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The aim of this thesis is to summarise the legal framework of states of crisis in legal order of the Czech Republic, to point at the main shortages and provide possible solutions. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter firstly takes a closer look at the general conception of states of crisis defined by legal theory. Then follows the topic of states of crisis and their functioning in ancient Rome, England till the 19th century and in France and Germany during the last 150 years. The second chapter is focused on the types of states of crisis which were known in the previous Czech legal orders. Attention is mainly paid to the state of war and declaration of war. The next part deals with the other historical states of crisis, such as those which arose originally from Austrian Emergency Measures Act, till the legislative proposals antecedent to current Security of the Czech Republic Act. The third chapter is firstly defining current legal terms and analysing states of crisis which are regulated in the Czech legal order. The text starts with the state of danger and then proceeds to the state of emergency, state of threat to the state and to the state of war. The subchapters expound who and under which circumstances, is entitled to declare each single state. The position of selected...

La recherche proposée concerne « la dimension constitutionnelle de l’urgence en France et en Italie». Elle sera divisée en deux parties. La première concernera l’autonomie sémantique et la dimension théorico-juridique de la notion d’urgence. L’appréhension de la notion d’urgence, en effet, soulève la question de sa définition juridique, permettant de la distinguer d’autres notions juridiques proches, comme celles de la nécessité, de la rapidité ou du péril en la demeure. Définir l’urgence d’une façon rigoureuse est-elle une entreprise vouée à l’échec ? La deuxième concernera l’urgence dans les systèmes constitutionnels français et italien. On examinera les 47, al. 4, et 61, al. 3, de la Constitution française et les articles 13, 21, 72, 73 et 77 de celle italienne. Il nous a apparu intéressant, en outre, d’analyser la loi sur l’état d’urgence dans les deux ordres juridiques, pour se demander, finalement, s’il est possible d’envisager une "urgence démocratique". / The research concerns «the constitutional dimension of the emergency in France and Italy». The PhD Thesis will be divided into two parts.The first part is aimed at the theoretical definition of the emergency. We have paid priority attention to highlighting the difference between the emergency and the others “similar” legal notions (necessity, periculum in mora, celerity, etc. Is it possible defining the emergency in a rigorous way?In the second part we have examined the articles 47, al. 4, and 61, al. 3, of the French Constitution and the articles 13, 21, 72, 73 and 77 of the Italian Constitution. We have also analyzed the state of emergency law in France and in Italy. It is possible to envisage a «democratic emergency»

Urban risks have been questioned since the 1999 events in Turkey confirming that local seismic attributes are primary indicators for urban risk management. During the past decade tools and frameworks for global disaster risk management have shifted the priorities from emergency management to pre-disaster risk management and demand new tasks from urban planning. Security and resilience in local, national and global levels becomes a shared accountability which brings in a prominent role to the planning discipline in reducing local seismic vulnerabilities via research, implementation and disseminating methods of mitigation. In the local context, the so called Disasters Law and the Development Law do not contain the necessary concern for safety in urban planning and have no aspiration to devise appropriate tools for mitigation. The role of city planners, who could mainstream a holistic approach and provide community participation into decision making processes, is hardly apparent in legislation. Urban mitigation planning methodology thus provides a new area of progression and expansion for the planning profession. This method is investigated in the local context of Fatih, sub-province in Istanbul. It is established that mitigation planning involves an elaborate set of procedures to include hazard identification, determination of vulnerable assets, spatial risk assessment, risk area prioritization, analyses of the emergency state and identification of more effective measures for risk reduction both in spatial and non-spatial terms in line with local development potential. This approach promises a new specialization in the planning theory and practice, and calls for new regulatory tools to facilitate implementation.

Critical infrastructure (CI) is one of the most important branches in crisis man-agement. In recent years, CI demonstrated its importance on many occasions. My work is focused on the analysis of risks which can be a possible threat to CI. This is because the most important part of securing CI is the prevention of, and prepara-tion for, interruptions or damage. The risks in this part were specified using a FRAP analysis. I also identify the main reciprocal dependencies of all CI sectors to demonstrate which sector is the most important one. Finally, I specify the process of recovering or restoring these CI sectors. A new method was intentionally used for analytical-synthetic models. This method, in conjunction with the use of a FRAP analysis, is new to the branch of crisis management and was used for first time. The main aim of my work is to improve knowledge about CI at a regional level {--} city of České Budějovice. I submit new ways of identifying risks and resolv-ing problems during the recovery phase {--} specialized in CI.

Véritable dogme en droit interne et s’imposant comme un standard dans l’ordre juridique international, le concept d’« État de droit » est dépourvu d’une signification clairement déterminée. Différentes conceptions sont admises et dépendent des acceptions de l’État en question, d’une garantie hic et nunc de certains droits ainsi que d’une volonté politique des gouvernants. L’objet de cette recherche s’attache au droit administratif, précisément au rôle du juge administratif, comme vecteur de soumission de l’autorité de l’État afin de promouvoir les droits et libertés fondamentales des administrés en France. Si rien ne présageait une telle évolution au nom de la raison d’État, le Conseil d’État, par une pensée politique (néo)libérale, s’est imposé comme l’institution juridictionnelle majeure dans la construction du concept d’État de droit administratif. Au moyen d’une interprétation formelle et substantielle du principe de légalité, l’État de droit administratif légitime l’action publique des gouvernants tout en garantissant la sécurité juridique des administrés. Cette liaison de l’État et du droit administratif relève d’une construction inépuisable, appréhendée par l’État de contentieux qui s’analyse comme le kaléidoscope des faits sociaux. Ce dernier résulte d’une politique de la force, d’un conflit positif entre les Hommes, les institutions, les normes ou les pouvoirs institués. Ainsi, en conciliant l’Autorité et la Liberté, le concept d’État de droit administratif révèle le degré d’assujettissement de l’administration au droit administratif. Le développement objectif du concept d’État de droit administratif est bâti par l’État de justice et protégé par l’État légal, au profit d’une justice administrative garante des valeurs républicaines de l’État. Le perfectionnement de l’État de droit administratif par l’État de contentieux est agencé par l’État démocratique et régulé par l’État global, en libérant l’administré de toute servitude de la part de l’administration. L’illibéralisme administratif s’estompe au profit d’une société de(s) droit(s), d’une juridicisation et d’un normativisme absolus, au détriment de l’État. / The Rule of law concept is a real domestic law dogma and has established itself as a norm in the international judicial order. It is beneft of a clearly defined signification. Different concepts are accepted and depend on the agreements of the state, on a hic et nunc warranty of some rights as well as the rulers political will. This study aims to consider the administrative law, and more specifically the administrative judge’s role, as a means of control over the authority of the state so as to promote the rights and fundamental freedoms of the constituents in France. Even if nothing could portend such an evolution on the account of the state, the Conseil d’État, through a (neo)liberal political influence, became major judicial institution which builds the concept of domestic rule. The administrative juridiction legitimizes the public action of the governments while ensuring the legal security of the constituents through a formal and substantive interpretation of the principle of legality. This relation on between the state and the administrative law state of litigation which can be analyzed as a kaleidoscope of social facts. This stems from a power policy, of a positive conflict between men, the institutions, the normes or the instituted powers. Therefore, by accommodating authority and freedom, the administrative jurisdiction exposes the extent to which the administration is subjected to the administrative law. The objective construction of the administrative Rule of law allows the setting up of an administrative justice, which guarantees the republican values of the State thanks to legal Justice and Legal State. The upgrading of the administrative Rule of law by the democracy provide some freedom to the people vis-à-vis the state. The lack of liberalism fades away in favour of a litigious society, juridification and normatism to the detriment of the state.