Les autorités régulatrices ont décidé l’instauration de Bâle III car les procédures internesde gestion des risques bancaires et la discipline de marché n’ont pas suffi à éviter l’une despires crises de l’histoire de la finance internationale. L’Accord doit rendre les systèmes bancaires etfinanciers internationaux plus sûrs en s’assurant que les banques traversent les périodes de crise parleurs propres moyens, sans faire appel aux contribuables. Néanmoins, les effets de ces normes sontincertains : la réglementation prudentielle bancaire semble résulter d’un arbitrage entre ses effets positifsqui stabilisent l’économie en réduisant la fréquence et l’ampleur des crises et ses effets négatifsqui limitent l’activité bancaire et le financement de l’économie.Nous nous proposons d’évaluer les effets de Bâle III sur le financement bancaire des pays émergentset des petites et moyennes entreprises françaises. Ces emprunteurs risqués et dépendants des banquessont les plus consommateurs en fonds propres et en actifs liquides. Ils sont donc susceptibles d’être lesplus fortement affectés par Bâle III. Nous présentons les nouveaux standards ainsi que la manière dontla littérature en analyse les effets. Ensuite, nous proposons une évaluation empirique de l’impact del’Accord sur le financement bancaire des pays émergents et des petites et moyennes entreprises françaises.La croissance des créances bancaires transfrontières à destination des pays émergents pourraitêtre réduite de 20%. Les PME devraient subir un effet en forme de M avec un report des banques versles expositions offrant les meilleurs couples rendements/risques ajustés des exigences réglementaires. / Regulatory authorities of BCBS member countries decided to enforce Basel III as bankinternal risk management and market discipline have failed to avoid one of the worst crises in the historyof international finance. This Accord promotes a more resilient banking sector fostered by banks’increased ability to absorb shocks without relying on taxpayers. However, the overall effect remainsambiguous and seems to result from a bargaining between its positive and negative impacts : on theone hand, borrowers could benefit from a more stable banking system that reduces crises’ frequencyand magnitude. On the other hand, more stringent requirements could slow down banking activityand projects’ funding.We aim at evaluating Basel III effects on emerging market economies and French small and mediumsizedenterprises’ bank funding. Such bank-dependant risky borrowers are more prone to shoulder theimpact of the new regulatory requirements as they are the largest consumers of equity and liquidassets. Eventually, a more binding regulatory environment could reduce world growth. Therefore, weintroduce all the new adequacy standards and how the literature analyses them. Afterwards, we offeran empirical assessment of Basel III likely impact on emerging countries and French SMEs. We provideevidence that the new regulation could result in an overall decrease of 20% in the inflow of cross-borderbanking claims held on emerging countries. Regarding SMEs, Basel III effects could produce an Mshapedimpact pushing banks towards positions offering the best regulatory adjusted risks/returns.

The thesis deals with the growing importance of sovereign wealth funds in the international investment activities. It includes the definition of a sovereign fund, the history of the creation, the largest funds as well as the origin of their capital. While sovereign wealth funds have existed for decades, their profile has risen considerably since the credit crisis. Analyzing the potential benefits and risks related with their investments, the thesis further discusses the changing profile of sovereign wealth funds in the world economy. Despite the significant benefits to global capital markets, some governments expressed concerns regarding the political motivation of their investment activity in strategic sectors of other countries. It is obvious that the measures concerning limited transparency of sovereign wealth funds should be adopted at the multilateral level to avoid protectionism.

Cette thèse approfondit les distorsions et frictions créant la mauvaise allocation du capital dans les pays émergents, c’est à dire une accumulation de capital hétérogène entre secteurs privé et public, une épargne excessive (des ménages et des entreprises), et le ralentissement de l’investissement dans certains secteurs. Le premier chapitre montre, à travers un modèle dynamique d’équilibre général comprenant différents types d’entreprises, que dans l’économie Chinoise, l’allocation de l’épargne des ménages vers les entreprises publiques (SOEs) par le système bancaire a une portée à la fois domestique et internationale. Tout d’abord, elle permet d’expliquer en grande partie la configuration des flux de capitaux en Chine : malgré la forte croissance de sa productivité globale des facteurs, la Chine observe une forte accumulation de réserves de change tandis que l’entrée d’ Investissements Directs Etrangers (IDE) est importante. En outre, en canalisant l’épargne des ménages vers les SOEs, cette allocation du capital explique également, dans ce modèle, la chute de la consommation (qui est un problème actuel majeur de la transition Chinoise). Des frictions supplémentaires sont introduites dans le modèle, comme la privatisation, l’expropriation du capital, l’aléa moral et les contrôles de capitaux, jouant également un rôle significatif dans l’apparition des déséquilibres de l’économie Chinoise. Le deuxième chapitre se concentre sur la distorsion ayant joué un rôle clé dans la mauvaise allocation du capital de l’économie Chinoise, le biais de crédit en faveur des SOEs, et étend son analyse aux autres pays émergents en se focalisant sur les entrées d’IDE. L’étude est empirique avec des approches globale et sectorielle, s’appuyant sur différentes méthodologies appliquées à deux échantillons de pays émergents. L’augmentation de la distribution de crédit aux SOEs, au détriment des entreprises privées, ralentit l’augmentation des entrées d’IDE, spécifiquement dans les secteurs manufacturiers. En effet, ces derniers ont une dépendance aux financements externes élevée et la part d’entreprises privées est plus importante que dans les secteurs tertiaires. Afin de corriger les déséquilibres de l’économie Chinoise analysés dans le cadre théorique du premier chapitre, le troisième chapitre propose un système fiscal constitué de taxes hétérogènes entre les différents types d’entreprises en Chine (SOEs, firmes privées domestiques et étrangères), ainsi que de taxes sur les revenus des ménages et sur les remboursements de crédits. Les réformes visent la diminution du surinvestissement de la plupart des entreprises, une plus forte consommation, et la maximisation du bien-être. Certaines réformes imposent des taxes plus élevées dans les entreprises publiques, permettant notamment une réallocation de la force de travail vers les entreprises privées domestiques et étrangères. De plus, l’ajustement des coûts des facteurs de production (travail et capital) entre les secteurs privé et public, et entre les entreprises domestiques et étrangères, est parfois nécessaire pendant les réformes appliquées dans ce modèle. Ces réformes pour la hausse de la consommation et la baisse de l’investissement apportent aux ménages des bénéfices en terme de bien-être, et le rééquilibrage de la demande intérieure ne requiert pas nécessairement d’ajustement de la position financière extérieure. Enfin, la thèse se termine par une extension du modèle précédent, avec des rigidités nominales et des taxes sur la consommation de biens étrangers et domestiques appliquées pendant les réformes ciblant une hausse de la consommation. / This thesis deepens the distortions and frictions creating the misallocation of capital in emerging economies, that is, an heterogeneous capital accumulation between private and public sectors, excessive savings rates (both household and corporate), and the slowdown of investment in certain sectors.The first chapter shows, through a dynamic general equilibrium model comprising various types of firms, that in the Chinese economy, the allocation of household savings to State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) by the banking system has domestic and international consequences.First, this allocation explains to a large extent the configuration of capital flows in China: despite its high total factor productivity growth, China observes an accumulation of foreign reserves while inward Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) are massive. Moreover, by channeling household savings toward SOEs, this allocation of capital also explains, in the model, the drop in consumption (which is a current major issue of the Chinese transition). Additional frictions are introduced in the model, such as privatization, capital expropriation, moral hazard and capital controls, which have a significant effect on the emergence of the Chinese economy’s imbalances.The second chapter focuses on the key distortion at the origin of the capital misallocation in the Chinese economy, the credit bias in favor of SOEs, and extends the study to the other emerging economies by analyzing the effect on inward FDI. The work is empirical, with global and sectoral approaches, relying on different methodologies applied to two samples of emerging economies. The increase in credit distribution to SOEs, to the detriment of private firms, slows the increase in inward FDI, specifically in manufacturing sectors. Indeed, the latter have a high external financial dependence and the share of private firms is larger than in tertiary sectors.So as to correct the imbalances that are analyzed in the theoretical framework of the first chapter, the third chapter proposes a fiscal system that is constituted of heterogeneous taxes between the different types of firms in China (SOEs, private domestic and foreign firms), and of taxes on household incomes and loan repayments. These reforms aim at decreasing the overinvestment of most firms, enhancing consumption, and maximizing welfare. Certain reforms include a higher taxation of state-owned firms, which leads to a reallocation of the labor force toward private domestic and foreign firms. Moreover, the adjustment of production factor costs (labor and capital) between private an public sectors, and between domestic and foreign firms, is necessary for certain reforms applied in this model. These reforms that increase consumption and reduce the investment rate bring welfare benefits to households, and the readjustment of the external financial position is not necessary to the domestic rebalancing of the economy. Finally, the thesis ends with an extension of the previous model, which includes nominal rigidities and heterogeneous consumption taxes across home and foreign goods during the reforms that increase the consumption ratio.

Submitted by Franciele Moreira (francielemoreyra@gmail.com) on 2018-04-04T11:53:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcella Ferreira Rodrigues - 2018.pdf: 1869503 bytes, checksum: 8b0fc83d8e1366a8a5952aa48164bfd3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-04-04T13:25:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcella Ferreira Rodrigues - 2018.pdf: 1869503 bytes, checksum: 8b0fc83d8e1366a8a5952aa48164bfd3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-04T13:25:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcella Ferreira Rodrigues - 2018.pdf: 1869503 bytes, checksum: 8b0fc83d8e1366a8a5952aa48164bfd3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Water is an essential natural resource for life that is compromised by the release of emerging contaminants, including synthetic hormones. These compounds can be released directly through industrial effluents and indirectly through domestic sewage. Monitoring emergent contaminants (ECs) in the aquatic environment has become a priority as they pose risks to human health and the environment because of their ability to deregulate the endocrine system. Thus, verification analyzes of the emerging contaminants produced by the pharmaceutical industries are required. The most common analytical methods for analysis of this class of compounds involve the use of liquid or gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS / MS) with procedures for the preparation of long samples and long chromatographic runs. In this study, a methodology was developed for the analysis of emerging contaminants in raw and treated industrial wastewater from a local industry's hormone production line by an environmental ionization technique known as Paper Spray Ionization (PSI). Here, we have proposed an analytical approach based on the use of waxed papers. Analyzes of the synthetic hormones levonorgestrel and algestone acetophenide occurred by adding the sample to a triangular paper that was moistened with methanol solution (0.1% formic acid). The paper was fixed at the input of the mass spectrometer through a metal clip which provided a voltage to the paper. The analytical curves presented a linear correlation coefficient above 0.99. For the hormone levonorgestrel the intra-day and inter-day precision ranged from 0.5 to 5.3%, accuracy ranged from -7.0 to 4.2% while recovery ranged from 82.2 to 101.3%. For the hormone algestone acetophenide the intra-day and inter-day precision ranged from 0.9 to 10.7%, accuracy ranged from -7.7 to 8.9% while recovery ranged from 88.4 to 101.6%. The levonorgestrel hormone was also analyzed with the classic LC-MS method, showing consistent results between the two approaches, thus confirming the reliability of the proposed method. / A água é um recurso natural essencial para vida que ultimamente está comprometido pela descarga de contaminantes emergentes, dentre os quais, hormônios sintéticos. Esses compostos podem ser lançados diretamente através de efluentes industriais e indiretamente através de esgoto doméstico. O monitoramento de contaminantes emergentes (ECs) no ambiente aquático tem se tornado uma prioridade, visto que eles apresentam riscos para a saúde humana e para meio ambiente devido a sua capacidade de desregular o sistema endócrino. Dessa forma, é necessário análises de verificação dos contaminantes emergentes produzidos pelas indústrias farmacêuticas. Os métodos analíticos mais comuns para análises dessa classe de compostos envolvem o uso de cromatografia líquida ou gasosa, acoplado a espectrometria de massas tandem (MS/MS) com procedimentos de preparos de amostras demorados e longas corridas cromatográficas. Neste trabalho desenvolveu-se uma metodologia para análise de contaminantes emergentes em água residual industrial bruta e tratada de uma linha de produção de hormônios de uma indústria local, por uma técnica de ionização ambiente conhecida como Paper Spray Ionization (PSI), cuja principal vantagem é o preparo mínimo de amostra. Neste trabalho, a técnica de PSI com papel contendo barreiras de parafinas foi empregada para análise de hormônios em águas residuárias. As análises dos hormônios sintéticos levonorgestrel e algestona acetofenida ocorreram através da adição da amostra sobre um papel triangular que foi umedecido com solução de metanol (0,1% de ácido fórmico). O papel foi fixado na entrada do espectrômetro de massas através de um clipe metálico que forneceu uma voltagem ao papel. As curvas analíticas apresentaram coeficiente de correlação linear acima de 0,99. Para o hormônio levonorgestrel a precisão intra-dias e inter-dias variou de 0,5 a 5,3%, a exatidão variou de -7,0 a 4,2% enquanto a recuperação variou de 82,2 a 101,3%. Para o hormônio algestona acetofenida a precisão intra-dias e inter-dias variou de 0,9 a 10,7%, a exatidão variou de -7,7 a 8,9% enquanto a recuperação variou de 88,4 a 101,6%. O hormônio levonorgestrel também foi analisado com o método clássico LC-MS, mostrando resultados consistentes entre as duas abordagens, confirmando assim a confiabilidade do método proposto.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Essa pesquisa foi realizada no momento histÃrico contemporÃneo caracterizado pelo alargamento da cibercultura, onde à cada vez mais tÃnue o limite entre os espaÃos geograficamente localizados e aqueles produzidos na rede de alcance mundial, a Internet. Este cenÃrio tem propiciado condiÃÃes favorÃveis para o desenvolvimento de uma cultura participativa. O desafio que se coloca para a escola e suas prÃticas educativas à lidar com essa nova dinÃmica atravÃs da qual o indivÃduo tem amplo acesso à informaÃÃo. Levantou-se a hipÃtese de que hà uma cultura participativa em formaÃÃo, sobretudo fora da escola, nos espaÃos virtuais. A tese à de que essa cultura participativa preenche o significado de prÃticas educativas digitais. A questÃo central a partir da qual se desenvolveu esta pesquisa nos conduziu a investigar o que facilitava/dificultava a formaÃÃo de uma cultura participativa tanto no interior da escola, como fora dela, nos novos espaÃos estruturados em redes sociodigitais. Por tudo isso, o objetivo principal do presente estudo foi construir um conceito de prÃticas educativas digitais, preenchendo com o significante flutuante âcultura participativaâ, identificando sua origem, natureza e relaÃÃo com os fenÃmenos educacionais. Em tempos que indicam mudanÃas paradigmÃticas na educaÃÃo, esta pesquisa foi realizada numa abordagem qualitativa, com aporte na etnografia virtual. Uma parte da pesquisa empÃrica foi realizada em Portugal, onde aconteceram entrevistas abertas com os sujeitos envolvidos nas prÃticas educativas formais. Ocorreu tambÃm registro fotogrÃfico do espaÃo escolar. Um segundo momento do estudo se desenvolveu no Brasil, por meio de questionÃrios online destinados a conselheiros escolares e anÃlise de uma comunidade virtual exclusiva para esses sujeitos. Obtiveram-se dados multimodais representados em fotografias, narrativas, grÃficos que mostram o pouco impacto das mudanÃas culturais nos paradigmas educacionais do campo escolar pesquisado. Evidencia, por outro lado, o importante papel da instituiÃÃo escolar na construÃÃo de uma cultura de participaÃÃo, onde todos os atores implicados nas prÃticas educativas precisam exercer sua cidadania de forma mais integrada, coesa, descentralizada e difusa. / This research had been effected in the contemporary historical moment characterized by the cyberculture enlargement, which is increasingly a fine line between the spaces geographically located and those produced in the world wide network, the Internet. This scenery has provided favorable conditions for the development of a participatory culture. The challenge posed to school and their educational practices is dealing with this new dynamic by which the individual has broad access to information. It raised the hypothesis that there is a participatory culture in formation, especially outside schools, in the virtual spaces. The thesis is that this participatory culture fills the meaning of digital educational practices. The central question from which this research had been developed led us to investigate what facilitated/ hindered the formation of a participatory culture both within and outside the school in the new spaces structured in sociodigitals networks. For all that, the main purpose of this study was to construct a concept of digital educational practices, filling with floating signifier "participatory culture", identifying its origin, nature and relationship to the educational phenomena. In times indicating paradigmatic changes in education, this research was conducted in a qualitative approach, with contribution in virtual ethnography. Part of the empirical research had been conducted in Portugal, which open interviews took place with those involved in formal educational practices. Also occurred photographic records of the school apace. A second moment of the study had been developed in Brazil through online questionnaires for the school counselors and analysis of a unique virtual community for those people. It obtained multimodal data represented in photographs, narratives and charts that shows the little impact of cultural changes in educational paradigms of the school field that had been studied. It highlights, on the other hand, the important role of schools in building a culture of participation, where all the actors involved in the educational practices need to exercise their citizenship in a more integrated, cohesive, decentralized and diffuse.

Um sistema de análises em fluxo com multicomutação foi desenvolvido para a mecanização do bioensaio de toxicidade aguda com a bactéria Vibrio fischeri, o qual é baseado na diminuição da luminescência bacteriana causada por espécies tóxicas.Microbombas solenoide foram utilizadas para melhorar as condições de mistura, permitindo também que diluições fossem realizadas em linha com a alteração do volume de amostra e a sobreposição parcial entre a zona da amostra e a suspensão bacteriana. Uma cela de fluxo em espiral, posicionada na janela de emissão de um espectrofluorímetro, foi empregada para as medidas de luminescência e um banho de água construído em laboratório, baseado no efeito Peltier, foi utilizado para manter a temperatura do bioensaio em (13,0±0,1) °C. Um pequeno volume da suspensão bacteriana (120 ?L) foi selecionado visando minimizar o consumo e, consequentemente, os custos do ensaio. O tempo de contato entre a suspensão bacteriana e a amostra foi reduzido para 5 min para aumentar a frequência de amostragem e evitar a atenuação da luminescência devido ao tempo de vida curto das bactérias. Os valores de CE50 para os controles positivos foram estimados em 2,5 ± 0,7, 2,0 ± 0,5 e 10 ± 4 mg L-1 para o Zn(II), Cu(II), e Cr(VI), respectivamente, sendo concordantes com os valores da literatura. Os valores de CE50 para alguns poluentes emergentes (parabenos, cafeína, acetaminofeno, diclofenaco e ácido salicílico) concordaram com os obtidos utilizando o kit comercial BioTox(TM), realizado em micro placa, a nível de confiança de 95 %. Os coeficientes de variação foram estimados em 2,4 e 2 % (n = 10), na ausência e na presença de 0,6 mg L-1 de Zn(II), respectivamente. O sistema de análises em fluxo proposto é, então, uma alternativa simples, rápida, robusta e precisa para a determinação da toxicidade aguda utilizando pequenos volumes de amostra e suspensão bacteriana. Além disso, o sistema apresenta vantagens em comparação com os bioensaios em batelada e em fluxo, tais como ajuste de salinidade e diluições das amostras em linha e a determinação da cinética de toxicidade das espécies químicas / A multicommuted flow system was developed for automation of the acute toxicity bioassay using Vibrio fischeri bacteria, which exploits the decrease of the bacterial luminescence caused by toxic species. Solenoid micro-pumps were employed to improve mixing conditions and to perform on-line dilutions of the tested compounds by changing the sample volume and exploiting the partial overlap between sample zone and the bacterial suspension. A spiral flow cell, placed at the emission window of a spectrofluorimeter, was employed for signal measurement and a lab-made water bath based on the Peltier effect was used for maintain the temperature of the bioassay at (13.0±0.1) oC. A low volume of the bacterial suspension (120 ?L) was selected in order to minimize its consumption and, consequently, the costs of the assay. The contact time between bacterial suspension and sample was reduced to 5 min to increase the sampling rate and to avoid luminescence fading due to the bacteria short lifetime. EC50 values for positive controls were estimated as 2.5 ± 0.7, 2.0 ± 0.5 and 10 ± 4 for Zn(II), Cu(II), and Cr(VI), respectively, being in agreement with literature values. The EC50 values for some emerging pollutants (parabens, caffeine, acetaminophen, diclofenac and salicylic acid) agreed with those obtained from commercial BioTox(TM) kit performed in micro plate at the 95% confidence level. The coefficients of variation were estimated as 2.4 and 2 % (n=10), in the absence and presence of 0.6 mg L-1 Zn(II), respectively. The proposed flow system is then a simple, fast, robust and accurate alternative for acute toxicity determination, using low sample and bacterial suspension volumes. Furthermore, the system presents advantages in comparison to batch and previous flow-based bioassays, such as the achievement of in-line salinity adjustment and sample dilutions, and the determination of toxicity kinetic for every assayed chemical species

Esta tese de doutorado apresenta o projeto de uma arquitetura de memória híbrida energeticamente eficiente baseada em memórias do tipo scratchpad (Hy-SVM) para a codificação paralela de vídeos segundo o padrão HEVC. A codificação de vídeo se destaca como uma parte extremamente complexa nas aplicações de processamento de vídeo. O padrão HEVC traz inovações que complicam fortemente os requerimentos de memória de tais aplicações, principalmente devido a: (a) novas estruturas de codificação, as quais agravam a complexidade computacional por proporcionarem muitas modos possíveis de codificação que devem ser analisados; além do (b) suporte de alto nível à paralelização da codificação por meio do particionamento das unidades de codificação em múltiplos Tiles, o qual provê a aceleração da performance dos codificadores, porém, ao mesmo tempo, adiciona grandes desafios à infraestrutura de memória. O principal gargalo em termos de comunicação com a memória externa e de armazenamento interno (dentro do chip do codificador) é dados pelas informações dos quadros de referência: que consiste em uma série de quadros completos já codificados (e reconstruídos) que devem ser mantidos em memória e acessados de forma intensa durante o processamento dos quadros futuros. Devido ao grande volume de dados que são necessários para representar os quadros de referência, estes são tipicamente armazenados na memória externa dos codificadores (principalmente quando vídeos de alta e ultra alta resolução são processados) A arquitetura proposta Hy-SVM está inserida em um sistema de codificação baseado no particionamento dos quadros do vídeo de entrada em múltiplos Tiles, de forma a habilitar a codificação paralela das informações segundo o padrão HEVC: neste cenário, cada Tile é assinalado para uma específica unidade de processamento do codificador HEVC, o qual executa o processamento dos diferentes Tiles em paralelo. A ideias chave da arquitetura Hy- SVM incluem: projeto e gerenciamento de memórias para a aplicação específica de codificação de vídeo; uso de múltiplos níveis de memórias privadas e compartilhadas, com o objetivo de explorar o reuso de dados intra-Tile e inter-Tiles de forma combinada; uso de memórias do tipo scratchpad (SPMs) para o armazenamento interno da informações de forma eficiente em termos de consumo de energia; projeto de memórias híbridas utilizando as tecnologias SRAM e STTRAM como base. Uma metodologia de projeto é proposta para a arquitetura Hy-SVM, a qual aproveita propriedades específicas da aplicação para, de forma adequada, definir os parâmetros de projeto das memórias híbridas. De forma a prover adaptação em tempo de execução (para ambas as memórias on-chip e off-chip), a arquitetura Hy-SVM integra uma camada de gerenciamento composta pelas seguintes estratégias (1) predição do overlap (sobreposição de acessos), o qual busca identificar o comportamento dos acessos redundantes entre diferentes unidades de processamento do codificador HEVC a partir da análise dos acessos à memória das codificações dos quadros passados do vídeo, com o objetivo de aumentar o potencial de exploração do reuso de dados inter-Tiles; (2) gerenciamento dos acessos à memória externa, responsável por balancear a vazão de dados com a memória acumulada entre as múltiplas unidades de processamento do codificador HEVC paralelo, com o objetivo de melhorar o uso do barramento de comunicação com a memória externa; e (3) gerenciamento de dados das SPMs implementadas a partir de células de memória STT-RAM, o qual alivia estas células de acessos de escrita com alta atividade de chaveamento dos bits armazenados, com o objetivo de aumentar o tempo de vide destas células, bem como reduzir as penalidades relativas à ineficiência dos acessos de escrita nas memórias STT-RAM. O conhecimento específico da aplicação foi utilizado nas estratégias de gerenciamento em tempo de execução das seguintes formas: explorando parâmetros da codificação HEVC e realizando monitorando em tempo real dos acessos à memória realizados pelo codificador Estas informações são utilizadas tanto pelas técnicas de gerenciamento, quanto pelas metodologias de projeto das memórias. Baseadas nas decisões tomadas pela camada de gerenciamento, a arquitetura Hy-SVM integra unidades de gerenciamento de acessos à memória (memory access management units – MAMUs) para controlar as dinâmicas de acesso das memórias SPM privadas e compartilhadas. Além disso, unidades adaptativas de gerenciamento de potência (adaptive power management units – APMUs) são capazes de reduzir o consumo de energia interno do chip do codificador a partir das estimativas precisas de formação dos overlaps. Os resultados obtidos por meio dos experimentos realizados demonstram economias de consumo energético da arquitetura Hy-SVM, quando comparada a trabalhos relacionados, sob diversos cenários de teste. Quando comparada a estratégias de reuso de dados tradicionais para codificadores de vídeo, como o esquema Level-C, a exploração do reuso de dados combinado nos níveis intra-Tile e inter-Tiles provê 69%-79% de redução de energia. Considerando as arquiteturas de memória de vídeo com foco no padrão HEVC, os ganhos variaram desde 2,8% (pior caso) até 67% (melhor caso) Da perspectiva do consumo de energia relacionado à comunicação com a memória externa, a arquitetura Hy-SVM é capaz de melhorar o reuso de dados (por explorar também o reuso de dados inter-Tiles), resultando em um consumo de energia on-chip 11%-17% menor. Além disso, as APMUs contribuem para reduzir o consumo de energia on-chip da arquitetura Hy-SVM em 56%-95%, para os cenários de teste analisados. Desta forma, comparada aos trabalhos relacionados, a arquitetura Hy-SVM apresenta o menor consumo energético on-chip. O gerenciamento da vazão da comunicação com a memória externa é capaz de reduzir as variações de largura de banda em 37%-83%, quando comparado à ordem tradicional de processamento, para cenários de teste com 4 e 16 Tiles sendo processados em paralelo pelo codificador HEVC. O gerenciamento de dados pôde, de forma significativa, estender o tempo de vida das células de memória STT-RAM, alcançando 0,83 de tempo de vida normalizado (métrica adotada para comparação, ficando muito próximo do caso ideal). Além disso, as sobrecargas causadas pela implementação das unidades de gerenciamento não afetam de foram significativa a performance e a eficiência energética da arquitetura Hy- SVM propostas por este trabalho. / This Thesis presents the design of an energy-efficient hybrid scratchpad video memory architecture (called Hy-SVM) for parallel High-Efficiency Video Coding. Video coding stands out as a high complex part in the video processing applications. HEVC standard brought innovations that increase the memory requirements, mainly due to: (a) the novel coding structures, which aggravates the computational complexity by providing a wider range of possibilities to be analyzed; and (b) the high-level parallelism features provided by the Tiles partitioning, which provides performance acceleration, but, at the same time, strongly adds hard challenges to the memory infrastructure. The main bottleneck in terms of external memory transmission and on-chip storage is the reference frames data: which consists of already coded (and reconstructed) entire frames that must be stored and intensively accessed during the encoding process of future frames. Due to the large volume of data required to represent the reference frames, they are typically stored in the external memory (especially when highdefinition videos are targeted). The proposed Hy-SVM architecture is inserted in a video coding system, which is based on multiple Tiles partitioning to enable parallel HEVC encoding: each Tile is assigned to a specific processing unit. The key ideas of Hy-SVM include: applicationspecific design and management; combined multiple levels of private and shared memories that jointly exploit intra-Tile and inter-Tiles data reuse; scratchpad memories (SPMs) as energyefficient on-chip data storage; combined SRAM and STT-RAM hybrid memory (HyM) design We propose a design methodology for Hy-SVM that leverages application-specific properties to properly define the HyMs parameters. In order to provide run-time adaptation (for both offand on-chip parts), Hy-SVM integrates a memory management layer composed of: (1) overlap prediction, which has the goal of identifying the redundant memory access behavior by analyzing monitored past frames encoding to increase inter-Tiles data reuse exploitation; (2) memory pressure management, which aims on balancing the Tiles-accumulated memory pressure targeting on improving external memory communication channel usage; and (3) lifetime-aware data management scheme that alleviates STT-RAM SPMs of high bit-toggling write accesses to increase the their cells lifetime, as well as to reduce overhead issues related to poor write characteristics of STT-RAM. Application-specific knowledge was exploited by inheriting HEVC properties and performing run-time monitoring of memory accesses. Such information is used to properly design the on-chip video memories, as well as being utilized as input parameters of the run-time memory management layer. Based on the run-time decisions from the proposed Hy-SVM management strategies, Hy-SVM integrates distributed memory access management units (MAMUs) to control the access dynamics of private and shared SPMs. Additionally, adaptive power management units (APMUs) are able to strongly reduce on-chip energy consumption due to an accurate overlap prediction The experimental results demonstrate Hy-SVM overall energy savings over related works under various HEVC encoding scenarios. Compared to traditional data reuse schemes, like Level-C, the combined intra-Tile and inter-Tiles data reuse provides 69%-79% of energy reduction. Regarding related HEVC video memory architectures, the savings varied from 2.8% (worst case) to 67% (best case). From the external memory perspective, Hy-SVM can improve data reuse (by also exploiting inter-Tiles data redundancy), resulting on 11%-71%% of reduced off-chip energy consumption. Additionally, our APMUs contribute by reducing on-chip energy consumption of Hy-SVM by 56%-95%, for the evaluated HEVC scenarios. Thus, compared to related works, Hy-SVM presents the lowest on-chip energy consumption. The memory pressure management scheme can reduce the variations in the memory bandwidth by 37%-83% when compared to the traditional raster scan processing for 4- and 16-core parallelized HEVC encoder. The lifetime-aware data management significantly extends the STT-RAM lifetime, achieving 0.83 of normalized lifetime (near to the optimal case). Moreover, the overhead of implementing our management units insignificantly affects the performance and energyefficiency of Hy-SVM.

Parmi les nombreuses pathologies infectieuses dignes d’intérêt en Guyane, deux d’entre elles, deux zoonoses, ont connu récemment un regain d’intérêt conduisant en quelques années à améliorer nettement leur connaissance, mais également découvrir des particularités épidémiologiques inattendues qui nous ont amené à nous poser la question de leur caractère émergent ou réémergent. Bien que cosmopolite et à tropisme tropical, la leptospirose n’a que peu été décrite en Guyane et sur le bouclier des Guyanes. La littérature repose sur des cas cliniques ou série de cas anciens, la dernière publication remontant à 1995. Sont présentées ici plusieurs études qui ont permis d’en savoir un peu plus sur cette infection bactérienne : revue exhaustive de la littérature, étude rétrospective des rapports du CNR, étude rétrospective multicentrique sur les leptospiroses prises en charge en Guyane entre 2007 et 2014, avec analyse de ses déterminants, démographiques, écologiques, cliniques, séro-épidémiologique, comparaison de ses formes graves à celles d’Afrique du Nord. Bien que sa présence ait été identifiée dès les années 50 en Guyane, la fièvre Q ou infection à Coxiella burnetii, n’avait suscité localement aucun intérêt jusqu’à la fin des années 1990. Le travail ici présente la progression des connaissances sur cette infection bactérienne, également cosmopolite, mais avec des spécificités locales tout à fait inédites. Au fil des découvertes sur cette bactérie à la sauce guyanaise, nous présenterons la contribution de notre équipe à la progression du savoir sur cette pathologie et l’apport de réponses amenant tout autant de nouvelles. Ainsi les réflexions portent autour de ce génotype si particulier, le MST17, trouvé exclusivement en Guyane, qui entraine l’incidence la plus élevée au monde de la fièvre Q, une prévalence élevée parmi les pneumopathies retrouvée nulle ailleurs. En outre, le cycle épidémiologique de la bactérie, habituellement fondé sur le bétail, semble ici suivre un tout autre chemin et trouver son réservoir dans la faune sauvage. L’on s’interroge également sur le contraste entre le problème de santé publique majeur que cette maladie représente en Guyane et le caractère tout juste anecdotique dans le reste de l’Amérique latine.Finalement, bien que ces deux zoonoses puissent être qualifiées de « maladies nouvelles » en Guyane, il s’agit probablement pour la leptospirose d’une augmentation récente du nombre de cas lié à l’amélioration des techniques diagnostiques et à la sensibilisation des médecins à cette maladie, tandis que la fièvre Q semble présenter un véritable profil émergent, avec augmentation récente de son incidence, et de nombreuses inconnues lié à un génotype très particulier.Plusieurs questions concernant ces deux infections restent encore sans réponse, et le travail est immense pour mieux comprendre les enjeux de ces deux maladies, tant à l’échelle de la Guyane qu’à celle du continent latino-américain. / Among the numerous infectious diseases of interest in French Guiana (FG), two of them, two zoonoses, have recently experienced a revival of interest leading in a few years to a marked improvement in their knowledge. Several studies allowed as well discovering unexpected epidemiological features that have led us to question their emerging or reemerging character.Although cosmopolitan and with tropical a tropism, leptospirosis has been barely described in FG and on the Guiana Shield. The literature is old and reports only clinical cases or series, the most recent publication dating back to 1995. Several studies are presented in this work which have allowed to know a little more about this bacterial infection: exhaustive review of the literature, retrospective study of the reference national center reports, a retrospective multicenter study on leptos-piroses managed in FG between 2007 and 2014, with analysis of its determinants, demographic, ecological, clinical, sero-epidemiological, and a study comparing Guianese severe forms to those of North Africa.Although its presence had been suspected as early as the 1950s in FG, Q fever or Coxiella burnetii infection had not aroused interest locally until the late 1990s. The work here presents the progression of the knowledge of this bacterial infection, also cosmopolitan, but with unusual local specificities. In the course of the discoveries around this Guianese outbreak, we will present the contribution of our team to the progression of knowledge on this pathology and the contribution of answers bringing as much new questions. Thus the discussion will focus on this particular genotype, MST17, found exclusively in FG, which results in the highest incidence of Q fever in the world, a prevalence among pneumonias never found elsewhere. Moreover, the epidemiological cycle of the bacterium, usually based on livestock, seems to follow a completely different path and find its reservoir in wildlife. We also wonder about the contrast between the major public health problems that this disease represents in FG and the anecdotal character in the rest of Latin America.Finally, although these two zoonotic diseases may be described as "new diseases" in FG, it is likely that leptospirosis presents a recent increase in the number of cases related to the improvement of diagnostic techniques and the sensitization of physicians to this disease, but without real emergence, while Q fever seems to present a true emergent profile, with a recent increase in its incidence, and many unknowns linked to a very particular genotype.Many questions concerning these two infections remain unanswered, and the work is immense to better understand the stakes of these two diseases, both on the scale of FG and that of the Amazonian region and the Latin American continent.

Orientador: Juliana Heloisa Pinê Américo-Pinheiro / Resumo: A água é componente de todos os processos vitais dos organismos, ao mesmo tempo em que pode carrear microrganismos, diluir soluções de qualquer natureza presentes nos líquidos intra e extracelular dos seres multicelulares, usada como força motriz, dessedenta e hidrata os seres vivos. Nas bacias hidrográficas alicerçam-se os diferentes ambientes, define os processos de produção da atividade econômica, o saneamento básico, dos ambientes urbanos e dos ambientes rurais, dos ecossistemas aquáticos e terrestres, todos movidos de acordo com os cursos d’água a ela pertencentes e atrelados ao ciclo hidrológico para a manutenção da vida dentro deste espaço. Neste contexto a saúde pública encontra-se intimamente ligada à água, na prevenção ou no isolamento das Doenças de Veiculação Hídrica (DVH), as Doenças Emergentes e Reemergentes (DER), para minimizar os agravos que a população possa vir a sofrer. Esse estudo buscou utilizar as notificações em saúde dos municípios pertinentes à bacia hidrográfica, por meio de levantamento histórico das DVH nos bancos de dados da saúde no âmbito estadual e federal de ocorrência na região em estudo. Os parâmetros de classificação dos principais cursos d’água foram obtidos pelo levantamento histórico do banco de dados estaduais, dos pontos de monitoramento, através dos resultados dos Indices de Qualidade da Água (IQA), do Índice de qualidade das águas brutas para abastecimento público (IAP), do Indice de qualidade das águas para a proteção da vida aquát... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Water is a component of all organisms vital processes, at the same time as it can carry microorganisms, dilute solutions of any nature present in the intra and extracellular fluids of the multicellular organisms, using as impellent, loss thirst and moisturizing. In the watersheds, it bases the different environmental, defines the processes of economic production, basic sanitation, urban and rural locations, aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems moved according to the watercourses that belong to it and the hydrological cycle for the maintenance of life. Public health is closely linked to water, preventing or isolating Waterborne Diseases (WD), emerging and reemerging diseases (ERD), minimizing the aggravations that the population will suffer. This study tries to use the notifications of occurrence in the region of the basin of Marinheiro Creeck, as parameters of quality classification of the water courses belonging to this region. The classification parameters of the main watercourses were obtained by the historical survey of the state database, the monitoring points, through the results of the Water Quality Index (IQA), the Raw Water Quality Index for public supply ( IAP) of the Water Quality Index for the protection of aquatic life (IVA). The performance of basic sanitation and water resources management minimizes the occurrence of social determinants through the infrastructure of sewage networks and storm water galleries, in the improvement and updating of water purification, ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Dans cette thèse nous examinons différents aspects des fluctuations dans les économies émergentes. Premièrement, afin d’établir les régularités empiriques de ces pays nous examinons le contexte économique des pays du Moyen Orient et d’Afrique du Nord. Ensuite, nous estimons un modèle des cycles réels pour essayer de reproduire les faits stylisés de ces pays, mais aussi pour évaluer la performance de ces modèles néoclassiques augmentés de deux types de chocs de productivité transitoire et permanent. Ceci fait l’objet du chapitre 2 dont le résultat est en faveur de l'hypothèse "Le cycle c'est la tendance" . Le deuxième aspect porte sur l’importance des frictions financières, il est traité dans le troisième chapitre qui introduit des chocs financiers au modèle de croissance stochastique. Nous identifions le rôle des frictions financières dans l’économie tunisienne comme étant un amplificateur de l’effet des chocs de productivité. Le quatrième chapitre porte sur l'analyse de la politique monétaire. Premièrement, nous examinons le régime de ciblage d’inflation où nos résultats empiriques supportent une implémentation de la stricte version du ciblage d’inflation avec une fonction de réaction basée sur des prévisions de l'inflation. Deuxièmement, nous exploitant les règles monétaires optimales en présence de la rigidité d l'information dans le cadre d’un modèle stochastique d’équilibre général (DSGE). Nos résultats, révèlent que les chocs du taux de marge de la force de travail jouent un rôle important dans les fluctuations de l’économie tunisienne, la règle de Taylor produit un taux satisfaisant de bien être, alors que les règles qui ciblent le niveau de prix ne sont pas efficaces. / This thesis investigates different aspects of the fluctuations in emerging economies. First, it examines the MENA countries’ context to establish the empirical regularities. Then, to replicate the MENA countries’ business cycle patterns observed in the annual data, we estimate a standard real business cycle (RBC) model to assess the performance of the neoclassical model with transitory and permanent shocks. This is the purpose of chapter 2 which results support the assumption "The cycle is the trend". The second aspect refers to the importance of financial frictions and is addressed in the third chapter which adds new financial shocks to the stochastic growth model. We determine the role of financial frictions in the Tunisian economy not as the source of business cycle fluctuations but as an amplifier of the effects of total factor of productivity shocks.The fourth chapter analyzes monetary policy in emerging economies. Firstly, we examine the inflation targeting regime under the lens of a New Keynesian forward-looking model. We also, estimate a Taylor rule and some other alternatives in order to determine which rule to adopt within this framework. Empirical results support the implementation of a strict inflation targeting regime, with an inflation forecast based rule as a reaction function. Secondly, we explore the optimal monetary policy rules using a New Keynesian DSGE model. In particular we assume that information stickiness as the only type of rigidity in the model. We find that Whereas, Taylor rule in its original version provides substantial welfare gains, price-level targeting regime was suboptimal.