The Energising Development (EnDev) initiative, for which the GIZ acts as implementing agency, promotes the supply of modern energy technologies to households and small‐scale businesses in the rural communities of 24 countries in Africa, Latin America and Asia. In Indonesia, this has been achieved through off‐grid micro‐hydro (MHP) and solar power mini‐grids and since 2006 230 MHP and 117 solar projects have been supported to varying degree at substantial cost, reaching more than 167 thousand people. The objective of this study is to assess this contribution of the EnDev-Indonesia initiative regarding the MHP performance and ultimate long‐term sustainability prospect of the rural energy infrastructure in the country. As such a comparison between EnDev and non-EnDev MHP projects in the country was undertaken and based on the established Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) survey methodology and the DB&TO sustainability model specifically fashioned for the purpose of this study. This approach involved on‐site visits and comprises technical, social, economic and environmental aspects. As a result, the analysis has shown important differences among the different supporting schemes, with the second implementing phase (2009‐2012) of EnDev outranking the other systems largely due to the high level of technical sustainability achieved by these sites. Such a good performance is even more surprising considering that the EnDev1 sites implemented during the first phase of the program in the early years were among the least‐sustainable investigated in this study. However, despite the high costs necessary to reach such a high level of sustainability as regards the quality of the civil works and electro‐mechanical equipments, this aspect alone was found not enough to guarantee the long‐term sustainability of MHP in Indonesia. On the other hand, lack of social and economic sustainability appeared having fatal consequences onthe operations of many plants. Therefore, such complex interrelation among the different aspects of sustainability was investigated and also external factors, like the regional and cultural differences among the different beneficiaries, were addressed. Finally, recommendations for future eventual courses of action were proposed.

The availability of abundant renewable resources, lack of fossil fuels and difficult geographical terrain for grid line extensions contribute to the advantages of renewable based decentralized rural electrification in Ne-pal. Solar home system (SHS) and micro-hydro are the most commonly adopted off-grid renewable energy technologies in the country. This dis-sertation examines the market of renewable energy based rural electrifi-cation within prevailing policy and programmes framework. The study verifies whether the market has been able to serve the poor in Nepal. It also captures the perception of various stakeholders (e.g. private sup-ply/installation companies, NGOs, financial institutions and the donor‘s programme) regarding the business, financing issues and the role of gov-ernment policy on the market development. In addition, the study dis-cusses and analyses renewable based rural electrification supply models, the economics behind rural electrification, market drivers and market distribution in the rural areas of Nepal. The financial mix in the off-grid rural electrification is generally charac-terized by subsidy, equity and credit. The study shows that awareness about renewable energy technologies and willingness to pay for electricity access has increased considerably. However, there is a huge financial gap between the cost of electrification and affordability among the poor. The distribution analysis shows there is significant increment in the extensive growth but decrease in the intensive growth rate of rural electrification thus indicating market expansion with uneven penetration among the ru-ral people. Solar PV technology is still not in the reach of the economic poor. Access to credit and cumbersome subsidy delivery mechanisms have been perceived as the major factors affecting the expansion of rural electrification by the stakeholders, requiring innovation in the credit and subsidy delivery system so that a larger rural population can be given ac-cess to electrification. / QC 20110502

The Swedish transport sector will need to undergo a major restructuring to achieve the established climate and environmental goals. The biggest change is that fossil fuels will be phased out and a larger part of the vehicle fleet will be electrified. This study deals with the electrification of heavy-duty trucks and how high-power charging stations affect the local electricity grid. Charging of heavy-duty trucks depends largely on the logistics of the transport system, which reduces the demand flexibility of power. High-power charging entails a risk of increased power peaks, which can affect the bus-voltage profiles, losses and loads on grid components. This thesis has been conducted as general study based on the case with the high-power charging station at Vädermotet in the area Hisingen of Gothenburg. The purpose was to build a generic model of the electricity grid at Hisingen and then investigate the consequences of high-power charging for the grid for two charging scenarios: the first scenario with four ABB Terra 360 chargers, and the second scenario with six ABB Terra 360 chargers and one MCS. The electricity network model and simulations were performed in PSS®SINCAL. The two charging scenarios, as well as the scenario before chargers were installed, were then simulated for three different system-load cases: maximum, average, and low load. The results showed that high-power charging of trucks had the biggest impacts for the voltage profiles during the case of low load. For the medium load and maximum load cases, the effect of the high-power charge decreased. Furthermore, electricity network losses increased for the low load case, but decreased slightly for the average and maximum load case. The reason was a more even load balance between the bus that connected the charging station to the grid and the rest of the network for the average and maximum load cases. In summary, the study indicated that grid implementation of a high-power charging station will have consequences for the local power system. However, the magnitude of the effects is not validated and can therefore only be regarded as indications. The outcome can be partly explained by the assumptions and simplifications of the model compared to the real system.

De europeiska klimatmålen gällande utsläpp av växthusgaser blir allt tuffare, och man börjar tänka i banorna att elektrifiera sina fordon och fartyg. Detta innebär en mer omfattande batteridrift och produktion av litium-jon batterier.Frågeställningen i denna studie, kretsar kring hur klimatet egentligen påverkas av elektrifieringen av ett fartyg. Både gällande driften av fartyget samt vid framställningen av batterierna som krävs för framdriften. Beräkningarna koncentrerar sig enbart på koldioxidutsläppen och en jämförelse har gjorts med ett dieseldrivet fartyg.Resultaten visar att driften av fartyget renderade i mer utsläpp än vad själva framställningen av litium-jon batterier gjorde. Utsläppen som uppstår vid elproduktionen visade sig skilja mycket beroende på vilket europeiskt land fartyget framförs i. Detta på grund av att användningen av fossilfria energikällor är olika runt om i Europa. Om det batteridrivna fartyget framförs i Sverige skulle utsläppen motsvara 2% av utsläppen från det dieseldrivna fartyget. Om det batteridrivna fartyget däremot framfördes i Estland skulle utsläppen öka med 17% gentemot utsläppen från det dieseldrivna fartyget.Slutsatserna av denna studie är att koldioxidutsläppen från ett eldrivet fartyg blir betydligt mindre än från ett dieseldrivet fartyg, om detta fartyg framförs och laddas i Sverige. Men att nyttan för klimatet inte blir densamma, om man framför fartyget i andra europeiska länder, där elproduktionen sker med större delen fossil kraft. / The European climate goals are getting tougher when it comes to emissions from carbon dioxide. Therefore, the electrification of various vehicles and ships are increasing. This equals to an increase in production and operation of lithium-ion batteries.This thesis investigated how the environment is getting affected by the emission that develops during the electrification of a smaller ship. Parameters that have been accounted for are, the operation of the ship, and the production of the lithium-ion batteries. The emissions from carbon dioxide were the only emissions taken to account. A comparison with a diesel-powered ship was also conducted.The results revealed that the emissions from the operation of the ship are greater than the emissions from production of the batteries. It also showed that the emissions differentiated dependent on which European country the ship would operate in. This depends on the usage of fossil-free energy sources throughout Europe. If the vessel would be operated in Sweden, the emissions would only be 2% of the emissions produced by the diesel-powered ship. But if the ship instead would operate in Estonia, the emissions would be 17% higher than the emissions produced by the diesel-powered ship.The conclusions of this thesis are that emissions from an electric ship becomes significantly lower than those from a diesel-powered ship. But if the ship would operate in other European countries, the environmental benefit would not be as great.

Cement production is responsible for around 7% of the global anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. More than half of these emissions are due to the unavoidable release of carbon dioxide upon thermal decomposition of the main raw material limestone. Many different options for carbon capture are currently being investigated to lower emissions, and one potential route to facilitate carbon capture could be the implementation of an electrified separate calcination step. However, potential effects on the phase composition of cement clinker need to be investigated, which is the aim of the present study. Phases of special interest are alite, belite, aluminate, ferrite, calcite, and lime.  The phase composition during clinker formation was examined through HT-XRD lab-scale experiments, allowing the phase transformations to be observed in situ. Two different methods of separate calcination were investigated, one method in which the raw meal was calcined separately, and one method where the limestone was calcined separately. The former yielded an alite amount similar to that of the reference experiments, whereas the latter method yielded a lower amount. It could, unfortunately, not be excluded that the difference was due to poor experimental conditions, and additional experiments are needed to investigate the matter further. The study does, however, indicate that a calcined raw meal might be used to produce a clinker of similar phase composition concerning major phases belite, aluminate, ferrite, alite, and free lime. A raw meal containing calcined limestone might, however, need longer residence time at clinkering temperature too obtain similar phase composition. In addition, a raw meal containing calcined limestone was observed to be carbonated to a greater extent upon reheating than a calcined raw meal. Further experiments are needed to fully understand the effects on clinker composition of an electrified separate calcination step, and several improvements to the experimental method are given in the study.

Rising concerns related to the effects of traffic congestion have led to the search for alternative transportation solutions. Advances in battery technology have resulted in an increase of electric vehicles (EVs), which serve to reduce the impact of many of the negative consequences of congestion, including pollution and the cost of wasted fuel. Furthermore, the energy-efficiency and quiet operation of electric motors have made feasible concepts such as Urban Air Mobility (UAM), in which electric aircraft transport passengers in dense urban areas prone to severe traffic slowdowns. Electrified transportation may be the solution needed to combat urban gridlock, but many logistical questions related to the design and operation of the resultant transportation networks remain to be answered. This research begins by examining the near-term effects of EV charging networks. Stationary plug-in methods have been the traditional approach to recharge electric ground vehicles; however, dynamic charging technologies that can charge vehicles while they are in motion have recently been introduced that have the potential to eliminate the inconvenience of long charging wait times and the high cost of large batteries. Using an agent-based model verified with traffic data, different network designs incorporating these dynamic chargers are evaluated based on the predicted benefit to EV drivers. A genetic optimization is designed to optimally locate the chargers. Heavily-used highways are found to be much more effective than arterial roads as locations for these chargers, even when installation cost is taken into consideration. This work also explores the potential long-term effects of electrified transportation on urban congestion by examining the implementation of a UAM system. Interdependencies between potential electric air vehicle ranges and speeds are explored in conjunction with desired network structure and size in three different regions of the United States. A method is developed to take all these considerations into account, thus allowing for the creation of a network optimized for UAM operations when vehicle or topological constraints are present. Because the optimization problem is NP-hard, five heuristic algorithms are developed to find potential solutions with acceptable computation times, and are found to be within 10% of the optimal value for the test cases explored. The results from this exploration are used in a second agent-based transportation model that analyzes operational parameters associated with UAM networks, such as service strategy and dispatch frequency, in addition to the considerations associated with network design. General trends between the effectiveness of UAM networks and the various factors explored are identified and presented.

Electrification is widely considered as a viable strategy for reducing the oil dependency and environmental impacts of road transportation. In pursuit of this strategy, most attention has been paid to electric cars. However, substantial, yet untapped, potentials could be realized in urban areas through the large-scale introduction of electric two-wheelers. Here, we review the environmental, economic, and social performance of electric two-wheelers, demonstrating that these are generally more energy efficient and less polluting than conventionally-powered motor vehicles. Electric two-wheelers tend to decrease exposure to pollution as their environmental impacts largely result from vehicle production and electricity generation outside of urban areas. Our analysis suggests that the price of e-bikes has been decreasing at a learning rate of 8%. Despite price differentials of 5000 ± 1800 EUR2012 kW h−1 in Europe, e-bikes are penetrating the market because they appear to offer an apparent additional use value relative to bicycles. Mid-size and large electric two-wheelers do not offer such an additional use value compared to their conventional counterparts and constitute niche products at price differentials of 700 ± 360 EUR2012 kW−1 and 160 ± 90 EUR2012 kW−1, respectively. The large-scale adoption of electric two-wheelers can reduce traffic noise and road congestion but may necessitate adaptations of urban infrastructure and safety regulations. A case-specific assessment as part of an integrated urban mobility planning that accounts, e.g., for the local electricity mix, infrastructure characteristics, and mode-shift behavior, should be conducted before drawing conclusions about the sustainability impacts of electric two-wheelers.

Similar to numerous other nations, Thailand aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 by reducing reliance on fossil fuels and increasing the amount of renewable energy sources in electricity generation. The objective of the Thai Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA) is to ensure electricity access for all Thai households and villages. The expansion of electricity production to small islands raises concerns about economic and environmental impact. Electricity accessibility on Thai islands is significantly limited due to difficulties of extending the electrical grid, as well as the comparatively higher costs associated with grid access in remote areas, in contrast to the mainland. One way to mitigate energy losses and emissions is by promoting decentralized electricity production and adopting renewable energy sources. Microgrids provide a solution that addresses these aspects, making them an attractive option to meet the growing demand of electricity sustainably in rural areas. This study examines the electricity situation in Thailand through a literature review of the current status of electricity and microgrid electrification. The case study then evaluates economic and environmental aspects of a microgrid project planned for Phaluai island, which has been chosen by the Ministry of Energy as a pilot project for the "Green Island" initiative, part of the "Reducing the Global Warming for King" campaign. The objective of the “Green Island” project is partly to promote clean energy on Phaluai. The study aims to optimize a microgrid design for Phaluai to compare with the proposed PEA project design, which includes a battery energy storage system, diesel generator, converter and solar power plant. However, the optimization also includes the potential use of wind turbine generators and biogas as additional fuel in the generator. To determine the optimal design, economical methods such as Net Present Cost (NPC) and Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE), as well as environmental methods such as renewable fraction and CO2 emissions, are employed. These calculations are carried out using the HOMER Pro software. The results reveal that the optimal dimension for the microgrid includes 1,250 kW of solar PV, 300 kW generator, 500 kW converter and 1,925 kW of batteries, resulting in an NPC of 5.75 million USD and LCOE of 0.393 USD/kWh. Moreover, the microgrid demonstrates a renewable fraction of 89.6 % and CO2 emissions of 121,000 kg/year. Compared to the PEA proposed design, the obtained results have lower CO2 emissions and LCOE while higher NPC and renewable fraction. The optimized system also has more installed kW PV and battery than the PEA project plan. In the sensitivity analysis, the following variables are evaluated: electric load, diesel fuel price, discount rate, inflation rate, wind turbine price and biomass resources. All variables except wind turbine price affect the result in the form of changes in NPC, LCOE, CO2 emissions and renewable fraction. For some variable changes, e.g electric load, the optimal size of PV and batteries are also affected. In those cases, the optimal size for PV is instead 1,000 kW and for batteries, either 1,650 or 2,200 kW capacity. / Likt flera andra länder, strävar Thailand mot att nå koldioxidneutralitet till år 2050 genom att minska beroendet av fossila bränslen och öka mängden förnybara energikällor i elproduktionen. Samtidigt har Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA) målet att säkerställa tillgången till elektricitet för alla thailändska hushåll och byar. Utbyggnaden av elproduktion till små öar medför en osäkerhet kring ekonomisk och miljömässig påverkan. Tillgängligheten till elektricitet är på vissa thailändska öar avsevärt begränsad på grund av svårigheter kopplade till utbyggnaden av det nationella elnätet, såväl som de högre kostnaderna för utbyggnation av elnät i avlägsna områden, jämfört med fastlandet. Ett sätt att minska energiförluster och utsläpp är genom att främja decentraliserad elproduktion samt utnyttja förnybara energikällor. Microgrids är en lösning som tar hänsyn till dessa aspekter, vilket gör det till ett attraktivt alternativ för att, på ett hållbart sätt, möta en växande efterfrågan på el i mer avlägsna områden. Studien undersöker elsituationen i Thailand genom en litteraturstudie som redogör för den nuvarande statusen för elektricitet i landet samt microgrids. Fallstudien utvärderar ekonomiska och miljömässiga aspekter av implementering av en microgrid på ön Phaluai, som har valts ut av Ministry of Energy som pilotprojekt för initiativet "Green Island", en del av kampanjen "Reducing the Global Warming for King". Målet med "Green Island"- projektet är bland annat att främja grön energi på Phaluai. Studien syftar till att optimera en microgrid för Phaluai och jämföra med den av PEA föreslagna microgriddesignen, som inkluderar ett batterienergilagringssystem, dieselgenerator, växelriktare samt solcellspark. Optimeringen som genomförs inkluderar dock även möjlig användning av vindkraftsgeneratorer och biogas som ytterligare bränsle i generatorn. För att bestämma den optimala storleken används ekonomiska värden som Net Present Cost (NPC) och Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE), samt miljömässiga värden som förnybar kvot och CO2-utsläpp. Beräkningar utförs med hjälp av programvaran HOMER Pro. Resultatet visar att den optimala dimensioneringen för microgriden inkluderar 1 250 kW solceller, 300 kW generator, 500 kW växelriktare och batterier på 1 925 kW, vilket resulterar i ett system med NPC på 5,75 miljoner USD och en LCOE på 0,393 USD/kWh. Dessutom har microgriden en förnybar kvot på 89,6 % och CO2-utsläpp på 121 000 kg/år. Jämfört med PEAs föreslagna design har det erhållna resultatet lägre CO2-utsläpp och LCOE samt högre NPC och förnybar kvot. Det optimerade systemet har även fler installerade kW solcell och batteri än PEAs projektplan. Det genomförs även en känslighetsanalys av den erhållna optimala dimensioneringen. I känslighetsanalysen utvärderas variablerna: elektrisk belastning, dieselpris, diskonteringsränta, inflationstakt, vinturbinspris och tillgång på biomassa. Alla variabler utom vindturbinspris påverkar resultatet i form av förändringar i NPC, LCOE, CO2-utsläpp och förnybar kvot. Vid vissa av dessa variabelförändringar, exempelvis elektrisk belastning, påverkas även den optimala storleken på PV och batterier. I de fallen är den optimala storleken för PV istället 1 000 kW och för batterierna antingen 1 650 eller 2 200 kW.

Electrification in rural areas of West African countries remain to be a challenge for the growth of the region. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has set a target of 2030 to achieve 100% electrification in all member countries. Burkina Faso is one of the least electrified countries in the world, where only 9 % of the rural population has access to electricity. This study presents a conceptualization of techno-economic feasibility of pumped hydro storage (PHS) and electric batteries with solar photovoltaics (PV) in the context of Burkina Faso. The results are explored for an off grid standalone PV plus storage system for a rural setting and a grid connected PV system for an urban setup. The least cost configurations for both the cases are determined using HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables). The results indicate the need of extended solar penetration in Burkina Faso in response to the challenges of low electrification rates in the country. Adding more PV to the present electricity mix of Burkina Faso could drive down the cost of energy by 50 % compared to the present grid electricity prices by making cheap electricity available to the local population. Adding PHS to grid connected PV leads to a cost reduction of 8% over a lifetime of 25 years which does not provide enough motivation for the high investments in storage at present. Policy interventions that allow stacking up of revenues and benefits of storage are needed to make it more competitive. PV plus pumped hydro storage remains the optimal system architecture as compared to PV plus electric batteries for off grid standalone systems provided the geographic availability of lower and upper reservoirs. The capital cost of PV remains to be the most dominating factor in the cost of optimal system for both the urban and the rural cases, and driving down the costs of PV would have the most positive effect for increased electricity access in the country. / Elektrifiering i landsbygdsområden i västafrikanska länder är fortfarande en utmaning för tillväxten i regionen. Ekonomiska gemenskapen i Västafrikanska stater (ECOWAS) har satt upp ett mål 2030 att uppnå 100% elektrifiering i alla medlemsländer. Burkina Faso är ett av de minst elektrifierade länderna i världen där bara 9% av landsbygdsbefolkningen har tillgång till el. Denna studie presenterar en konceptualisering av teknisk ekonomisk genomförbarhet för pumpad vattenkraftlagring (PHS) och elektriska batterier med PV (photovoltaics) paneler i samband med Burkina Faso. Resultaten undersöks med avseende på ett fristående fristående PV plus lagringssystem för landsbygden och ett nätanslutet PV-system för en stadsinstallation. De lägsta kostnadskonfigurationerna för båda fallen bestäms med hjälp av HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables). Resultaten visar på behovet av utökad solpenetrering i Burkina Faso som svar på utmaningarna med låga elektrifieringshastigheter i landet. Att lägga till mer PV till den nuvarande elmixen av Burkina Faso skulle kunna sänka energikostnaderna med 50% jämfört med de nuvarande elpriserna för nätet genom att göra billig el tillgänglig för lokalbefolkningen. Att lägga till PHS till nätansluten PV leder till en kostnadsminskning på 8% under en livslängd på 25 år som inte ger tillräcklig motivation för de stora investeringarna i lagring för närvarande. Politikåtgärder som möjliggör stapling av intäkter och fördelar med lagring behövs för att göra det mer konkurrenskraftigt. PV plus pumpad hydro förblir den optimala systemarkitekturen jämfört med PV plus elektriska batterier för fristående nät utanför nätet förutsatt geografisk tillgänglighet av nedre och övre reservoarer. Kapitalkostnaden för PV är fortfarande den mest dominerande faktorn i det lägsta kostnadssystemet för både stads- och landsbygdsfall och att köra ner PV-kostnaderna skulle ha den mest positiva effekten för ökad elåtkomst i landet.

The use of alternative fuels, particularly renewable energy sources, has been an important strategy to achieve greenhouse gas emission reductions. In Bolivia, many rural areas struggle with an unreliable power supply. The most common electricity solution in such isolated areas is to have off-grid systems, where hybrid systems have become a feasible solution. In this study, a hybrid system in the rural village El Espino is optimized using a linear programming tool called MicroGridsPy. Currently, the village is powered by a hybrid system consisting of solar photovoltaics, a diesel generator and lead-acid batteries as a storing system. To optimize the system in a sustainable way, considering economic, environmental and social aspects, two wind turbines of the nominal capacities 5 and 10 kW are studied and introduced to the hybrid system. To find synergies between the wind and solar energy, the irradiance and wind speed of the study area are simulated using a Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The power output from the wind turbines can then be obtained by modelling the power curves and then be added to the optimization model. The optimization is performed both with and without the wind turbines to evaluate the impact of them. In the optimization model, characteristics of the components, techno-economic parameters, including investment costs, and constraints such as renewable penetration, and cost of the curtailment are set. The obtained results include that the wind speed is higher during the winter season, and that the wind power output, regardless of turbine size, is proportional to the wind speed. Furthermore, the 10 kW wind turbine is proven to be the most suitable for the system of the two compared. The economical values of the system, such as NPC and LCOE are higher, the higher the renewable penetration, but lower for the system with wind turbines. This implicates that adding wind energy to the hybrid system could be beneficial from both an environmental and economical point of view. One conclusion that can be drawn is that wind turbines are a feasible technology for rural electrification, and that the optimization tool is sensitive to cost. Furthermore, it is found that the wind and solar energy are suitable complements to each other both season wise and daily. / Användningen av alternativa bränslen, särskilt förnybara energikällor, har varit en viktig strategi för att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser. I Bolivia kämpar många landsbygdsområden med en opålitlig strömförsörjning. Den vanligaste lösningen för elektricitet i sådana områden är off-grid system, där hybridsystem har blivit en lämplig lösning. I denna studie, optimeras ett hybridsystem beläget i byn El Espino, med ett linjärt programmeringsverktyg; MicroGridsPy. För närvarande drivs byn av ett hybridsystem bestående av solceller, en dieselgenerator och blybatterier för att lagra energin. För att optimera systemet på ett hållbart sätt, utifrån ett ekonomiskt, miljömässigt och socialt perspektiv, studeras två vindturbiner med de nominella kapaciteterna 5 och 10 kW, för att sedan introduceras till hybridsystemet. För att göra detta simuleras områdets solstrålning och vindhastighet med hjälp av en WRF-modell (Weather Research and Forecast). Effekten från vindturbinerna kan då erhållas genom att modellera effektkurvorna, och kan därefter läggas till i optimeringsmodellen. Optimeringen utförs både med och utan vindturbiner för att på så sätt utvärdera deras inverkan på systemet. I optimeringsmodellen fastställs egenskaper hos komponenterna, techno-ekonomiska parametrar, inklusive investeringskostnader och begränsningar såsom förnybar penetration och kostnad för energispill. De erhållna resultaten visade bland annat att vindhastigheten är högre under vintersäsongen, och att effekten är proportionell mot vindhastigheten, oavsett storlek på vindturbin. Vidare har vindturbinen med kapacitet 10 kW visat sig vara den mest lämpade för systemet av de två jämförda. Systemets ekonomiska värden, såsom NPC och LCOE, är högre, ju högre förnybar penetration, men lägre för systemet med vindturbiner. Detta implicerar att vindenergi kan vara till nytta för hybridsystemet, både ur miljösynpunkt och ur en ekonomisk synvinkel. En slutsats som kan dras är att vindturbiner är en passande teknik för landsbygdselektrifiering, och att optimeringsverktyget som användes är känslig mot kostnader. Vidare konstateras att vind- och solenergi kompletterar varandra både säsongsvis och på daglig basis.