In a energy scenario moving fast towards the deployment of renewable energy technologies and the need of reducing CO2 emissions, hybrid energy systems for rural electrification are a feasible alternative solution to the utilization of conventional Diesel generators. The project focuses on the design and optimization of an off-grid hybrid energy system for a village of around 250 inhabitants in Gujarat, India. The energy system is part of a bigger project, “G.I.V.E. Center of Excellence”, which has an innovative concept on a more sustainable rural lifestyle. The system, which has to depend mainly on locally available resources, intends to serve three main services: electrical demand, water purification and thermal energy for cooking. Two system configurations were designed and optimized to supply the estimated demand. The main outcome is a techno-economic analysis of the different system performances, which leads to a conclusion: dealing with the services individually has lower costs of implementation, less than half if compared to the implementation of a conventional Diesel generator. Furthermore, CO2 emissions are drastically reduced. A sensitivity analysis was performed to address the different uncertainties such as the cost of the fuel. The result shows that if enough biomass resource would be available, a system based only on renewable energy technologies is economically profitable. / G.I.V.E. Scandinavia

The recent revival of urban living in the UK has been stimulated by many different factors, including life style choices and government policies. This has led to a rapid increase in the number of apartments in the UK cities. This increased density living has also brought about various changes in the city infrastructure, including the way energy is supplied to residential buildings. The recent trend of ‘electrification of heat’ represents one of these changes, whereby electricity rather than natural gas is now typically being used for space and water heating as well as for cooking. Further growth in electricity demand has been predicted in the governments Carbon Plan with the increased use of all-electric systems including heat pumps for domestic heat. This will in turn impact the environment since electricity supplied in the UK is predominantly based on fossil fuels and contributes to significant greenhouse gas (GHG) and other emissions. However, greater penetration of renewable sources in the future would be expected to reduce GHGs. This would also help to improve the security of supply through diversification of energy sources. On the other hand, there are concerns that increasing reliance on electricity could lead to fuel poverty for a greater section of society. Thus, it is not immediately clear whether the change from gas to electricity would contribute to the sustainability or otherwise of energy supply in the UK residential sector. Therefore, this research has set out to understand better the implications of the electrification of heat in the urban residential sector by examining the trade-offs between environmental impacts, techno-economic costs and social aspects. This work therefore goes beyond the previous research that has typically focused solely on GHG emissions and energy pay-back times of different energy options. This is also the first time as far as the author is aware that the sustainability of the electrification of heat in cities are analysed in depth. Various tools have been used for these purposes, including life cycle assessment (LCA), indoor air quality monitoring (IAQ), life cycle costing (LCC), social surveys (SS), scenario analysis (SA) and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA).Assuming all sustainability aspects considered here to be equally important, the most sustainable option is the district heating system. All-electric heat-providing systems (electric panel, electric storage, and air source heat pumps) have on average 2.5 times higher environmental impacts than gas-based systems (individual gas boiler, solar thermal and gas, district heating and community CHP systems). The techno-economic costs of all-electric systems are 80% that of the district heating system – however, fuel cost and demand changes increase substantially all-electric system cost vulnerability. Gas-based systems are widely accepted and valued - all-electric systems while a ‘good fit’ for particular city homes - have greater social impacts including affordability. If the proposed decarbonisation of electricity generation is realised, the global warming potential from electric heat-providing systems could be reduced to a 1/10th of present emission levels by 2050 increasing electrification of heat sustainability. Therefore, the choice of the most sustainable heat-providing options in the future, including that of the ‘electrification of heat’, will depend on the extent of the decarbonisation of the UK electricity supply and the relative importance placed on sustainability impacts by different stakeholders.

There has been a significant increase in the interest and implementations of heat pump systems for HVAC purposes in general and of ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) in particular. Though these systems have existed for decades, primarily in Europe, there has been an upward trend particularly in the United States in recent years. With the world-wide push toward CO2 emissions reduction targets, interest in heat pump systems to reduce CO2 emissions from heating and cooling is likely to only increase in the future. However, more than ever, financial considerations are also key factors in the implementation of any system. Ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) coupled to vertical borehole heat exchangers (BHEs) have been promoted as a viable heat pump system in climates where traditional air source heat pumps (ASHPs) may operate inefficiently. This type of system claims superior performance to ASHPs due to the relatively consistent temperature of the ground compared to the air, offering a higher temperature heat source in the heating season and a lower temperature sink in the cooling season. Projects designing and installing such a GSHP system have been implemented at large scales on several university campuses to provide heating and cooling. In this study, we aim to test the idea that a GSHP system, as a replacement for an existing CHP heating and conventional cooling systems, could reduce CO2 emissions, as well as provide a cost benefit to a large energy consumer, in this case the University of Massachusetts. This will be done using the existing heating and cooling loads provided by the conventional system and an established technique of modeling the heat pumps and BHEs. The GSHP system is modeled to follow the parameters of industry standards and sized to provide the best overall lifetime cost. The result on the overall annual costs, emissions, and university microgrid are considered.

The energy demand is increasing very rapidly all over the world. Solar energy is one renewable solution to cover the energy demand. Solar power is a universal green energy source, and we receive from the sun more than ten thousand times energy than it has needed on the earth. This report investigates the electricity generation by using solar PV panels for the given village as well as the transmission systems. The main priority of this report is to calculate the demand electricity of the village, plant design also considering the power losses. Three different scenarios to transmit the generated power to the consumers end were considered and studied. The three different cases and cases are, • Grid connection. • Micro-grid power supply system with full battery storage. • Micro-grid power supply system with partial battery storage. All three system were analyzed based on the technical specifications, power losses during transmission. The all calculation was completed by the help of different software, such as PVGIS, MS excel, different empirical formulas and previous research papers. To complete the calculation this, report also consider a few assumptions. After completing all analysis and calculations, the research outcome was showing that the microgrid power supply system with whole battery backup storage will be the better solution both technically and economically. Photovoltaic (PV) solar cell-based microgrid systems can be one of the most feasible solutions to provide electricity in rural areas. Therefore, this system can play a vital role in Bangladesh to provide electricity in rural areas. In Bangladesh, there are several positive aspects to promote the use of photovoltaics (PV), such as many solar irradiations, low technology and labour cost, and a few subsidies from the government.

El trabajo de investigación busca desarrollar una propuesta de mejora de control de costos por la implementación de gestión del valor ganado, como herramienta para la toma de decisiones en la planificación y control durante la etapa de ejecución en obras de electrificación rural. En este trabajo se evidencia, la importancia de iniciar la implementación del EVM utilizando los 10 pasos fundamentales sugeridos por Fleming y Koppelman, porque es apropiado para todos los proyectos y hace referencia a un criterio específico del Estándar ANSI / EIA-748. Este trabajo pretende mostrar cómo la gestión de proyectos en obras de electrificación rural se aplica mediante este nuevo enfoque, identificando los requisitos mínimos para implementar la gestión de valor ganado de forma simple en los proyectos y generando un precedente para el desarrollo de futuras obras de este tipo. La gestión de valor ganado (EVM) es una importante herramienta de gestión de proyectos que integra el alcance, costo y cronograma, el cual permite medir el desempeño del proyecto y debería planificarse desde el principio del proyecto. / The research work seeks to develop a proposal for cost control improvement by the implementation of earned value management, as a tool for decision making in planning and control during the execution stage in rural electrification works. This paper shows the importance of starting the implementation of the EVM using the 10 fundamental steps suggested by Fleming and Koppelman, because it is appropriate for all projects and refers to a specific criterion of the ANSI / EIA-748 Standard. This work aims to show how project management in rural electrification works is applied through this new approach, identifying the minimum requirements to implement the management of earned value in a simple way in projects and generating a precedent for the development of future works of this type. Earned Value Management (EVM) is an important project management tool that integrates the scope, cost and time, which allows you to measure the performance of the project and should be planned from the beginning of the project. / Trabajo de investigación

Tianjin s’est avérée un lieu de rencontres et d’échanges entre les Chinois et les étrangers pendant plus de 150 ans. Face au risque d’effondrement du pays, les pionniers chinois au tournant du XXe siècle ont lancé les premières tentatives de modernisation à Tianjin pour devenir autonomes en termes industriels et techniques et rétablir l’image de la Chine dans l’arène internationale. Aujourd’hui, confrontée à la crise de perte d’identité, la municipalité de Tianjin cherche activement à sauvegarder son patrimoine lié au passé et significatif pour le futur. À travers une étude sur l’électrification de Tianjin et sur la conservation de ses vestiges, cette thèse montre qu’il existe un point commun à ces deux actions à deux époques différentes : l’apprentissage de connaissances modernes auprès de l’Occident et leur appropriation en Chine qui donne la force à cet ancien pays pour rajeunir. Nous allons démontrer que l’électrification de Tianjin était un témoin important de l’autonomie acquise allant du contrôle absolu par les étrangers à la gestion réussie par les Chinois. La mondialisation au XIXe et XXe siècles nous offre un axe pour décrypter les actions des compagnies d’électricité étrangères pour pénétrer le marché chinois. Nous étudierons les conflits entre la technicité de l’électrification – extension du réseau – et le démembrement de la ville pendant la domination des entrepreneurs et administrateurs européens. Nous traiterons ensuite de l’intégration progressive et de la gestion systématique du réseau électrique sous le monopole étatique chinois après la fin de l’impérialisme en Chine. / Tianjin has been such a place where Chinese and the foreigners met each other and exchanged frequently for over 150 years. Facing the risk of a dissembling country, the Chinese pioneers led the modernization at the dawn of the 20th century in order to achieve industrial et technical autonomy and to recover China’s image on the international arena. Today, confronted to the crisis of identity lost, the municipality of Tianjin strives to protect its own heritage, inherited from the past and is significant for the future. Based on a study of the history of electrification and of the conservation of the vestiges, this dissertation shows the common point between these two actions in two periods: to learn modern knowledge from the western world and apply it to China. This application gives China the full energy to rejuvenate. We are going to demonstrate that electrification was an important witness of the Chinese regain of autonomy in the technical perspective. They turned from staying under foreigners’ control to succeeding in its effective management. The globalization in the 19th and 20th centuries appears a path to decipher the actions taken by the foreign electric firms to penetrate the Chinese market. We will study the conflicts between the technical requirement of electricity, which is the network extension, and the separation of the electric service in the city under the domination of European administrators and entrepreneurs. We will further the integration of these separate networks and their systematic management under the state monopoly after imperialism ended in China. The urgent task of industrial brownfields conservation and their transformation into hubs for creative activities raise an issue for us to look into the effectiveness of the legal framework of heritage protection, which was introduced one century ago and has been improved all the time. Based on the politics of Tianjin for heritage, we will explore the possibilities and sound ways of enhancing the value of its old electric network.

This is a master thesis project carried out during a 20-week period in the spring of 2020 and that corresponds to 30 credits. The project covered concept development of a contactor (switch for controlling high current). The client ABB Control Products in Västerås, Sweden, have noticed an emerging need within the megatrend electrification in line with a growing energy demand. This comprises a new 1-pole DC-contactor (direct current contactor) within the application of EV-charging (electric vehicle charging). The problem, that this project has been based on, was to create a theoretically functioning concept for a 1-pole DC-contactor based on the client's existing 2-pole DC-contactor. In addition, some other requirements for the concept (formulated as project objectives) have also composed the problem. The research question below has been formulated as a support for carrying out the project. “How can a 2-pole DC-contactor be redesigned into a 1-pole DC-contactor, applicable in EV-charging?” By answering the research question, the project sought to contribute with a value that describes the general benefit of the project by what the concept brings in relation to the growing energy demand. The project has been carried out by using several product development methods that have led to a result which is a theoretically functioning concept. The concept has been presented as a CAD-model, it consists of three main sections: the bottom, the middle and the top. The sections consist of different components that together constitutes the concept. The concept has been able to mimic existing product to such an extent that it can be perceived to fit into the same product family. The core of the concept is that it is estimated to be capable of conducting current at 3000 A and breaking it at 1500 V. By taking advantage of the concept, which in consultation with the client has been considered to consist of a good overall solution, the further development of the new contactor can proceed towards industrialization. This, in despite to the fact that not all project objectives have been fulfilled. In future work it is recommended to develop certain areas of the design in order to later proceed to, among other things, testing the strength and conductivity of a future prototype. The project has resulted in an economic value and a scientific value due to a pending patent of a solution which has helped to make the concept work. In addition, the developed concept has created an opportunity to be able to charge heavy vehicles and charge more vehicles with higher power and higher speed. Thus, the concept has contributed to the megatrend electrification. Finally, the value generated by the entirety of the project can be summarized to that the concept can contribute to a more sustainable future in line with a growing energy demand, where more people choose renewable sources using electric vehicles for transportation.

Kenya is at the forefront of a socioeconomic transformation, aiming to turn into an industrialized middle income country by 2030. Kenya Vision 2030 has identified energy as a key foundation and one of the infrastructural “enablers” upon which the economic, social and political pillars of this long-term development strategy will be built. Predicting the future of energy systems however, involves risks due to various uncertainties. Therefore, systematic energy planning at national and sub-national/County level is highly recommended through the adoption of more realistic assumptions on the future evolution and profile of demand and robust pre-feasibility of prospective projects including the integration of renewable energy sources, which the country is endowed with. This thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of the energy sector for Kakamega County in Western Kenya. The current energy demand level was estimated for six selected sectors of the County namely Residential, Industrial, Transportation, Commercial, Public and Agricultural. Additionally, the renewable energy resources potential was assessed at local level using GIS and other available data. LEAP software was used in order to model and project the energy demand and supply based on three 15-year scenarios till 2030, developed to support the economic, social and environmental sustainability of the County. This study intended to create a framework aiming to facilitate sub-national energy planning in developing countries and it is expected that the findings will be complementary to already existing energy planning models but also the base for future research towards energy poverty elimination.

The Swedish mining and minerals sector is one of the most prominent greenhouse gas emitters in the country. At the same time, it also provides Sweden and other nations with vast amounts of important metals and minerals, which are not easily replaced. However, in light of the increasing urgency to reduce global greenhouse gas concentrations, it is imperative that the combustion of fossil fuels is decreased. This quantitative case study uses a document review and interviews to investigate the prerequisites and technical potential for decarbonising the Dannemora iron ore mine in eastern Sweden. Furthermore, a comparative life cycle inventory based on methods from the Greenhouse Gas Protocol is performed in order to calculate potential savings of both energy and greenhouse gases from exchanging conventional underground mining equipment with more sustainable alternatives. Results show that emissions from underground activities in the Dannemora mine could potentially be reduced by up to 90 %, and energy consumption by up to 64 %. It was however also shown that no viable emission-free explosives currently exist that could safely replace conventional alternatives. Further research needs to be conducted in order to investigate the effects of Scope 3 emissions from the production of battery electric mining vehicles, as this would have an effect on overall GHG and energy savings.

I detta arbete undersöktes möjligheten för fartyget M/F Ljungskär att konverteras till batteridrift. Arbetet delades upp i två delar där första delen undersökte om det var möjligt med dagens driftprofil och passagerarantal. I andra delen modifierades driftprofilen och passagerarantalet. Vidare studerades om det fanns några ytterligare regelverk som skulle behöva implementeras till följd av ombyggnation till batteridrift. Resultatet visar att det inte är möjligt att konvertera fartyget till batteridrift med dagens driftprofil och passagerarantal, men modifiering av driftprofil och passagerarantal gör det möjligt. Vid en ombyggnation kommer inga nya regelverk att omfattas men nya certifikat kommer behöva ges ut. De största bidragande faktorerna till resultatet är hur mycket kapacitet i form av batteri som kan förvaras ombord, hur stor effekt som batterierna tillåter för laddning samt hur långt det är mellan laddningscyklerna. / This project studied the possibility to convert M/F Ljungskärs propulsion system from diesel- to battery powered. The project was divided in two sections in which the first part investigated conversion without changing passenger capacity or route. The second part investigated if conversion was possible with modified passenger capacity and route. In addition, a study was carried out to verify if any new rules or regulations had to be implemented due to the refitting.  The results showed that it is not possible to convert the vessel to a battery power propulsion system with the current passenger capacity and route but with modifications makes it possible. In case of refitting will no new rules or regulations be applied but new certificates will be required. The largest contributing factors to the results are how much battery capacity that can be stored onboard, the batteries charging capabilities and the distance between charging cycles.