Os enclaves fortificados residenciais, compostos por condomínios e loteamentos, tem proliferado por diversas cidades no mundo como um novo tipo de moradia, a qual fundamenta-se na separação física através de muros. Nestes enclaves, a elite busca espaços privados de acesso restrito para habitação, lazer, consumo e também trabalho. Essa separação da cidade justifica-se devido a fatores como insegurança urbana, valorização das áreas verdes, mas também busca por isolamento e homogeneidade social. Estes empreendimentos não devem ser vistos como um fenômeno isolado, mas como parte de um processo mais amplo de reestruturação urbana ligado à globalização econômica e à privatização da economia. Além disso, os enclaves fortificados também não podem ser vistos como espaços isolados na cidade, pois a proliferação deste tipo produto imobiliário afeta o espaço urbano como um todo. Partindo deste entendimento de que qualquer intervenção ou mudança urbana passa, sem dúvida, pela atuação do Estado, é fundamental analisar a atuação do poder público em relação ao fenômeno dos enclaves fortificados. Desta forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o papel do poder público na proliferação destes empreendimentos. A literatura existente sobre o tema dos enclaves fortificados aponta que o poder público tende a incentivar a construção destes empreendimentos a qualquer custo, assumindo uma postura de atender aos interesses privados em detrimento do interesse público coletivo. Esta pesquisa tem como importância justamente a comprovação ou refutação desta hipótese. Através da análise empírica do caso do município de Porto Alegre, podemos averiguar se o poder público neste município assume esta postura de incentivo ou até submissão indicada pela literatura ou se adota outra postura em relação aos enclaves fortificados. / The fortified residential enclaves, composed of lots and gated communities, have proliferated to several cities in the world as a new type of housing, which is based on the physical separation through walls. In these enclaves, the elite seeks private spaces with restricted access to use as housing, leisure, consumption, and also work. This separation from the rest of the city is justified due to such factors as urban insecurity, recovery of green areas, but also search for isolation and social homogeneity. These developments should not be seen as an isolated phenomenon, but as part of a wider process of urban restructuring on economic globalization and privatization of the economy. In addition, the fortified enclaves also cannot be seen as isolated spaces in town, once the proliferation of such residential housing developments affects the urban space as a whole. Based on the understanding that any intervention or change in the city has to pass by the control of the state, it is essential to analyze the performance of the government related to these developments. Thus, the present study aimed to analyze the role of government in the proliferation of these ventures. The existing literature on the subject suggests that the government tends to encourage the proliferation of these projects at any cost, assuming a position to meet the interests of private entrepreneurs at the expense of the collective public interest. This research is important exactly to prove or refute this hypothesis. Through empirical analysis of the case of the municipality of Porto Alegre, we can check if the government in this municipality takes this position of incentive or even submission indicated by the literature or adopt another attitude towards fortified enclaves.

Os enclaves fortificados residenciais, compostos por condomínios e loteamentos, tem proliferado por diversas cidades no mundo como um novo tipo de moradia, a qual fundamenta-se na separação física através de muros. Nestes enclaves, a elite busca espaços privados de acesso restrito para habitação, lazer, consumo e também trabalho. Essa separação da cidade justifica-se devido a fatores como insegurança urbana, valorização das áreas verdes, mas também busca por isolamento e homogeneidade social. Estes empreendimentos não devem ser vistos como um fenômeno isolado, mas como parte de um processo mais amplo de reestruturação urbana ligado à globalização econômica e à privatização da economia. Além disso, os enclaves fortificados também não podem ser vistos como espaços isolados na cidade, pois a proliferação deste tipo produto imobiliário afeta o espaço urbano como um todo. Partindo deste entendimento de que qualquer intervenção ou mudança urbana passa, sem dúvida, pela atuação do Estado, é fundamental analisar a atuação do poder público em relação ao fenômeno dos enclaves fortificados. Desta forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o papel do poder público na proliferação destes empreendimentos. A literatura existente sobre o tema dos enclaves fortificados aponta que o poder público tende a incentivar a construção destes empreendimentos a qualquer custo, assumindo uma postura de atender aos interesses privados em detrimento do interesse público coletivo. Esta pesquisa tem como importância justamente a comprovação ou refutação desta hipótese. Através da análise empírica do caso do município de Porto Alegre, podemos averiguar se o poder público neste município assume esta postura de incentivo ou até submissão indicada pela literatura ou se adota outra postura em relação aos enclaves fortificados. / The fortified residential enclaves, composed of lots and gated communities, have proliferated to several cities in the world as a new type of housing, which is based on the physical separation through walls. In these enclaves, the elite seeks private spaces with restricted access to use as housing, leisure, consumption, and also work. This separation from the rest of the city is justified due to such factors as urban insecurity, recovery of green areas, but also search for isolation and social homogeneity. These developments should not be seen as an isolated phenomenon, but as part of a wider process of urban restructuring on economic globalization and privatization of the economy. In addition, the fortified enclaves also cannot be seen as isolated spaces in town, once the proliferation of such residential housing developments affects the urban space as a whole. Based on the understanding that any intervention or change in the city has to pass by the control of the state, it is essential to analyze the performance of the government related to these developments. Thus, the present study aimed to analyze the role of government in the proliferation of these ventures. The existing literature on the subject suggests that the government tends to encourage the proliferation of these projects at any cost, assuming a position to meet the interests of private entrepreneurs at the expense of the collective public interest. This research is important exactly to prove or refute this hypothesis. Through empirical analysis of the case of the municipality of Porto Alegre, we can check if the government in this municipality takes this position of incentive or even submission indicated by the literature or adopt another attitude towards fortified enclaves.

Os enclaves fortificados residenciais, compostos por condomínios e loteamentos, tem proliferado por diversas cidades no mundo como um novo tipo de moradia, a qual fundamenta-se na separação física através de muros. Nestes enclaves, a elite busca espaços privados de acesso restrito para habitação, lazer, consumo e também trabalho. Essa separação da cidade justifica-se devido a fatores como insegurança urbana, valorização das áreas verdes, mas também busca por isolamento e homogeneidade social. Estes empreendimentos não devem ser vistos como um fenômeno isolado, mas como parte de um processo mais amplo de reestruturação urbana ligado à globalização econômica e à privatização da economia. Além disso, os enclaves fortificados também não podem ser vistos como espaços isolados na cidade, pois a proliferação deste tipo produto imobiliário afeta o espaço urbano como um todo. Partindo deste entendimento de que qualquer intervenção ou mudança urbana passa, sem dúvida, pela atuação do Estado, é fundamental analisar a atuação do poder público em relação ao fenômeno dos enclaves fortificados. Desta forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o papel do poder público na proliferação destes empreendimentos. A literatura existente sobre o tema dos enclaves fortificados aponta que o poder público tende a incentivar a construção destes empreendimentos a qualquer custo, assumindo uma postura de atender aos interesses privados em detrimento do interesse público coletivo. Esta pesquisa tem como importância justamente a comprovação ou refutação desta hipótese. Através da análise empírica do caso do município de Porto Alegre, podemos averiguar se o poder público neste município assume esta postura de incentivo ou até submissão indicada pela literatura ou se adota outra postura em relação aos enclaves fortificados. / The fortified residential enclaves, composed of lots and gated communities, have proliferated to several cities in the world as a new type of housing, which is based on the physical separation through walls. In these enclaves, the elite seeks private spaces with restricted access to use as housing, leisure, consumption, and also work. This separation from the rest of the city is justified due to such factors as urban insecurity, recovery of green areas, but also search for isolation and social homogeneity. These developments should not be seen as an isolated phenomenon, but as part of a wider process of urban restructuring on economic globalization and privatization of the economy. In addition, the fortified enclaves also cannot be seen as isolated spaces in town, once the proliferation of such residential housing developments affects the urban space as a whole. Based on the understanding that any intervention or change in the city has to pass by the control of the state, it is essential to analyze the performance of the government related to these developments. Thus, the present study aimed to analyze the role of government in the proliferation of these ventures. The existing literature on the subject suggests that the government tends to encourage the proliferation of these projects at any cost, assuming a position to meet the interests of private entrepreneurs at the expense of the collective public interest. This research is important exactly to prove or refute this hypothesis. Through empirical analysis of the case of the municipality of Porto Alegre, we can check if the government in this municipality takes this position of incentive or even submission indicated by the literature or adopt another attitude towards fortified enclaves.

Since the second half of the 20th century the Philippines have supplied the world with migrant workers. Today, almost one tenth of the population is residing abroad. Labour migration has become an important source of revenue to both state and private actors through remittances, for the Philippines, and a source of cheap labour battling labour shortage, in the receiving countries. Today, the global labour market is a distinct and important part of what we call globalisation. This is portrayed in this thesis through the lens of Philippine-Korean labour migration. The purpose of this thesis is to illustrate the emergence of migrants as a commodity for export, the institutionalised creation of migrants, the normalisation of labour migration, and containment of migrants through legal and spatial constraints, in Manila and in Seoul. This thesis look at the ways in which labour migration, as an economic policy, is internalised and transformed into a culture of migration. I argue that the effects of a culture of migration is felt not just by the labour migrants themselves, but also by their families and by the Philippines as a whole. As such, the reliance on remittances as a source of income has transformed domestic and global infrastructures as well as norms and social behaviour. Moreover, this thesis aims to add to the discussion on migration and remittances by exploring social dimensions and consequences of the globalisation of the labour market.

The purpose of this study is to describe how the EU relates to its territorial enclaves, Ceuta and Melilla located within Morocco. As this study is based on the theoretical foundations of the Copenhagen School it has focused on how the EU relates to its enclaves in terms of security. More specifically its aim was to uncover if a securitization of the enclaves had been initiated by the EU, the nature of the process and whether the securitization has been successful. The area of threat was recognized as immigration or specifically illegal immigration through the enclaves. The study was conducted using a qualitative text analysis, the Anglo-Saxon direction of discourse analysis found in the writings of Chantal Mouffe and Ernesto Laclau. The material consisted of EU official documents relating to the enclaves. The discourse analysis was conducted by the deconstruction of the discourse using concepts like nodal points, floating signifiers and the search for temporary closure of discourse. The analysis uncovered the securitizing move, the referent object and an audience acceptance of the threat. This has led to the legitimization of unconventional measures and the realization of the securitization of the enclaves.

The study is a qualitative study that aims to examine how foreign-born parents affect second-generation immigrants choice of form of housing and residential areas and what differences there are between Swedish native-born and foreign-born parents. The study also examines how ethnicity affects young adults' choice of housing and residential area and the importance of second-generation immigrants attitudes towards segregated areas in the future have. The study focuses on the residential neighbourhoods of Sätra located in Gävle and Vivalla located in Örebro. Both neighbourhoods are million program areas but in different ways. The data collection consisted of ten people, five women and five men. The method asked specific questions and then interviewees spoke about themselves and how they perceive housing segregation. The selection has been made strategically thus the people that have been interviewed are born in Sweden and have parents that are born abroad. Also all of the interviewed individuals live in segregated areas. There is a lot of prejudice in the media and the public about segregation and the vulnerability of segregated areas. The results shows five women and five men’s own experiences and thoughts about living in segregated residential areas, having foreign- born parents, how both have affected them and their views of ethnic segregation. / Undersökningen är en kvalitativ studie där intervjuer kommer göras för att jag somforskare ska kunna befinna mig i den sociala miljön som analyseras. Studien syftar tillatt granska hur utlandsfödda föräldrar påverkar andra generationens invandrares val avbostadsform och bostadsområde samt vilka skillnader det finns mellan inlandsfödda ochutlandsfödda föräldrar. Samt hur etnicitet påverkar unga vuxnas val av bostadsform ochbostadsområde och vilken betydelse andra generationens invandrares inställning tillboendesegregerade områden i framtiden har. För att utföra arbetet har en fallstudieanvänts. Anledningen till att en fallstudie har använts är för att arbetet ska utföras underen tidsbegränsad period. I studien ligger fokus på bostadsområdena Sätra och Vivalla,det dessa två områden har gemensamt är att de är segregerade på olika sätt och ärmiljonprogramsområden. Datainsamlingen bestod av tio personer, fem kvinnor och femmän. I studien tas intervjupersonernas erfarenheter, tankar och upplevelser med ochmetoden går ut på att ställa bestämd frågor och sedan har intervjupersonerna fått pratautifrån sig själva och hur de själva upplever ämnet. Urvalet är strategiskt, detintervjupersonerna har gemensamt är att de själva är födda i Sverige och harutlandsfödda föräldrar från olika länder samt bor i segregerade områden. Detförekommer mycket fördomar av media och människor utifrån på grund avsegregationen och utsattheten som råder i områdena. Resultatet visar fem kvinnor ochfem mäns egna erfarenheter, upplevelser och tankar av att bo i bostadsområdena och attha utlandsfödda föräldrar, hur det har påverkat dem och hur de ser på den etniskaboendesegregationen.

Labour Migration of the Hawan Ha Clan Mongghul to Aksu in Xinjiang Abstract: The current work focuses on the ongoing labour migration of the Mongghul Ha Clan from Hawan, Gansu Province to Aksu in southern Xinjiang. It presents the motivation for the migration, and examines the social, economic and cultural changes the migration has catalyzed. Impacts on local Uyghur engendered by in-migrants are discussed. The work also features an overview and a generalization of the contemporary labour migration in China and Xinjiang in particular. Interviews with migrants are transcribed in Mongghul and translated to English and serve as an important source for the work.

No description available.

Sweden has once been an emigration country, but as the years went by and as the world is in constant change, it turned into an immigration country. One of the most debated questions politically and economically is the employment gap between immigrants and natives. The available studies have mainly described the employment gap between immigrants and natives by human capital factors and discrimination on the labour market. The goal of this paper is to discover the correlation between the local factors and the employment gap between European, non-European immigrants and natives, on municipality level while controlling for education level and gender. Using data from Statistics Sweden and SKR, and an OLS multiple linear regression, we could capture this effect. The local factors studied are the unemployment rate, share of immigrants, share of low-skilled jobs and the size of the municipality. The overall results suggest that the region of birth does have an impact on the employment gap between immigrants and natives, where the biggest gap is between the non-European immigrants and the natives, which is in line with previous studies. Furthermore, both Europeans’ and non-Europeans’ employment rate is mostly correlated with the municipality size followed by the local unemployment rate. Taking the limitations of this paper into account, these results are only an indication and further studies need to be made to further insure the correlation between the local factors and the employment rate.

Les granitoïdes associés aux skarn à Cu-Pb-Zn et au W, dérivent, respectivement, de la fusion partiellede roches mafiques à amphiboles dans la croute inférieure et de roches métas-édimentaires riches enmuscovite dans la croute moyenne-supérieure. Ces sources fertiles mobilisées pour la formation de cesplutons a permis la formation de gisements à Cu-Pb-Zn, et W au cours du Jurassique moyen. L’originedans la croûte moyenne de la granodiorite de Tongshanling, associée aux minéralisations à Cu-Pb-Zn, aété montrée par l’étude des enclaves microgranulaires dioritiques qui sont des restites remaniées issuesde la fusion partielle des amphibolites de la croûte inférieure. Le Cu et le Zn associées à ces plutons sontprobablement issus de la croûte inférieure et ces métaux ont probablement étés remobilisés au cours dela fusion partielle. Le Pb issue de la croute supérieur a été collecté lors de l’ascension du magma qui adonné la granodiorite. Lors de leur mise en place ces granitoïdes ont exprimé leur potentielminéralisateur. L’étude structural montre que la géométrie des corps minéralisés et en lien avec ladéformation induite par la mise en place des plutons. Les différentes expressions de la minéralisationdans le district à Cu-Mo-Pb-Zn-Ag de Tongshanling sont génétiquement lié à l’hydrothermalisme et à sonévolution lors du développement du skarn. Le granite de Weijia a cristallisé à partir d’un magma saturéen eau et riche en Fluor. Les facteurs qui ont contrôlé la formation de ce skarn magnésien riche en W,suppose l’existence d’une source enrichie en W dans les sources métasédimentaires et d’un magmariche en Fluor très différentia par cristallisation fractionnée. / The Middle-Late Jurassic Cu-Pb-Zn-bearing and W-bearing granitoids in the Nanling Range were mainlyderived from non-simultaneous partial melting of the mafic amphibolitic rocks in the lower crust and themuscovite-rich metasedimentary rocks in the upper-middle crust, respectively. The fertile sources in theNanling Range are beneficial to the formation of Cu-Pb-Zn and W deposits during Middle-Late Jurassic.The lower-crust origin of the Cu-Pb-Zn-bearing granodiorites is further demonstrated by the dioriticmicrogranular enclaves in the Tongshanling granodiorite which are reworked restite enclaves derivedfrom partial melting of the mafic amphibolitic source. The Cu and Zn associated with these intrusionswere most probably released from the mafic amphibolitic lower crust by partial melting, whereas, Pb wasextracted from the upper crust by ascending granodioritic magmas. The emplacement of these orebearinggranitoid magmas may have a structural connection with the subsequent polymetallicmineralization in some way. For instance, the exoskarn and sulfide-quartz veins in the Tongshanling Cu-Pb-Zn deposit are evidently controlled by magma emplacement-induced wall-rock deformation. Thedifferent mineralization types and ore deposits in the Tongshanling Cu-Mo-Pb-Zn-Ag ore district aregenetically linked together in the same skarn system as the productions of evolution and zonation. TheWeijia granite was crystallized from a F-rich and water-saturated magma. The key factors controlling theoccurrence of unusual magnesian skarn W mineralization during Late Jurassic in the Nanling Rangemainly include a W enriched metasedimentary source, a fluorine-rich magma, a strong crystalfractionation, and a fluorine-rich hydrosaline melt