order to reach their climate targets.

A Powerful Future explores the future electricity demand in Europe until 2050 for the industry, transport, and residential sector. This is done through a bottom-up model capturing the essential parameters for each sector combined with statistics on electricity and energy demand giving two scenarios on future power demand in Europe – High Electrification and Baseline. The electricity demand is built in Excel’s data modelling tool, at the request of Sweco. One aspect of this project also involves challenges when constructing this tool. The resolution will be yearly and economic aspects and feasibility of the electrification have not been investigated in this project. The focus of the project is to capture the most essential activities and technologies affecting the power demand in Europe to be included in the model, and less focus on analyzing each country. The annual results until 2050 for both scenarios show a significant increase in power demand in Europe due to the electrification of the industry and transport sector. The transport sector will reach approximately 550 TWh in Baseline and 600 TWh in High Electrification, while the industrial power demand will reach ~2 000/~2 700 TWh in the Baseline -/High Electrification scenario. These two sectors will account for the biggest increase in power demand while households will have a small increase in power demand. The total modeled annual electricity demand 2050 will be ~5 000/~5 900 TWh in the Baseline -/High Electrification scenario and will be approximately a doubling of the electricity demand 2021. / A Powerful Future utforskar den framtida efterfrågan av el i Europa fram till 2050 för industri, transport och hushållssektorn. Detta görs genom en bottom-up modell som infångar viktiga parametrar för varje sektor kombinerat med historiska data av energi- och elbehov för två olika scenarier för Europa –Baseline och Högelektrifiering. Elbehovet modelleras genom Excels datamodellerings-verktyg, som byggts på Swecos förfrågan. En aspekt i detta projekt involerar utmaningar när ett eget verktyg för detta ska konstrueras. Upplösningen är årlig och ekonomiska aspekter såväl som genomförbarhet har inte undersökts närmare i projektet. Resultat från projektet visar på en signifikant ökning i elbehov i Europa på grund av elektrifiering i industri- och transportsektorn. Transportsektorn kommer kräva circa 600 TWh el i Högelektrifieringsscenariet och 550 TWh i Baselinescenariet, emedan industrisektorns elbehov kommer att nå 2 000/2 700 TWh i Baseline-/Högelektrifieringsscenariet. Dessa två sektorer komma stå för den största ökningen i elbehov emedan hushållssektorn kommer stå för en liten ökning. Det totala elbehovet 2050 har modellerats till 5 000/5 900 TWh i Baseline-/Högelektrifieringsscenariet och är ungefär en fördubbling av elbehovet 2021.

I denna rapport undersöks om det föreligger ett behov av anpassningar inom energisystemet för att möjliggöra utvecklingen av eldrivna lastbilar i Sverige och mer specifikt Stockholm. En ansats till att projektera utvecklingen av eldrivna lastbilar görs och genom en kvalitativ litteraturstudie samt intervjuer med aktörer som representerar Scania, Volvo, Ellevio, EoN, Powercircle, Forum för smarta elnät, KTH, Energimarknadsinspektionen och BIL Sweden, och anpassningar som skulle kunna utgöra lösningar till dessa identifieras inom kategorierna: ‘’ökad tillgänglig kapacitet’’, ‘’förbättrad planering’’, ‘’d irekt reglerande åtgärder samt ekonomiska incitament’’ och ‘’p olitiska beslut på kommun- samt regional nivå med syfte att öka elektrifieringen av lastbilar ’’. Slutligen görs en jämförelse av anpassningarna med avseende på tillgänglighet och implementeringstid, lagliga hinder, kostnadseffektivitet, miljöpåverkan, replikerbarhet samt intressekonflikter. Utifrån resultatet dras slutsatserna att elektrifieringen kommer möjliggöras av flera lösningar i varierande grad men att anpassningar som inbegriper ökad flexibilitet inom elsystemet, för motverkandet av kapacitetsbrist inom elnätet, sannolikt kommer ingå. Vidare konkluderas att flera av de identifierade anpassningarna begränsas av legislativa- och politiska beslut och förändringar som gör dess bidragande till elektrifieringen av lastbilar svårkvantifierad. Resultaten bör därför betraktas som indikativa. / This study investigates the need for adaptations within the energy system of Stockholm, Sweden in order to improve the prerequisites for the development of electrical trucks. An attempt to project the development of electrical trucks is executed and by the use of a qualitative literature study as well as interviews with representatives for Scania, Volvo, Ellevio, EoN, Powercircle, Swedish Smartgrid, KTH, the Swedish Energy Markets Inspectorate and BIL Sweden, possible adaptations are identified within the categories: ‘’increased available capacity’’, ‘’improved planning’’, ‘’direct regulations and financial incentives’’ aswell ‘’political decisions on municipal and regional level with the aim to increase the electrification of trucks’’. Finally a comparison with respect to availability and implementation, legislation, cost, environmental impact, replicability and conflicts of interest is made between the identified adaptations. Based on the investigation it is concluded that several adaptations, to varying degrees, will play a part in enabling the electrification. It is furthermore concluded that adaptations that involve increasing the flexibility within the electricity system will play a prominent role as solutions. Several of the adaptations are limited in their implementation as they are dependent on the conceiving of legislative and political decisions. This provides uncertainty in terms of projecting their contribution to the electrification of trucks and the results are to be taken as indicative rather than absolute.

This thesis outlines the development of a control system for a series-parallel plugin hybrid electric vehicle. The vehicle, developed at McMaster University for the EcoCAR 3 Advanced Vehicle Technology Competition, was produced in an effort to provide a Chevrolet Camaro with a high-performance, fuel efficient, hybrid powertrain. A rational design methodology was adopted and guided the development of the control system and the implementation of its respective algorithms. A simulation tool was created using MATLAB and Simulink which, in turn, allowed for the effectiveness of the supervisory control logic to be evaluated by approximating the vehicle’s energy consumption, fuel consumption, and emissions. The impact of hybridizing the vehicle’s powertrain was similarly assessed by comparing it against its unelectrified counterpart, the 2016 Chevrolet Camaro LT. A solution to the vehicle’s energy management problem was proposed in the form of an Adaptive Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (A-ECMS) which was then evaluated against more common heuristic approaches as well as non-adaptive instantaneous minimization methods. An artificial neural network was selected as the strategy’s adaptation mechanism and it was used to identify specific vehicular driving patterns in real-time. The neural network addresses many issues that arise due to the sensitivity of algorithms that attempt to solve the energy management problem without prior knowledge of the driving cycle. The methods used during the process of the control system’s verification and calibration are also discussed in this thesis and, in addition, encompass the use of software representations of the vehicle’s Electronic Control Units (ECUs), the development of test cases, and the supervisory control software’s evaluation in the Model-in-the-Loop (MIL), Software-in-the-Loop (SIL), and Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) environments. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc) / Compared to conventional combustion vehicles, an automobile with an electrified propulsion system has the potential to reduce fuel consumption and emissions due to the presence of an energy storage system and one or more electric machines. These benefits, however, come at the cost of increased control system complexity. The question of how and when to use alternative energy sources – whether it be electrical or fuel energy – in a hybrid vehicle is at the epicenter of research and development initiatives in the automotive industry. Traditional heuristic methods have proven to be unstable due to their sensitivity to driving conditions and that optimal control policies require prior knowledge of the vehicle’s route and destination, and therefore, are not suitable in most applications. Strategies which attempt to instantaneously minimize a vehicle’s fuel or energy consumption, however, can overcome these aforementioned obstacles. As such, this area of research and development has received much interest. The objective of this research was twofold: the first being to develop a control system for a series-parallel plug-in hybrid electric vehicle in a rational and systematic manner, and, secondarily, to evaluate the benefits of instantaneous minimization methods for energy management.

Planning and engineering activities in small-scale power systems are, in most of cases, driven by immediately pressing factors such as short-term demand, system costs, expected revenues, and local development priorities. Often, the decision to go ahead with the investment in such systems is based on the outcomes of single-attribute spreadsheet type analyses and linear optimization runs where key parameters such as demand growth, interest rates, capital costs, and fuel prices are assumed to remain constant throughout the study period. The least-cost plan thus obtained is subject to changes in the above parameters requiring continual re-evaluation and assessment to bring the project up to date. An alternative method is hereby presented in which the uncertain parameters in a seemingly deterministic model were identified ahead of time. The range of values that each of these parameters could assume as well as the respective probabilities were elicited from the experts and incorporated in a decision analysis problem designed to generate the least-cost policy. The decision analysis process resulted in a robust evaluation of generation options under investigation when compared to the results of the deterministic analysis. Moreover, options ranked least in the deterministic analysis became quite competitive when uncertainties were included in the analysis. / Master of Science

<p dir="ltr">Car design is a complex task because of how highly integrated system of systems it is. Fine?designed car models take years of design and optimization and are usually done by specialty teams who are dedicated to each sub-system. This thesis delves into designing a simplified electric race car from scratch with focus on the performance envelope of it. First, a 3D CAD model was done using SolidWorks. That section deals with spatial engineering and strategic placement of major car components for best performance. Having most of the parts in place gives a rough estimate of CoG (Center of Gravity) location, which is needed for vehicle dynamics analysis, which are discussed later in the report. The target for this project car is to have innovative aerodynamics features which might not have been used before because of bulky internal combustion engines restricting available space. One of them is an airfoil-like fascia which makes the center part of the car act as a one big wing. That is believed to give a significant reduction in drag loads on the car. The approach for aerodynamics design and analysis started with a model representing the car’s OML (Outer Mold line) which was simulated separately using Siemens StarCCM+. After understanding the car’s body aero behavior, a rear wing was added to provide extra rear downforce for better handling and stability. The rear wing design was explained in detail. Unfortunately, due to time restrictions as well as software access issues, the aerodynamic analysis of the full car with rear wing is left for future work. After having an estimate about aero loads acting on the car, vehicle dynamics analysis could start. The first subject studied in vehicle dynamics was front-view suspension geometry analysis. Taking the available packaging and geometry into consideration, a 2D model was done in SolidWorks to optimize camber gain. This analysis gave the motion ratio of the front and rear pushrod suspension system which was needed to analyze the performance of the one-eighth car model, ½ car pitch model, and ½ car roll model. These models gave insights into the decision-making process for spring and damping rates to reach a good balance between performance and comfort. This project acts as a hub for further development and studies related to car design.</p>

<p>Minimizing the impact of the transportation sector and across all vehicle classes and sizes on the climate consists one of the main goals globally. As heavy-duty vehicles are responsible for a high share of the total emissions emitted from the transportation sector, multiple initiatives are targeting this vehicle class, with transit buses being no exception. Although battery electric buses (BEBs) have the potential to save energy and decrease emissions, their adoption has been progressing at a slow pace. Despite the advantages of quieter operations, improved acceleration, and absence of diesel or gas odors, there has been limited attention given to the perspective of the users. This study aims to explore the preferences of bus riders towards BEBs and the general public’s behavioral intentions to ride public transit. To achieve these objectives, two separate surveys were designed and disseminated in Salt Lake City, Utah to solicit riders’ and general public’s typical travel behaviors and patterns and their their preferences and opinions regarding the emissions and noise performance of BEBs. The surveys also gauged participants’ attitudes, social norms, and environmental awareness. Statistical analysis revealed that various factors play a role in shaping riders' perceptions regarding the electrification of transit buses. These factors encompass the purpose of the trip, attitudes towards environmental concerns and the environmental effects of battery electric buses (BEBs), as well as non-instrumental ride factors like comfort during the journey and the social image associated with the mode of transportation. Turning to the behavioral intentions toward public transit usage, a structural equation model was estimated that revealed the positive and direct influence of perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, and improved transit ride comfort attributes that BEBs offer. The support for transit bus electrification and green self-identity were found to indirectly influence behavioral intentions. This thesis provides valuable insights into BEBs preferences from the perspectives of riders and general public. Gaining a deeper understanding of the significance of electrification for transit riders, and also, to the general public can enable transit service providers to modify their marketing strategies, promotion strategies, and adapt their overall operations at the system level to accommodate the preferences towards BEBs, and ultimately, attract more transit riders.</p>

Cette thèse a pour but d'étudier les méthodes d'évaluation des ressources environnementales : la méthode des Coûts de Transport (CT) à préférences révélées et la méthode d'évaluation contingente (EC) à préférences déclarées afin de proposer les contributions suivantes. Dans le chapitre 1, nous montrons qu'il est possible si les données sur les deux méthodes sont disponibles pour les mêmes observations, d'obtenir une meilleure mesure de la disposition à payer (DAP) par la combinaison des deux méthodes en utilisant la technique du maximum de vraisemblance simulé. Dans le chapitre 2, nous montrons qu'une nouvelle approche: le "special regressor" pourrait être une solution pour traiter les problèmes d'endogénéité en EC. En utilisant des données sur la DAP pour réduire les risques subjectifs de mortalité due à la présence d' Arsenic dans l'eau potable , nous montrons que le problème d'endogénéité du niveau subjectif de risque de mortalité peut être réglé efficacement. Enfin dans le chapitre 3, en utilisant une nouvelle enquête sur l'électrification rurale au Rwanda, nous proposons un nouveau design de la méthode d'EC en permettant aux personnes interrogées de choisir entre une contribution en temps ou en argent. Ainsi, en plus de mesurer une DAP classique, nous obtenons aussi une disposition à contribuer du temps mesurée en jours, qui est une mesure aussi voire même plus pertinente que la DAP dans le contexte d'un pays en développement. / This dissertation aims at investigating the methods of the environmental resources valuation: revealed preferences Travel Cost (TC) method and stated preferences Contingent Valuation (CV) method in order to propose the following contributions. In chapter 1, we show that it is possible if both CV and TC data are available for the same observations, to obtain a better measure of willingness to pay (WTP) by combining the two methods using Simulated maximum Likelihood technique. In chapter 2, we show that the new special regressor approach could be a solution to treat endogeneity issues in CV. Using data on WTP for reducing subjective mortality risks due to arsenic in drinking water, we show that the endogeneity of the subjective mortality risk level can be treated effectively. Finally in chapter 3, using a new survey about rural electrification in Rwanda, we propose a new design for the CV method by allowing people to choose between a contribution in time or in money. Thus, in addition to measure a conventional WTP, we also obtain a willingness to contribute time measure which is as or even more relevant than WTP in the context of a developing country.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amauri Massochin.pdf: 2162523 bytes, checksum: 1086fc60e1a5e4eea08a44f62d6f5e16 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-27 / The main goal of this dissertation was to verify, through sampling, is the service technical standard adopted at the biggest rural electrification program, introduced in the state of Paraná from 1983 to 1991 in the concession area of Energy Company from Paraná COPEL, named CLIC RURAL, supplies the electric power needs of the electrified rural properties and if the electric energy introducing was able to contribute to the increase of the family income. The work was based on a field research with a questionnaire application to the farmers and the inspection of the existing technical standard. The results show the rural electrification benefits in some aspects. Social aspect: improvement on the schooling grade of the farmers and the population in a general way, the increase of the average monthly consumption per capita, significant increase on the purchasing of electrical house devices, pumping and rural equipments with the generation of direct and indirect taxes. Economical benefits are identified with the increase of electrical energy consumption by property and acquisition of electrical rural equipments and electrical rural devices. The environmental benefits can be seen through the abandon of fuels derived from oil and the existence of an environmental protection area. As a negative point, the reduction in 31% in the number of inhabitants by occupied property. According to an opinion research, 76,4% are satisfied with the power standard made available at the program introducing period. From it, 4,5% made power load increase. Yet, only 37% of the rural consumers got to increase or generate income with the electrification of their properties. It can also be noticed that the main statal concessionaire has gradually abandoned the materials used in the rural electrification standard named low cost; however it continues using the monophasis system with land return (MRT). The 70 Amps biphasis standard would be the most adequate for the researched region. But, the 50 Amps biphasis standard would be the condition minimum necessary for income generation in the property. These results aim to contribute with the public politics devisers for the universalization of the electrical power service of the consumers still in the dark spread at the rural zones. / O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi verificar por meio de amostragem se o padrão técnico de atendimento adotado no maior programa de eletrificação rural, implantado no estado do Paraná no período de 1983 a 1991, na área de concessão da Companhia Paranaense de Energia COPEL, denominado CLIC RURAL, supre as necessidades energéticas das propriedades rurais eletrificadas e se a implantação da energia elétrica foi capaz de contribuir para o aumento de renda da família. O trabalho foi fundamentado em pesquisa de campo com a aplicação de um questionário aos proprietários rurais e da inspeção do padrão técnico existente. Os resultados comprovam os benefícios da eletrificação rural sob alguns aspectos. Aspecto social: melhoria no grau de escolaridade dos responsáveis pelas propriedades e da população de uma maneira geral; aumento no consumo médio mensal de energia elétrica per capita, aumento substancial na posse de eletrodomésticos e equipamentos para bombeamento e eletrorurais com a geração de impostos direta ou indiretamente. Os benefícios econômicos são comprovados pelo aumento do consumo de energia elétrica por propriedade e pela aquisição de equipamentos eletrorurais e eletrodomésticos. Os benefícios para meio ambiente verificam-se pelo abandono de combustíveis derivados do petróleo e pela existência de área de proteção ambiental. Como ponto negativo, a redução em 31% no número de habitantes por propriedade ocupada. Segundo pesquisa de opinião, 76,4% estão satisfeitos com o padrão da entrada de serviço disponibilizado na época da implementação do programa. Desses, 4,5% fizeram aumento de carga. Ainda, somente 37% dos consumidores rurais conseguiram aumentar ou gerar renda com a eletrificação de suas propriedades. Constata-se também que a principal concessionária do estado abandonou gradativamente os materiais utilizados no padrão de eletrificação rural denominado de baixo custo, porém continua a utilizar o sistema monofásico com retorno por terra (MRT). O padrão bifásico de 70 Ampères para a entrada de serviço seria o mais adequado para a região da pesquisa. Porém, a entrada de serviço com padrão bifásico de 50 Ampères seria a condição mínima necessária para geração de renda nas propriedades. Esses resultados visam contribuir com os idealizadores de políticas públicas para a universalização do atendimento com energia elétrica dos consumidores ainda no escuro espalhados pelo campo.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:48:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amauri Massochin.pdf: 2162523 bytes, checksum: 1086fc60e1a5e4eea08a44f62d6f5e16 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-27 / The main goal of this dissertation was to verify, through sampling, is the service technical standard adopted at the biggest rural electrification program, introduced in the state of Paraná from 1983 to 1991 in the concession area of Energy Company from Paraná COPEL, named CLIC RURAL, supplies the electric power needs of the electrified rural properties and if the electric energy introducing was able to contribute to the increase of the family income. The work was based on a field research with a questionnaire application to the farmers and the inspection of the existing technical standard. The results show the rural electrification benefits in some aspects. Social aspect: improvement on the schooling grade of the farmers and the population in a general way, the increase of the average monthly consumption per capita, significant increase on the purchasing of electrical house devices, pumping and rural equipments with the generation of direct and indirect taxes. Economical benefits are identified with the increase of electrical energy consumption by property and acquisition of electrical rural equipments and electrical rural devices. The environmental benefits can be seen through the abandon of fuels derived from oil and the existence of an environmental protection area. As a negative point, the reduction in 31% in the number of inhabitants by occupied property. According to an opinion research, 76,4% are satisfied with the power standard made available at the program introducing period. From it, 4,5% made power load increase. Yet, only 37% of the rural consumers got to increase or generate income with the electrification of their properties. It can also be noticed that the main statal concessionaire has gradually abandoned the materials used in the rural electrification standard named low cost; however it continues using the monophasis system with land return (MRT). The 70 Amps biphasis standard would be the most adequate for the researched region. But, the 50 Amps biphasis standard would be the condition minimum necessary for income generation in the property. These results aim to contribute with the public politics devisers for the universalization of the electrical power service of the consumers still in the dark spread at the rural zones. / O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi verificar por meio de amostragem se o padrão técnico de atendimento adotado no maior programa de eletrificação rural, implantado no estado do Paraná no período de 1983 a 1991, na área de concessão da Companhia Paranaense de Energia COPEL, denominado CLIC RURAL, supre as necessidades energéticas das propriedades rurais eletrificadas e se a implantação da energia elétrica foi capaz de contribuir para o aumento de renda da família. O trabalho foi fundamentado em pesquisa de campo com a aplicação de um questionário aos proprietários rurais e da inspeção do padrão técnico existente. Os resultados comprovam os benefícios da eletrificação rural sob alguns aspectos. Aspecto social: melhoria no grau de escolaridade dos responsáveis pelas propriedades e da população de uma maneira geral; aumento no consumo médio mensal de energia elétrica per capita, aumento substancial na posse de eletrodomésticos e equipamentos para bombeamento e eletrorurais com a geração de impostos direta ou indiretamente. Os benefícios econômicos são comprovados pelo aumento do consumo de energia elétrica por propriedade e pela aquisição de equipamentos eletrorurais e eletrodomésticos. Os benefícios para meio ambiente verificam-se pelo abandono de combustíveis derivados do petróleo e pela existência de área de proteção ambiental. Como ponto negativo, a redução em 31% no número de habitantes por propriedade ocupada. Segundo pesquisa de opinião, 76,4% estão satisfeitos com o padrão da entrada de serviço disponibilizado na época da implementação do programa. Desses, 4,5% fizeram aumento de carga. Ainda, somente 37% dos consumidores rurais conseguiram aumentar ou gerar renda com a eletrificação de suas propriedades. Constata-se também que a principal concessionária do estado abandonou gradativamente os materiais utilizados no padrão de eletrificação rural denominado de baixo custo, porém continua a utilizar o sistema monofásico com retorno por terra (MRT). O padrão bifásico de 70 Ampères para a entrada de serviço seria o mais adequado para a região da pesquisa. Porém, a entrada de serviço com padrão bifásico de 50 Ampères seria a condição mínima necessária para geração de renda nas propriedades. Esses resultados visam contribuir com os idealizadores de políticas públicas para a universalização do atendimento com energia elétrica dos consumidores ainda no escuro espalhados pelo campo.