Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-18T18:34:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_João Cabral_PPGECAM.pdf: 1516222 bytes, checksum: 1dfca4d9fc8997484046f1a4b3ca8fde (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T18:34:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_João Cabral_PPGECAM.pdf: 1516222 bytes, checksum: 1dfca4d9fc8997484046f1a4b3ca8fde (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-20 / O trabalho versa sobre a problemática do crescimento da geração de um tipo de resíduo eletroeletrônico: a bateria de chumbo-ácido. Os resíduos de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos são objeto de diversas pesquisas mundo afora, não somente devido ao seu crescimento acelerado, mas também porque muitos são fontes de materiais perigosos ao meio ambiente e à saúde pública. Nesse contexto, estão as baterias automotivas, cuja produção está vinculada à fabricação de carros e a sua própria vida útil. A maior parte das baterias comercializadas no Brasil são do tipo chumbo-ácido, cujos resíduos contêm grandes quantidades de chumbo que poderiam ser aproveitadas. Dessa maneira, esse trabalho teve como objetivo principal a construção de um modelo matemático para a projeção futura de sucatas de bateria, considerando fatores tais como mercado de venda de automóveis (carro passeio) e vida útil das baterias. Para tanto, foi construída uma série temporal, a partir da análise histórica de venda de veículos, composta por dados de 10 anos. Com o levantamento das informações, foram utilizadas ferramentas de análise de séries temporais para a identificação da existência de características como tendência e/ou sazonalidade na série de dados. Comprovada a existência de tais características, foi realizada a suavização da série e, posteriormente, a proposição do método estatístico de previsibilidade, observando as hipóteses de utilização de médias móveis, suavizações simples, dupla ou tripla. O modelo matemático deste estudo poderá tornar possível o planejamento adequado, por parte de empresas e governo, quanto à política de gerenciamento dos resíduos de acumuladores, considerando a logística reversa, como objetivo a ser alcançado. / The paper aims to introduce the issue from the growing generation of a type of electronic waste: a lead-acid battery. Waste of electrical and electronic equipment are the subject of several studies around the world, not only because of its rapid growth, but also because many are sources of hazardous materials to the environment and public health. Most batteries sold in Brazil are the lead-acid type, whose waste contains large amounts of lead that could be harnessed. Thus, this work aims to build a mathematical model for the future projection of battery scrap, considering factors such as car sales market (passenger car) and battery life. To this end, a time series will be built from the historical analysis of car sales, comprising data for 10 years. From the survey information will be used time series analysis tools for identifying the existence of trend and/or seasonality. If proven such characteristics, the smoothing of the series will be held and subsequently proposing the statistical method of predictability, noting the chances of using moving averages, simple smoothing, double or triple. The mathematical model of this study will make possible the proper planning on the part of business and government, as the management policy of waste batteries, considering the reverse logistics as a goal to be achieved.

No description available.

The increasing concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere and the rapidly growing amount of waste (industrial and electronic) are two major environmental challenges faced by humanity today. Carbon capture, storage, and utilization (CCUS) aims to address the CO2 challenge and has been shown to be a promising means of CO2 mitigation. For carbon capture, amine scrubbing is an example of an effective means to separate CO2 from other gases, particularly natural gas and hydrogen. Carbon storage entails the injection of CO2 into natural geologic formations, such as basalt, to form permanent, harmless carbonates. Lastly, carbon utilization involves conversion of carbon to chemicals and fuels through a variety of pathways, such as carbon mineralization. Many large-scale projects on CCUS have been conducted, with ongoing research in the aforementioned areas of CCUS. The first half of this dissertation addresses carbon storage and utilization, specifically focusing on carbon mineralization, in order to evaluate the potential for CO2 storage in basalt and CO2 utilization in the transformation of industrial waste to valuable carbonates. The mounting amount of electronic waste (e-waste) presents a significant challenge in the flow of valuable elements, especially as it relates to the materials cycle. E-waste contains valuable metals, such as copper, gold, silver, iron, and nickel, and contains much higher amounts of these metals than the amounts found in ores. Thus, the recycling of metals from e-waste is favorable and has gained attention over the last few years. E-waste is a complex mixture of metals, plastics, and refractory materials. The brominated flame retardants in the e-waste are of particular concern as they become hazardous when burned. Lead is also often found in the solder material of e-waste. The risks associated with the toxic and hazardous components of e-waste, along with the heterogeneity in composition, challenge the development of recycling and processing methods for e-waste. While recent developments, such as hydrometallurgy i.e. chemical leaching, have lessened the hazards during processing, pyrometallurgical techniques, which involve smelting, remain the most commonly used treatment. Metal extraction and recovery processes are multi-step techniques that usually involve energy-intensive mechanical processing, and depending on the type of waste, the selectivity of metal separation processes can be quite low. Specifically, for Lithium-ion batteries (LIB), the majority of recycling techniques cannot recover Co and Ni simultaneously. The latter half of this dissertation explores new, sustainable separation processes for the recovery of metals from e-waste, Printed circuit boards (PCB) and LIB, via morphological changes induced by supercritical CO2 and via electrochemical techniques. Chapter 2 presents an evaluation of the potential of sub-seafloor basalt in the Cascadia Basin offshore Washington State and British Columbia for CO2 storage. Basalt samples from the Cascadia Basin were tested for the extraction of Ca, Mg, and Fe to assess the ability of the basalt to form carbonates under the experimental conditions of injection with CO2. Combining laboratory results with modeling studies from collaborators, and comparisons to existing data on the reactivity of oceanic basalt demonstrated that the basalt formations in the Cascadia Basin are a feasible option for large-scale, permanent CO2 storage. In Chapter 3, the reaction of CO2 and industrial waste for Ca and Mg extraction, is investigated in greater detail in the tailored synthesis of high purity precipitate calcium carbonate (PCC) from slag. Different ligands were studied for the extraction of Ca and Mg and various experimental conditions, such as heating, controlling the pH, and bubbling with air vs. CO2 were studied for the formation of calcium carbonates from the steel slag. A novel synthesis method involving the dissolution of the slag using ligands, heating, and precipitation via bubbling with air or CO2 using the Ca-rich solution derived from dissolution, was developed. High purity PCC was successfully produced, making the proposed synthesis process a promising pathway for carbon management and sustainable waste transformation. In Chapter 4, a critical review of current metal extraction and recovery techniques for the treatment and processing of electronic waste is presented. The complexity of e-waste requires the development of new metallurgical processes that can separate and extract metals from unconventional components such as plastics and a wide range of metals. This chapter focuses on the science and engineering of both conventional and innovative separation and recovery technologies for e-waste with special attention given to the overall sustainability. Physical separation processes, including disassembly and magnetic separation, as well as thermal treatment of the polymeric component, such as pyrolysis, are discussed for the separation of metals and non- metals from e-waste. The subsequent metal recovery processes through pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and biometallurgy are also discussed in depth. Finally, insights on future research towards sustainable treatment and recovery of e-waste are highlighted, including the use of supercritical CO2. Chapter 5 investigates the use of supercritical CO2 for the extraction of metals from electronic waste, specifically Printed circuit boards (PCB). The complexity of PCB was first simplified by synthesizing laminate polymer and metal “model PCB” samples, where the polymer component was polycarbonate (PC) and the metal component was Cu foil. Through controlled studies of the effect of supercritical CO2 (scCO2) and sulfuric acid on the model PCB samples, a thorough understanding of the role of CO2 in the supercritical CO2/co-solvent system was developed. The scCO2/co-solvent system was found to induce permanent, morphological changes in the samples in just 30 minutes. Building on these results, a two-step metal extraction process for waste PCB was proposed. First, the pre-treatment of small pieces of waste PCB with scCO2 and sulfuric acid, and second, chemical leaching at ambient temperature and pressure in a sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide solution. This process was demonstrated to yield ~80% Cu extraction in under four hours, without the need for vigorous and energy-intensive mechanical processing, as the starting materials were small pieces of waste PCB, neither shredded nor crushed. The final part of the thesis presents a study on the electrochemical recovery of Co and Ni from spent Lithium-ion batteries (LIB). Galvanostatic deposition and stripping of the metals were performed using a sulfuric acid-based electrolyte with concentrations of Co and Ni based upon waste LIB solution. A complexing agent, specifically EDTA, was introduced into the electrolyte to selectively deposit one metal over the other. The concentration of EDTA was maintained at the concentration of Co and Ni in the solution, and the pH values of the solution were varied to study the effect of pH on the ratio of Co/Ni in the deposit. In the presence of EDTA, the pH of the solution had a significant impact on the ratio of Co/Ni, making the electrochemical process presented in this study an effective, sustainable approach to simultaneous and tunable metal recovery from waste LIBs.

This thesis examines the regional electronic and electrical waste (e-waste) recycling network in Malaysia and Singapore, with a secondary focus on the articulations of informal labour within the network. I argue that there is a need to theorise production networks post-consumption; i.e. to focus on the activities and processes that occur after a commodity is consumed and subsequently discarded. I argue that discarded e-waste are not ‘value-less’ waste, but instead embody value (specifically latent use value), and have the potential to be re-inserted as ‘raw materials’ into production networks through the processes of recycling. Also, key to the processes of value (re)creation, enhancement and capture is the labour process. I examine informal labour by focusing on karung guni (a local term for the rag-and-bone man) – analysing their critical role in value (re)creation in this regional e-waste recycling production network through the lens of petty commodity production. I argue that karung guni are constitutive of this production network through their collection and primary processing of e-waste, which forms the basis for subsequent value creation, enhancement and capture by downstream actors. Conceptualising karung guni as petty commodity producers – who own both the means of production and their own labour power – is significant in problematising as not so straightforward the separation of capital and labour into discreet categories as normally presented in global value chains (GVC)/global production networks (GPN) approaches. This thesis makes four significant contributions to the GVC/GPN literature. First, it recognises activities beyond the point of consumption (which has been the focus of present GVC/GPN research). Second, it conceptualises the constitutive role of informal labour in the development and structure of production networks. Third, it emphasises the continued relevance of the state. Fourth, by adopting a multi-sited case study method, it contributes to debates on how to carry out GVC/GPN research.

Electronic waste is the fastest growing waste stream worldwide. Illegal methods of transport, indifference in legislative response, and public ignorance of what to do in response, all influence e-waste proliferation. This dirty industry of e-waste is hazardous to human health and well-being as well as the environment. Since this dirty industry has ballooned over the last few decades, two major questions arise: What are the primary and secondary factors that influence the proliferation of e-waste dumping in developing countries; and what structures are emerging to combat the e-waste problem in developing countries in Africa? The following pages will investigate the e-waste problem in Africa; Egypt, Nigeria, and South Africa. I will show the role that small and medium industries play in managing the e-waste problem. Through a mass media search of key SMEs and organizations, I find that local enterprises are taking on an extended responsibility to find economic incentives in the e-waste industry and transform it from a vastly hazardous waste stream to a cooperative trade and flourishing industry. The results of these case studies illuminate how lax government regulation and involvement forces smaller businesses and organizations to emerge as the leaders in e-waste management.

Information Technology is seen as that which makes one's life easier, fun and more comfortable. When a new cellular phone is launched one is eager to see what the new phone has to offer, and often one convinces oneself that the new device is required. This study investigates what happens to redundant or obsolete electronic devices like cellular phones, computers and other electronic devices. Are these devices stored, donated, thrown out with the garbage or are they recycled? Information from academic sources and from all types of media, including television, print and electronic was searched to enhance the survey that was undertaken. Both the informal and formal sectors of recycling were investigated. A questionnaire was used to supplement the information found in different kinds of sources. The collected data was interpreted through the use of SPSS. Descriptive as well as inferential statistics was used to draw conclusions and make inferences. An investigation into legislation controlling the disposal of e-waste is included in this study. International, national, provincial and local government legislation is outlined. The objectives of recycling electronic waste are listed together with the challenges that face the pro-recyclers. The quantitative research methodology approach has been employed for this research. A key technique used in this study is the Research Onion. Data analysis and interpretation are based on the p-value, Pearson's chi-square and Spearman's correlation. The study has really been an eye opener in that it considers the “darker side” of Information Technology. The “darker side” of Information Technology refers to the disposal of obsolete or broken electronic devices in a manner that is harmful to the environment. The cost or lack of profit is the main driving force for incorrect disposal methods. This study has found that the best method of disposal is the take back system, where manufacturers of electronic devices are responsible for the safe disposal of the devices that they manufactured. / Thesis (M.Com.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2010.

The market for electrical devices still continues to increase all over the world and as a consequence the quantity of waste in the category of electronics rises. A huge proportion of the electronic waste is exported from the industrial countries to developing countries, in order to save costs, and also because of too few recycling plants in industrial countries. The significant environmental and social problem in this context is that the electronic devices are mostly recycled in informal plants. Thereby the burden for the people as well as the environment increases because e-waste includes a lot of toxic substances. The negative impacts are already obvious in countries of importation. This paper will illustrate this on the basis of the case study in Ghana in Africa. The problem is evident, and research, business as well as governments aim to counter this development. The paper will investigate the current approaches employed for solving the e-waste problem with respect to legal options and also regarding voluntary agreements and the provision of information about the actual situation to the consumers.

Thesis advisor: Brian J. Gareau / For my dissertation research, I am focused on the sociopolitical relations of electronics disposal, a less-considered but increasingly important stage in the life cycle of electronics. Although much has already been written on the global trade in hazardous wastes, the Basel Convention that regulates this trade, and the environmental injustice of the global waste trade--with wealthy countries dumping the "negative externalities" of their consumption on vulnerable communities in the global South--the reality today appears to be more complex. Regulators in the Basel Convention and the UN Environment Program, as well as civil society actors in industry and NGOs, have an increased interest in promoting the development of markets and infrastructure in high tech e-waste recycling. Historically, e-wastes have been both talked about, and treated as, a toxic and unwanted byproduct of the digital age. However, today key actors in the regulatory, industrial and civil society spheres are now discussing e-wastes as critical "resources" for economic and technological development. I hypothesize that uncovering the economic, technological and geopolitical drivers of this shift will reveal that the global trade in e-wastes can no longer be described as a clear-cut North/South, "perpetrator-victim," scenario, rather, it must be seen as a dynamic process where environmental inequalities are mitigated and reconstituted in new forms and at various sites. I identify two dominant paradigms that scholars, activists, policy makers and industry actors employ in evaluating the global trade in electronic wastes. I label these two paradigms the "environmental justice evaluation" and the "resource capture evaluation." By engaging concepts from global political economy and environmental sociology (particularly, O'Connor 1979; Harvey 2003; Pellow 2003) and applying them to my case, my dissertation attempts to bring a nuanced perspective to the e-waste debate. My initial findings suggest that both of these frameworks do not account for the key economic processes that are driving the e-waste trade. A better understanding of these processes will better illuminate the pathway to finding meaningful solutions to the persistent, presently illegal global trade in discarded electronics. My data consists of a comprehensive examination of meeting archives from the Basel Convention (where the experts and political decision makers on this issue implement policies that affect the global e-waste trade) spanning from 1992 to the present, as well as reviews of the proceedings of other relevant actors in e-waste policy (for example, annual meetings of the global organization StEP, and publications and pamphlets from trade organizations in the US and abroad and publications from the US government). In addition, I conducted semi-structured interviews with 25 key actors in the national regulatory, global regulatory, industry and NGO spheres in order to understand how the key decision makers in the e-waste trade understand the drivers and implications of the shift "from waste to resources." Finally, I draw on ethnographic observations conducted at a pivotal Basel Convention meeting in 2011, where a decision was made that has the potential to fundamentally reshape the Basel Convention and enable increased global trade in discarded electronics through the development of formalized recycling centers in less-developed countries. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2014. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Sociology.

Os equipamentos elétricos e eletrônicos (EEE) possuem uma grande importância na sociedade contemporânea, e estão presentes no cotidiano das pessoas de forma ubíqua. Com o aumento no consumo de EEE juntamente com a obsolescência precoce, surge um novo tipo de resíduo, chamado de Resíduos de Equipamentos Elétricos e Eletrônicos (REEE). Os REEE não devem ser descartados em aterros, pelo risco de contaminação e pelo desperdício de material. Assim, a reciclagem se faz necessária. As placas de circuito impresso (PCI) estão presentes na grande maioria do REEE e contem a maior variedade de metais, incluindo metais valiosos como Au, Ag, Pt e Cu. A complexidade torna a reciclagem destas placas muito difícil. Rotas hidrometalúrgicas tem surgido como uma alternativa mais limpa para o tratamento de PCI, em detrimento aos processos pirometalúrgicos. Nas rotas hidrometalúrgicas, os metais são extraídos pela lixiviação realizada por ácidos ou bases. O efeito ultrassônico tem sido empregado na síntese de novas substâncias e também em alguns casos no tratamento de resíduos. O processo central no uso de ultrassom é a cavitação acústica, capaz de produzir microbolhas na solução com temperatura da ordem de 5000 K e pressão de 500 atm localmente. Além disto, a implosão das bolhas de cavitação em meio heterogêneo causa um jato de solução na superfície, que pode alcançar velocidade de 100 m.s-1. Assim, esta tese tem como objetivo a investigação do efeito do ultrassom sobre PCI obsoletas. Dois efeitos foram investigados: o efeito da cominuição das PCI promovido pela cavitação e a influência da cavitação na lixiviação com ácido sulfúrico de Fe, Al e Ni. Os parâmetros investigados na cominuição foram: tipo de placa, granulometria da placa moída e potência de ultrassom. Os parâmetros de lixiviação avaliados foram: razão sólido-líquido (S/L), concentração de ácido e potência de ultrassom. Também foram realizados ensaios de lixiviação sonicados com meio oxidante. Foi feita a análise cinética para se determinar qual é o controle da reação de lixiviação. / Electric and Electronic Equipment (EEE) have a large importance on modern society, and are present in daily life in a ubiquitous manner. With the increase in consumption of EEE associated with planned obsolescence, a new type of waste arises: Waste of Electrical and electronic Equipment. WEEE shall not be disposed in landfills due to contamination risk and loss of valueable material. In this way, recycling is necessary. Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) are present in most of WEEE and contains the largest variety of metals, including the valuable ones, like Au, Ag, Pt and Cu. Complexity of PCB makes recycling difficult. Hydrometallurgical routes have emerged as cleaner alternative for PCB treatment, instead of pyrometallurgical ones. In hydrometallurgical routes, metals are extracted by leaching performed by acids or bases. Ultrasonic effect has been employed in synthesis of new substances and also in some cases in waste treatment. Acoustic cavitation is the central phenomenon in ultrasound processing, and it is capable in producing microbubbles with temperature of 5000 K and pressures of 500 atm locally. Furthermore, bubbles imploding near a surface cause a jet streaming, and it can reach velocity of 100 m.s-1. So, this thesis aims to investigate the effect of ultrasound on obsolete PCB. Two distinct effets were investigated: the effect of comminution of PCB promoted by cavitation and the influence of ultrasound in sulphuric acid leaching on metals Fe, Al and Ni. In comminution, the following parameters were investigated: type of board, initial particle size of boards and ultrasound power. Leaching experiments were conducted to evaluate influence of solid-liquid (S/L) ratio, acid concentration and power ultrasound. Ultrasonic leaching of metals in presence of oxidizing agent was also conducted. Kinetic analysis was performed in order to determine what kind of control affects the leaching reaction. Keywords: leaching; ultrasound; solid waste; electronic waste.

Submitted by Fabricia Fialho Reginato (fabriciar) on 2015-07-30T23:41:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MartaBUBICZ.pdf: 2003103 bytes, checksum: 89ed3512b1024e1b433850665792b8b4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-30T23:41:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MartaBUBICZ.pdf: 2003103 bytes, checksum: 89ed3512b1024e1b433850665792b8b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Nenhuma / As questões ambientais passam por uma valorização pelas empresas com uma intensidade muito grande nos últimos anos. Inovações tecnológicas geram rápida obsoletização dos produtos e grande volume de resíduos Eletroeletrônicos - REEE. Embora os programas de qualidade contemplem questões de controle ambiental com utilização racional de recursos, reutilização e descarte, os equipamentos eletroeletrônicos ainda não são tratados como prioridade e rigor necessário para seu descarte, com destinação adequada. Este trabalho, desenvolvido no Parque Tecnológico TECNOSINOS e em três empresas prestadoras de serviços, apresenta um modelo de avaliação e controle de desempenho ambiental nas operações de transporte, tratamento e destino final de REEE a partir da caracterização dos produtos pelo seu perfil de toxicidade, que deve ser monitorado. As três empresas que fizeram parte da pesquisa são: POLLO e CESMAR, nas operações de transporte, CESMAR E DC, tratamento e CESMAR e DC, na operação destino final. Os resultados mostram que as operações apresentam lacunas de desempenho importantes, tanto nos aspectos de atendimento à legislação quanto na definição das prioridades de ação. O resultado aponta um desempenho ambiental dos prestadores de serviço com os seguintes dados para duas empresas em cada operação: para as operações de Transporte de 83,2% para POLLO transportes e 58,9% para CESMAR; na Operações de Tratamento, um desempenho de 85,6% para DC e 92,9% para CESMAR; e para as Operações de Destino Final o resultado de desempenho foi de 83,9% para CESMAR e 89,3% para DC. A operação de Transporte teve o menor desempenho entre as operações analisadas. A avaliação de especialistas indica que aspectos importantes no gerenciamento do desempenho ambiental são os que tiveram em alguns casos o pior desempenho, enquanto que outros com menor impacto ambiental são tratados como mais importantes, apresentando os melhores resultados de desempenho. / Environmental issues go through a valuation of companies with very high intensity in recent years . Technological innovations generate rapid devaluation of products and large volume of waste Consumer Electronics - WEEE. Although the quality programs contemplate issues of environmental control with efficient use of resources, reuse and disposal, electronic equipment are not treated as a priority and rigor needed for its disposal, with proper disposal. This work, carried out at Parque Tecnológico TECNOSINOS and three service companies, presents a model for evaluating and controlling environmental performance in transport operations , treatment and disposal of WEEE from the characterization of the product by its toxicity profile, which should be monitored. The three companies that were part of the research are: POLLO and CESMAR , transport operations, CESMAR and DC treatment and CESMAR and DC operation final destination. The results show that the operations have significant performance gaps, both in the aspects of legal compliance and in setting priorities for action. The result indicates environmental performance of service providers with the following data for two companies in each operation: for operations Transport POLLO 83.2% and CESMAR 58.9% for transport; Processing Operations in a performance DC to 85.6% and 92.9 % for CESMAR, and Transactions of the Final Destination performance result was 83.9 % for CESMAR and 89.3% to DC. Operation of Transportation had the lowest performance among the transactions analyzed . The expert assessment indicates that important aspects in the management of environmental performance are those who in some cases had the worst performance, while others with less environmental impact are treated as more important, showed better performance.