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IO-Link is a constantly growing market, bringing more interested parties who want to know if it is a market worth investing in. While deciding if the market is worth investing in is for the companies to decide, this thesis aims to shed some light on what it takes to get started with IO-Link development which could help that decision. This work presents the development of a proof-of-concept IO-Link master stack, which is then evaluated technically and financially. The proof-of-concept stack was then evaluated by testing it with a commercially available IO-Link Device (KT6101). This resulted in a functional proof-of-concept master stack with the physical, data link and application layer implemented, with ISDU support. The master stack supports cyclic Process Data exchange and acyclic On-request Data exchange, which is the minimum needed for IO-Link operations with a fully implemented IO-Link Device. The financial evaluation provides insights about the cost of developing the stack in Sweden, and the varying costs stemming from the place where the development occurs, since the host company has a global scope. Information from this work is a tool for stakeholders and decision makers in regard of the financial viability of the project, while the technical evaluation of the proof-of-concept is positive.

Ligna Energy has developed a printable battery, called S-Power. It is based on research in organic electronics. In order to demonstrate the functionality of the new batteries, an IoT device was developed. The demonstrator consisted of a Sensor for temperature and relative humidity (RH), LoRWAN communication and a circuit for energy harvesting. Photovoltaic cells from Epishine were used in order to be able to harvest energy in low light conditions. At an illuminance of 200 lux, the demonstrator was able to sample the temperature and RH and send it by radio communication every two minutes. If no light at all is available, the demonstrator can sample data and send it every 30 minutes for over 12 hours. / <p>Examensarbetet är utfört vid Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap (ITN) vid Tekniska fakulteten, Linköpings universitet</p>

Temperature has been and still is an important quantity that needs to be measured and logged for different applications from industries to our daily life.  This bachelor thesis aims to design a prototype for a temperature logger that can log temperature from four external thermocouples over the temperature range between -20 and +85 degrees during the time of four months with a set update frequency every 15 minutes. The prototype should programmable and be able to communicate with a PC and transfer measurement data to an SD card for storage. The V-model (a development process model) is used to create documents and confirm them in the later stages of the product development process. In the beginning of the project there was a general search for information about similar products and then a decision making on how the project was going to be conducted.  Following the “V-model” the project several surveys have been done regarding the functionality of different components. From there, decisions have been made from the results of what component is the best for this specific project. The components have then been used to design a full electric system with all the components connected, generating an overview of the whole system. After the system design, a printed board circuit (PCB) was designed using Altium Designer, for which all the previous information gathered in the documents was used, including the components chosen earlier and all the small components decided later based on the component’s datasheets. Due to the limited time of ten weeks for the project as well as the lack of experience in scheduling each step in the product development process, this degree project ended up only with finishing the design of the PCB but not the physical prototype. For the future work, it is suggested to add more external thermocouples in the temperature logger since the more thermocouples the logger has, the more analysis it can make at the same time and thus the more efficient the product can become. Besides, the algorithm for temperature logging can be made adaptive according to how fast the temperature changes. For instance, the logger is less frequently activated for lower temperature change. This can significantly reduce unnecessary workload and data storage to save energy and storage resource.

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This report explores the integration of 5G cellular networks with Time-Sensitive Networks (TSN), focusing on network latencies. While mobile 5G networks offer high bandwidth and low latency, TSN is an IEEE standard-based wired solution used in real-time applications for deterministic data transmission with low latency and high reliability. Integrating TSN with 5G could significantly enhance scalability, particularly in industrial automation, by providing flexibility, efficiency, and responsiveness. When combining 5G capabilities with TSN, seamless communication across wired and wireless domains becomes achievable. 5G supports several Quality of Service (QoS) flows with different priorities that must map to TSN QoS to ensure smooth integration. To meet TSN's requirements for latency and jitter, effective traffic translation and forwarding between the networks are crucial. This thesis aims to address key questions regarding traffic translation, QoS implementation, and latency in both TSN and 5G networks. Through experiments and evaluations, we assess latency and network capabilities. Understanding these metrics is essential for devising effective integration strategies. Our findings indicate that integrating 5G with TSN is feasible for achieving low latencies for packet sizes below 128-bytes. However, as packet sizes increase, latencies and jitter rise significantly. This result indicates that Firecell 5G technology may have difficulties efficiently handling larger packet sizes without latency degradation. Additionally, leveraging QoS functionalities in the current version of OpenAirInterface (OAI), which forms the foundation of the utilized Firecell 5G, is currently unattainable. This thesis highlights the importance of implementing QoS functionalities to maintain low latencies and jitter in targeted network applications. / Denna rapport undersöker den potentiella integrationen av 5G-mobilnät med tidskänsliga nätverk (TSN), med fokus på nätverksfördröjningar. Medan 5G-nät erbjuder hög bandbredd och låg fördröjning, är TSN en IEEE-standardiserad trådbunden teknik som används i realtidsapplikationer för deterministisk dataöverföring med låg fördröjning och hög tillförlitlighet. Att integrera TSN med 5G kan avsevärt förbättra skalbarheten, särskilt inom industriell automation, genom att erbjuda flexibilitet, effektivitet och låg fördröjning. Genom att kombinera 5G med TSN blir tidskänslig kommunikation över trådbundna och trådlösa nätverk möjligt. 5G stödjer flera kvalitetsnivåer för tjänster (QoS) med olika prioriteringar som måste anpassas till TSN:s QoS för att säkerställa en smidig integration. För att möta TSN:s krav på fördröjning och jitter är effektiv datahantering mellan nätverken avgörande. Denna avhandling behandlar centrala frågor kring datahantering, QoS-implementering och fördröjning i både TSN och 5G-nätverk. Genom experiment och utvärderingar får vi fram information om fördröjning och nätverkskapacitet i TSN-5G, vilket är avgörande för att utveckla effektiva integrationsstrategier. Våra resultat visar att integrationen av TSN-5G uppnår låg fördröjning för paketstorlekar under 128 byte. När paketstorleken ökar, ökar också fördröjning och jitter avsevärt. Resultaten visar att Firecell 5G-teknologin har svårigheter att effektivt hantera större paketstorlekar utan ökad fördröjning. Utöver detta är det för närvarande inte möjligt att använda QoS-funktioner i den nuvarande versionen av OpenAirInterface (OAI), vilket är mjukvaran Firecell 5G bygger på. Denna avhandling understryker vikten av att kunna implementera QoS-funktioner för att upprätthålla låg fördröjning och jitter i specifika nätverksapplikationer.

With the advancement in technology, modern autonomous vehicles are required to perform more complex tasks and navigate through challenging terrains. Thus, the amount of computation resources to accurately accomplish those tasks have exponentially grown in the last decade. With growing computational intensity and limited computational resources on embedded devices, schedulers are necessary to manage and fully optimize computational loads between the GPU and CPU as well as reducing the power consumption to maximize time in the field. Thus far, it has been proven the effectiveness of schedulers and path planners on computational load on embedded devices through numerous bench testing and simulated environments. However, there have not been any significant data collection in the real-world with all hardware and software combined. This thesis focuses on the implementation of various computational loads (i.e. scheduler, path planner, RGB-D camera, object detection, depth estimation, etc.) on the NVIDIA Jetson AGX Xavier and real-world experimentation on the Clearpath Robotics Jackal. We compare the computation response time and effectiveness of all systems tested in the real-world versus the same software and hardware architecture on the bench. / Master of Science / Modern autonomous vehicles are required to perform more complex tasks with limited computational resources, power and operating frequency. In recent past, the research around autonomous vehicles have been focused on proving the effectiveness of using software-based programming on embedded devices with integrated GPU to improve the overall performance by speeding up task completion. Our goal is to perform real-world data collection and experimentation with both hardware and software frameworks onboard the Clearpath Robotics Jackal. This will validate the efficiency and computational load of the software framework under multiple varying environments.

Denna rapport presenterar design, konstruktion och utvärdering av ett system för diagnostik och övervakning ombord på en bemannad dubbelkvadrokopter. Genom att integrera olika tekniker för redundans, datalagring, felhantering och realtidsanalys undersöks hur systemets tillförlitlighet kan förbättras och säkerställas. / This report presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of a customized system for onboard diagnostics and data analysis. It identifies critical components to ensure redundancy in a fault-tolerant architecture. By evaluating and implementing various techniques for redundancy, error handling, data collection and real-time analysis, the systems reliability and security are thoroughly assessed.

As the use of low-power and low-resource embedded devices continues to increase dramatically with the introduction of new Internet of Things (IoT) devices, security techniques are necessary which are compatible with these devices. This research advances the knowledge in the area of cybersecurity for the IoT through the exploration of a moving target defense to apply for limiting the time attackers may conduct reconnaissance on embedded systems while considering the challenges presented from IoT devices such as resource and performance constraints. We introduce the design and optimizations for µMT6D, a Micro-Moving Target IPv6 Defense, including a description of the modes of operation and use of lightweight hash algorithms. Through simulations and experiments µMT6D is shown to be viable for use on low power and low resource embedded devices in terms of footprint, power consumption, and energy consumption increases in comparison to the given security benefits. Finally, this provides information on other future considerations and possible avenues of further experimentation and research. / Doctor of Philosophy / This research aims to advance knowledge in the area of cybersecurity for the Internet of Things through the exploration and validation of a moving target defense to apply for limiting the time attackers may conduct reconnaissance on low powered embedded system devices considering the challenges presented from IoT devices such as resource and performance constraints. When an attack is carried out against a network, reconnaissance is utilized to identify the target machine or device. Limiting the time for reconnaissance, therefore has a direct impact on the ability of an adversary to carry out an attack. Many of the security techniques utilized today do not fit the IoT constraints. Research in this area is just beginning and security is often not considered. Sensors collecting and sending information can be compromised both through the network and access to the physical devices. How can these devices securely send information? How can these devices withstand attacks aiming to stop their functionality or to gain information? There are many aspects which need to be investigated to understand security vulnerabilities and potential defenses. As our technologies evolve our security defenses need to evolve as well. My research aims to further the understanding of the security of the IoT devices which have quickly become pervasive in our society. This research will expand the knowledge of the ability to safe guard connected devices from cyber-attacks and provide insight into the space and performance requirements of a technique previously only used on large scale systems. By designing, implementing experimental prototypes, and conducting simulations and experiments this research assesses the viable use of a Micro Moving Target IPv6 Defense (µMT6D).

The "SmartCane+" thesis abstract outlines an initiative aimed at improving conventional walking canes into more intelligent, helpful devices for senior citizens. The incorporation of microcontrollers, which permits wireless communication and connection functions, is the primary innovation. With the use of MIT App Inventor, a unique mobile application and this technology, the cane can send its position to the user using Bluetooth. Because it can stop the cane from becoming lost, which is a regular problem for senior users, this function is especially beneficial. The SmartCane+ design places a strong focus on accessibility and cost. The idea maintains cheaper prices and simpler technology by choosing not to add complex hardware, which makes it easier for consumers to embrace and operate without feeling overwhelmed by complexity. By striking a mix between cutting-edge technology and intuitive operation, the design hopes to keep the cane a help rather than a burden. The results of the project indicate that the SmartCane+ effectively improves the safety and independence of senior users by ensuring the cane remains within a reachable distance and providing timely alerts. Testing showed reliable performance in various environments, although closed spaces introduced more variability. Future work will focus on enhancing the system’s accuracy, optimizing power consumption, and expanding compatibility with other mobile platforms.