This diploma thesis focuses on the character of the biblical Moses and his presentation in extrabiblical sources. It attempts to analyse the oldest extra-biblical sources, with regard to their autors, historic background, and literary and contemporary context. They are then compared with the Old Testament tradition and on the basis of common motives and topics it tries to find or refute their interconnection and clarify their influence in the formation of the picture of Moses. Besides these sources, it also deals with their interpretation by contemporary researchers, compares these approaches with the quest for the historical Moses, the problems related to the interpretation of Mosess life and his role relating to the xodus.

The thesis describes several unknown aspects of the spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus (L.), and the double-spined bark beetle, Ips duplicatus (Sahlberg.), life-cycles and ecophysiology. The first study focuses on I. typographus and its dispersal under epidemic conditions in the National park Šumava and introduces a novel method of fluorescent marking and detection of captured specimens. The second study is focused on ability of I. typographus to establish so-called sister-broods, i.e. re-emergence of females that are capable to continue egg laying without a need to mate again. The importance of sister-broods becomes apparent mainly in recent hot and dry vegetation seasons, which is demonstrated by a comparison of recent and historical data. The third study focuses on temperature-dependent development of I. duplicatus under laboratory conditions by the means of sandwich method. Altogether, the studies underline practical importance of ecophysiological studies on bark beetles as one of the tools for their effective management.

The overarching goal of the proposed study is to develop and test a mediated multi-level model of leadership emergence in virtual teams, which aims to better understand not only the processes that result in leadership emergence in self-managed virtual teams, but also how patterns of emergent leadership and team member dispersion can impact team performance in collaborative activities. Virtual teams, which can be defined as "a collection of individuals who are geographically and/or organizationally or otherwise dispersed and who collaborate via communication and information technologies in order to accomplish a specific goal" (Zigurs, 2003), continue to grow in importance as to how organizations function in the 21st century (Hertel, Konradt, & Orlikowski, 2004; Lipnack & Stamps, 2000), and the benefits to companies and individuals are numerous. For employees, virtual teamwork offers flexibility in work-life balance, a decrease in time spent in travel and commuting, and a greater range of work-related opportunities and experiences, particularly for individuals with physical disabilities. For organizations, virtual teams offer cost savings on office space and travel, an increased knowledge base and accelerated organizational learning, access to a wider range of expertise and qualified labor, and increased productivity (Jude-York, Davis, & Wise, 2000; Gillam & Oppenheim, 2006). The model to be tested in the proposed study is predicated on the input--mediator--output--input (IMOI) model proposed by Ilgen, Hollenbeck, Johnson, & Jundt (2005). Also, heeding the recent call for researchers to better incorporate the potential of attribution theory (see Heider, 1958; Kelley, 1973; Weiner, 1986) in explaining organizational behavior (Martinko, Harvey, & Dasborough, 2010), the interpersonal attribution model proposed by Gilbert & Malone (1995) is applied within the IMOI framework for the purposes of this study. At the individual level, the model provides a theoretical linkage between communication behaviors and several outcomes, including team member perceptions/attributions and, ultimately, emergent leadership. At the team level, the model also incorporates the effect of leadership pattern differences across teams, as well as differences in level of virtuality, on overall team performance. Based on the results of an experiment involving 86 four-person teams, it was found that configuration and collocation have significant effects on team performance and peer perceptions of individual team members. A curvilinear relationship was found between the level of dispersion among team members and team performance, such that performance generally decreased as team dispersion increased, yet performance improved at the high end of the dispersion continuum. Collocation also had strong positive effects on perceptions of trust, ability, and leadership emergence. In terms of the relationships between communication-related behaviors and emergent leadership, task-based communications proved to be the strongest predictor of emergent leadership. The use of texting language was positively associated with perceptions of leadership emergence as well. These results have significant practical implications for the design of virtual teams from both a team configuration and a team member skills/individual differences perspective. Several avenues of future research are also discussed.

Comprendre l’émergence des maladies dans les agroécosystèmes nécessite d’étudier l’histoire évolutive des populations bactériennes associées aux plantes. L’objectif de ce travail était de déterminer les évènements évolutifsconduisant à l’émergence des lignées pathogènes ou pathovars dans l’espèce Xanthomonas arboricola. Une analyse de génétique des populations a été menée sur un panel de souches phytopathogènes et commensales et complétée par l’inférence des gains et pertes de facteurs de virulence. Cette espèce possède une structure de population épidémique ; les clones épidémiques ont émergé suite à l’acquisition de facteurs de virulence à partir d’un fond recombinant de souches commensales. Une analyse de génomique des populations et la reconstruction de scénarios de divergence entre ces clones et le réseau de souches recombinantes, a montré la persistance d’un flux de gènes asymétrique entre ces deux groupes, dans le sens souches pathogènes vers souches commensales. Enfin, l’histoire évolutive du principal facteur de virulence des Xanthomonas, le système de sécrétion de type 3, a été retracée au sein du genre, et a montré que celui-ci avait été acquis ancestralement puis perdu dans certaines souches commensales. En conclusion, l’ancêtre commun de X. arboricola possédait des facteurs de virulence et au sein des souches commensales, certaines ont perdu ces facteurs, tandis que d’autres ont conservé le répertoire ancestral. Ces dernières diffèrent peu de certains agents pathogènes, et pourraient représenter un risque pour de nouvelles émergences. Des travaux de génomique fonctionnelle permettraient de valider ces hypothèses. / Deciphering the evolutionary history of bacterial populations associated to plants is necessary to understand diseaseemergence in agroecosystems. The aim of this study is to unveil the evolutionary events responsible for pathogeniclineages or pathovar emergences in Xanthomonas arboricola. This species is composed of both plant pathogenic andcommensal strains Population genetics analyses and gain and loss inferences of virulence factors showed that X. arboricola exhibits an epidemic population structure, within which epidemic clones emerged from a recombinogenic background population following virulence factor acquisition. Population genomics and inference of divergence scenarii between epidemic clones and the network of recombinant strains showed persistence of homologous recombination along divergence of these two groups, with an asymmetric gene flux from pathogenic strains to commensal ones. Finally, evolutionary history of the type three secretion system (T3SS), the main virulence factor in Xanthomonas genus, was studied at genus scale and showed that T3SS was ancestrally acquired and lost in commensal strains. Altogether these analyses allowed us to show that the common ancestor of X.arboricola had virulence factors, and that within commensal strains, some lost these virulence factors whereas others kept the ancestral repertoire. These latter strains have a similar repertoire to that of some pathogenic strains, and could represent a risk for new disease emergence. Functional genomics could allow us to validate these hypotheses.

For all the successes of the two edifices of modern physics, quantum theory and Einstein's relativity, a fundamental description of the Universe as a whole -- a theory that informs as to the true nature of reality -- has continued to elude science. This thesis describes the development and evolution of a new paradigm called Process Physics, a radical information-theoretic modelling of reality. It is argued that the failure of the extant approaches in physics is the direct consequence of limitations stemming from the mathematization, language and methodology of theoretical physics: the limitations of the postulated background spatial concepts and geometric modelling of time, the limitations of quantum theory in its failure to account for the measurement process and classicality; and the limitations of formal systems. In contrast, Process Physics utilizes the limitations of logic first identified by Godel and asserts the priority of process and relational endophysics, realized via a stochastic, autopoietic bootstrap system whose properties emerge a posteriori rather than being assumed a priori. The work is arranged in two parts. Part I discusses the historical, philosophical, and metaphysical foundations of physics to consider how the prevailing views in modern physics arose and what this revealed and contributed to the development of Process Physics. Part II describes the fundamentals of the new theory and its implementation, and demonstrates the viability of looking outside the current paradigms by showing that Process Physics yields unified emergent phenomena that permit an understanding of fundamental processes and penultimately motivate both quantum theory and relativity as relevant higher-level descriptors within their respective domains.

Principles of design composition are commonly understood to pertain to geometrical systems for arranging parts in assembling a formal whole. Connection to socio-cultural 'meaning' and relevance arguably occurs primarily via the assumed divinity or universality of these systems. In the contemporary architectural world, where explicitly held beliefs in fundamental, geometrically defined principles or values have dissipated, guiding principles of composition appear to be obsolete. This seems particularly true in relation to work that highlights process - or change, responsiveness, interactivity and adaptability - since this implies that the composition remains in flux and unable to be grounded in the composition of form. While processually inflected architecture (referred to here as 'processual architecture'), has been an active field since at least the 1960s, it has been significantly developed since design experiments involving digital computation intensified in t he 1990s. For this field of work, both highly celebrated and criticised as superficial or unethical, any connection to 'meaning' or value that might be offered by principles of composition would appear especially lost. This thesis reviews, counterpoises and reorients these assumptions, arguing a case for the value of processual architectural that has not been previously articulated. After the last 10 to 15 years of digital experimentation, it is clear that digital technology in itself is not the primary issue, but simply part of a complex equation. The thesis articulates this 'equation' through the model of emergence, which has been used in the field with increasing prominence in recent years. Through both practice-based research and theoretical development, a processually inflected theory of composition is proposed. This offers pathways through which the potential of processual architecture might be productively developed, aiming to open this field of work into a deeper engagement with pressing contemporary socio-political issues. The thesis demonstrates how the cultivation of particular modes of attention and engagement, found to hold an implicit but nevertheless amplified significance within processual architecture, make it possible to develop an embodied awareness pertaining to an 'ethico-aesthetic know-how'. This know-how is acquired and matured through attention to the affective dimensions that arise through design activity. The thesis highlight aspects of design process and products that are routinely suppressed in architectural discourse, generating new insights into the importance of affect for design process, design products and the relations between them. The ethical dimensions of such an approach become especially poignant through the explicit connection made between design activity and the practices of everyday life. Relationships between architecture and the social become re-energised, in a radically alternative manner to the social agendas of modernism or the more literary critiques of post-modernism. Through detailed discussions of the specific, local conditions with a series of design projects I have undertaken, I argue how and why close attention to the affective dimensions of design process offers new and productive ways to approach research through design practice. This offers a response to the calls for new 'post-critical' forms of research through empowering both sides of a previously held divide: theory and practice.

La thèse décrit deux systèmes multi-agents (SMA) qui développent des processus d'apparition de la confiance dans les échanges. La réflexion repose sur l'exemple des modes d'accès aux pâturages des éleveurs transhumants à l'Extrême-Nord du Cameroun. L'analyse économique insiste autant sur les échanges que sur le sens donné à ces interactions par les acteurs. Trois mécanismes permettent la confiance : la familiarité, la réputation, la présentation de soi. Les SMA, utilisés pour créer une intelligence artificielle collective, ont des problématiques proches et sciences sociales et offrent un cadre de modélisation. Dans le premier modèle, des agents-transhumants échangent des biens contre des accès aux ressources. Dans les simulations, deux représentations sont utilisées : l'agent cherche le moindre coût ou privilégie la familiarité. Dans les deux cas, une régularité apparaît dans les relations mais la ressource est très dégradés si la représentation repose sur les coûts. Le travail de terrain permet de redéfinir la construction de la confiance sur la base des processus sociaux (réputation et surveillance). Le second modèle décrit une société où la réalisation d'échanges non-marchands permet à chacun d'acquérir une certaine réputation. Les agents ont une motivation pour le prestige et une estime de soi qui leur permet de faire des choix d'action. Une grande diversité de simulations montrent que les histoires individuelles, même complexes, sont toujours dépendantes des caractéristiques de l'ensemble du groupe. En conclusion, il semble que la coordination par des institutions rend l'usage des ressources renouvelables plus soutenable que les incitations par les coûts. Une analyse de l'apparition de la confiance est alors un bon angle pour mettre en avant les cadres sociaux des échanges interindividuels. La simulation multi-agents permet de représenter les processus et le contexte et se révèle un bon outil pour traiter des questions d'usage des ressources par différents acteurs.

Une théorie de l'enseignement des langues ne peut pas se contenter d'une vision trop étroite de ce qu'est une langue, ni de ce que c'est que d'acquérir ou d'utiliser une langue - au risque de limiter les apprentissages qui découleraient de sa mise en pratique. Depuis la fin des années 1980, il existe une discipline scientifique spécialement consacrée aux caractéristiques linguistiques, psychologiques et sociales de l'acquisition des langues étrangères (L2), la " recherche en acquisition des langues " ou RAL en France (Second Language Acquisition Research (SLA) en anglais). S'alignant sur la recherche en psycholinguistique (développement et traitement de la langue maternelle (L1), développement et traitement du langage par les bilingues), la RAL internationale propose, depuis une dizaine d'années, un modèle " émergentiste " de l'acquisition des L2. Le langage, comme n'importe quelle autre acquisition humaine, " émerge " de nos traitements réitérés d'informations linguistiques dans des contextes sociaux déterminés, grâce à notre capacité à percevoir des régularités (patterns) dans le monde qui nous entoure et à interpréter les intentions des autres (intention reading). L'acquisition d'une langue étrangère (à la différence de la plupart des apprentissages que nous effectuons au cours de notre vie) est compliquée par le fait qu'un réseau langagier complet est déjà en place (celui de notre L1) ; il peut nous aider à comprendre le sens et le fonctionnement de la langue à apprendre, mais il peut aussi entraver nos tentatives de traitement de cette L2 (L3, L4...) en temps réel. La base théorique essentielle à une didactique des langues complète s'avère donc aussi riche et complexe que les activités langagières qu'elle tente de décrire. Elle doit prendre en compte différents phénomènes, chacun d'une assez grande complexité : les processus à l'œuvre dans le développement de la L1 ; les différences entre ces processus et ceux qui caractérisent l'acquisition d'une L2 en milieu scolaire ; les variables individuelles et sociales pouvant déterminer ou influencer les acquis ; les processus à l'œuvre dans l'utilisation d'une langue (L1 et L2). Ce document propose de faire cette synthèse théorique.

The origin of voluntary organizations has not been studied much in sociology. This study develops a three-phase model of a voluntary organization origin and three case studies are conducted to try out the model. The aim of the study is to describe and analyze the birth of a voluntary organization and its development. The empiric material has been gathered in three voluntary organizations from the mid-80'ies. The organizations are Noaks Ark (working with HIV), 5i12-rörelsen (working with refugees) and Farsor och Morsor på Stan (working with teenagers in Stockholm city). All three organizations still exist. The empiric material has been collected though interviews and other written materials. The theoretical model is divided into three phases, the preorigin phase, the phase of origin and the maturity phase. Each phase has its special character and there is no automatic transference to the next phase. In the first phase - the preorigin phase - the key notion is the entrepreneur or the agitator. The entrepreneur or the agitator sees a problem in society. Often this is coupled with a personal experience of the problem and a desire to do something about it. They gather more knowledge in the area, meet other people and develop an idea of how to solve the problem. In the phase of origin the key notion is the organizer. The leader has to have knowledge of organizing; how to organize people and how to mobilize resources. The organizers are often charismatic and use their charisma to gather people around their idea. In the maturity phase all the distinctive marks of a voluntary organizations can be seen. The key notion is the members' need for security and continuity. The members can also develop a personal need for the organization. The dependence on the founder or the leader decreases in significance, and bureaucracy is developed. Forces outside and inside the organization influence the voluntary organization and it is shaped by its history and surrounding. It is argued that the emergence of a voluntary organization is dependent on three things that has to coincide, discontent and an idea how to relieve it, resources and an organizer. The empiric findings support the three-phase model. In theory the phases are distinctive but in the case studies the phases could overlap.

This paper thoroughly studied the childhood, education, and job experiences of Hu Jintao, the present leader of Chinese Communist Party, and analyzed his personalities and cultural cultivation to understand his political character, behavior, and the thinking about policy on Taiwan. This paper includes six chapters. Chapter one includes the motive, objective, and the research method. Chapter two talks about the childhood of Hu Jintao. Chapter three describes how Hu became the fourth successive leader of Communist Party of China. Chapter four compares the 4 successive leaders and their policies on Taiwan. Chapter five discusses the consideration of Communist Party of China between its policy on Taiwan and international situation. Chapter six, the conclusion of this paper, brings out some suggestions for future thinking about foreign strategy toward China. After the 1949 civil war in China, the Government reined by Kuomintang withdrew to Taiwan and the Communist Party of China won the political power of China. It has been 60 years since the People¡¦s Republic of China was established on October 1st 1949. All of the 4 successive leaders claimed that there is only on China in the world, and Taiwan is part of China. Therefore, there were Mao Zedong¡¦s force liberation to peaceful liberation, Deng Xiaoping¡¦s peaceful liberation to ¡§one country with two systems,¡¨ Jiang Zemin¡¦s continuous ¡§one country two systems¡¨ based on Hong Kong experience, and Hu Jintao¡¦s two-side strategy ¡X ¡§milder for the milds, and firmer for the firms¡¨ and ¡§One country two systems for peaceful union.¡¨ Based on the above-mentioned background, this study compared the successive 4 leaders¡¦ breeding, learning, personalities, statecraft, leadership, value of life, and the policy on Taiwan collection and analysis of papers, periodicals, dissertations, scholars¡¦ writings, governmental publication, statistics, researches, records issued in China, and foreign periodicals, dissertations, and writings. Hopefully, the results were expected to be helpful to reveal China¡¦s strategies for Taiwan by describing in detail about the origins, historical causes, and possible future development between Taiwan and China. The final goal is helping China and Taiwan to understand each other more deeply and to have more friendly interactions, thus there would be more opportunities for the two parities to cooperate and benefit both sides.