Background: Addiction is a serious problem in the world, Sweden included. This disease can affect anyone, regardless of gender and age. People with addiction, like the rest of the population, are entitled to respectful encounters in healthcare. However, research about encounters with patients suffering from addiction is limited and research about the possible impact of the patient's gender in this process – according to our knowledge – has not yet been published. Aim: The aim of the present study was to describe nurses' experience about the eventual gender specific encounter of patients in addiction care units. Method: Data was assessed by nine semi-structured interviews which were analysed with qualitative content analysis. Results: The result was presented in two categories; to encounter patients regardless of their gender and to encounter patients according to their gender. The two categories consisted of several subcategories that emphasized the importance of a professional caring encounter, how patients were encountered according to individual differences and how the encounter was affected by whether the patient was a woman, man or without defined gender. Conclusion: Nurses felt that professional encounter was important in addiction care. Their intention was to treat patients alike, however the study revealed some differences in encountering process that could be linked to the patient's gender.

This thesis sought to rebuild part of a rural culture, herein referred to as culture of violence from the historical narrative of the lifestyles and perceptions the inhabitants of remote regions in the region of the valleys around the Araguaia and Tocantins Rivers, a region consisting of the current state of Tocantins, former northern Goias, southern Pará and Maranhão, between 1830 and 1930. The historical representation woven into my narrative holds that that lifestyle and its representations, built by the rural folk at that time and in that space, are violent as a rule. This is the result of specific learning picked up through exposure to violence and such learning is embedded in the social memory of this region, and even in periods of relative tranquility this memory is brought to life by its inhabitants as required and in accordance with the interests of the individuals involved, which engenders and encourages new rounds of violence which, as a whole, have built a culture of violence. / A presente tese pretendeu reconstruir parte de uma cultura sertaneja, denominada aqui de cultura da violência a partir da historicização das maneiras de viver e de sentir o viver dos sertanejos na Região dos Vales dos Rios Araguaia e Tocantins, região constituída pelo atual Estado do Tocantins, antigo norte de Goiás, sul do Pará, e sul do Maranhão entre os anos de 1830 e 1930. A representação historiadora que construí por meio de minha narrativa defende que esse viver e suas representações, construídos pelos sertanejos nesse tempo e nesse espaço, em regra, são violentos, isso por ser o resultado de um aprendizado específico a partir de experiências com a violência e que tal aprendizado está incrustado na memória social dessa região, essa memória sendo reativada até mesmo nos períodos de relativa tranquilidade pelos seus habitantes sempre que necessário e de acordo com os interesses dos sujeitos envolvidos nessa reativação, o que engendra e fomenta novos ciclos de violência e que, em seu conjunto, construiu uma cultura de violência. / Doutor em História

abstract: Police departments have perceived improved citizen behavior to be a benefit of body-worn cameras (BWC) since their implementation. Often referred to as a civilizing effect, the idea that citizens will become calmer when they know that they are being recorded by an officer is rooted in deterrence theory and self-awareness theory. Deterrence theory states that people will behave properly when they believe punishment will be swift, certain, and severe, while self-awareness theory states that individuals cognizant of their place in society model their actions based on social norms. The presence of a BWC, though, does not guarantee that the citizen is aware they are being recorded. Citizen awareness of the BWC and activation of the BWC are necessary pre-conditions to improved behavior. Current evidence is mixed regarding if BWCs are a catalyst for improved citizen behavior, which is typically measured through reductions in use of force by police and citizen complaints. Using data collected through systematic social observation during police ride-alongs, the author will seek to determine: 1) How often BWCs are activated in police-citizen encounters, 2) How often citizens are aware of BWCs in these encounters, 3) How often citizen behavior changes positively following BWC awareness, and 4) How often citizen behavior changes independent of BWC awareness. This study expands on current research by examining the civilizing effect of BWCs from a transactional standpoint and how citizen behavior changes within an officer-citizen encounter, rather than using a post-interaction metric such as use of force. Despite high BWC activation compliance among the officers within this study, no evidence was found for BWCs having a civilizing effect as the pre-condition of citizen awareness was rarely satisfied. These results could shape policies within departments implementing BWCs hoping to improve officer safety and community relations. Mandatory notification would satisfy the pre-condition of citizen awareness, allowing for the BWC to potentially have a civilizing effect. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Criminology and Criminal Justice 2020

The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experiences of Hong Kong students regarding their experiential encounters and interactions in the natural environment on Vancouver Island and attempt to discover what impact these experiences had on their process of adapting to a new culture. Three participants took part in an unstructured interview session where they shared their personal outdoor stories spanning their life in Hong Kong and in Canada. This was joined with a photo elicitation task to help recall and gain further in-depth insights into their outdoor narratives. The transcripts that resulted, where analysed using inquiry justifications, personal, practical and social (Lindsay & Schwind, 2016). The resulting themes were cultural adaption through socialization, exploration and stability, experiences in nature and access to nature. This study contributes the unique voice of students from Hong Kong and their experiences with nature in Canada and how it has affected their cultural adaption. / Graduate

The dissertation proposes a Community Creativity Facility in the Cultural Precinct in the lower Central Business District (CBD) of Pretoria. The client, Tshwane Leadership Foundation (TLF) and its affiliate, the School of Creative Arts (SCA), require a facility that caters for the visual arts within Pretoria’s city centre that uplifts its users on a socio-economic level. Furthermore, an arts facility in the lower CBD is absent and can contribute to inner-city activation. The dissertation investigates how a relationship can be established between the visual arts and Pretoria’s inner city community and city users. The building intends on fostering an arts appreciation and relationship through exposure, education and skills development. It seeks to educate people on the relevance and contribution of art. This will be investigated by analysing the role that art museums and galleries currently hold - the perceptions attached to them. The theory and the concept, which encourage active participation and interactivity, will inform the design of the building. The urban framework, the site analysis and the precedent studies also inform the dissertation. The design is primarily form-driven, as it was realised that the ground floor – the public realm – is the most important drawcard in exposing people to art. Thus, the spatial manipulation of the ground floor resulted in a public square that encourages exposure to art, accidental/impromptu encounters and informal activities to occur. The treatment of surface planes was also approached to allow for visual and physical connections. Commercial, educational and leisure programs were combined into a single building as a mixed-use building can further encourage exposure to art. As the building intends on facilitating creativity and creating spaces that are inclusive for its users, the design development explored this extensively through hand drawings, 3D modeling, concept models and computer generated drawings. Copyright 2011, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Philippou, A 2011, A community creativity facility : encouraging a public interface with art, MArch(Prof) dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-12012011-112138 / > C12/4/27/gm / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Architecture / unrestricted

Bakgrund: Aggression mot vårdare är ett bestående problem inom vården. Vid vård- ochomsorgboende har var femte vårdare utsatts för hot och våld av brukarna. En vanlig orsaktill aggressivt beteende är en bakomliggande kognitiv svikt, vilket är vanligt förekommandeinom äldrevården. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att belysa vårdares erfarenhet att vårda aggressiva brukare ochhur det påverkar bemötandet. Metod: En sekundäranalys genomfördes baserat på semistrukturerade interjuver med 20vuxna kvinnor, anställda på sjukhem som varit exponerade för en våldsam situation. Enkvalitativ innehållsanalys med en induktiv ansats nyttjades. Resultat: Analysen av intervjuerna resulterade i fyra huvudkategorier: Försöka hanteravåldet, Bli ursäktande, Resignera och Vända sig till arbetsgruppen. Resultatet visade attvårdarna skapade egna uppfattningar om brukarnas beteenden och spred dessa tillarbetsgruppen. Dessa uppfattningar lede till formulerandet av avdelningsnormer kring hurspecifika brukare skulle hanteras och bemötas. Vårdarna hade vant sig med brukarnasaggression, således hade våldet normaliserats. Konklusion: Betydelsen av att kontinuerligt exponeras för aggressivt beteende kanpotentiellt leda till att vårdarna utvecklar compassion fatigue till brukaren och yrket samtnegligerar brukarnas psykosociala behov. När dessa interjuver genomfördes varpersoncentread vård inte den vedertagna normen, men ur ett historiskt perspektiv kan detmöjligen skådas en framväxt av detta tankesätt. / Background: Aggression against caregivers is a persistent problem within the healthcare. Especially regarding care and nursing homes, with one out five employees having beenexposed to threats and violence from residents. A common underlaying cause foraggressive behaviour is the presence of cognitive impairment, commonly present innursing homes. Aim: of the study was to illustrate caregivers experience to care foraggressive residents and how it effects encounters. Method: A secondary analysis was conducted based upon semi structured interviews with20 adult women, employed at a nursing home and having been exposed to a violentsituation. A qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach was used. Results: Analysis of the interviews produced four main categories: Attempting to managethe violence, Excusing, Compile and Discussion with colleagues. It was found thatcaregivers possessed interpersonal perceptions about residents, which were shared amongand between colleagues. In turn this led to formation of norms and conducts concerningcertain residents. Caregivers had grown accustomed to the aggressive behaviour, thusnormalizing the violence. Conclusion: The effect of prolonged exposure to aggressive behaviour could potentiallyresult in development of compassion fatigue and neglect towards residents.Retrospectively the historic emergence of person-centred care could possibly be observedin the data.

The purpose of this study was to explore nurse-patient encounters from the perspective of the Home Healthcare Registered Nurse. A qualitative descriptive design was used to collect data from a purposive sample of 20 home healthcare registered nurses from Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island currently or previously employed as a home healthcare nurse. Four themes and one interconnecting theme emerged from the data: Objective Language; Navigating the Unknown; Mitigating Risk; Looking for Reciprocality in the Encounter; and the interconnecting theme of Acknowledging Not All Nurse-Patient Encounters Go Well. One goal of the study was to propose an empirically informed definition of what constituted a difficult encounter. An important early finding was that the terms difficult patient and difficult encounter were not generally used by study participants. HHC RNs voiced a preference for objective and nonjudgmental language to communicate outcomes of nurse-patient encounters. Three types of HHC RN-patient interactions emerged from the data, with constructive encounters the norm and non-constructive or destructive encounters less frequent. A constructive encounter is when two or more human beings, the nurse on the one side, and the patient, caregiver, or both on the other, interact to achieve a mutually agreed upon outcome. A nonconstructive encounter is when one or more human beings obstruct efforts to achieve at least one positive outcome. A destructive encounter is when one or more human beings direct anger at or physically aggress toward another human being. Strategies to promote reciprocality are routinely employed during HHC RN-patient encounters, but HHC RNs who miss cues that a strategy is ineffective or failed may be at risk in the home. Study data lend support to key concepts, assumptions, and propositions of Travelbee’s (1971) Human-to-Human Relationship Model. Study results provide a foundation for further research to increase the understanding, recognition, and development of empirically derived responses to non-constructive or destructive encounters such that HHC RNs are safe and best able to meet patients’ healthcare needs.

This dissertation explores multiple episodes of interaction between Ethiopians and Europeans throughout the early modern era. After overviewing the Ethiopian exploration of Europe in the 15th century and the first Catholic attempts to reconnect to the Ethiopian Church at the turn of the 16th century, it focuses on the Ethio-Lusophone encounter by considering the emergence of Ethiopian studies in early modern Lisbon, the Portuguese military intervention in the Ethiopian-Adal War (1529-1543) and the Jesuit mission to Ethiopia (1555-1632). This dissertation argues that in the context of the early-modern Ethio-European encounter, faith trumped skin color in the discourse on sameness and otherness: throughout the 15th and 16th centuries Europeans and Ethiopians perceived each other as belonging to the same Christian world and collaborated to defy the perceived Muslim threat. Starting in the late 16th century however, Counter-Reformation Catholicism and Jesuit proselytism transformed Ethiopians into others, and--in Ethiopian eyes--Europeans became a threat. The Jesuit mission engendered an era of turmoil that crippled both the Ethio-European encounter and the Ethiopian monarchy: in its aftermath, the Ethiopian elites maintained a policy of isolation from Europe, barred Europeans from entering their country and redirected their attention to the Muslim societies of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean basins. / History

Background: Endometriosis is a common disease that affects approximately 10 % of people born with a uterus. The most common and noticeable symptom of endometriosis is pain. Symptoms usually occur in adolescence and can be lifelong, but often subside with menopause. Aim: To describe how women with endometriosis experience health care encounters Method: A literature-based study was used to obtain an enhanced understanding of the phenomenon. Nine qualitative articles and one mixed method article were analyzed. Results: Two main themes were identified; The theme relinquishing power to external sources describes the vulnerability and objectification experienced by women during healthcare encounters. Conversely, trust can be established if the women feel acknowledged and validated. The theme being stigmatized describes how women experience stigmatization and a lack of credibility in their interactions with healthcare professionals, resulting in a sense of distrust. Conclusion: In order to improve healthcare experience for women with endometriosis nurses must address the issues of vulnerability, objectification, stigmatization, and lack of credibility these women encounter. By applying the core competencies, the nurse enables the fulfillment of nursing needs for women with endometriosis.

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