<p>Syfte med litteraturstudien var att beskriva bemötande av äldre människor inom vården utifrån de äldre vårdtagarnas, vårdgivarnas, observatörernas/anhörigas perspektiv. I en av dessa tre perspektiv representerade anhöriga tillsammans med observatörerna ett gemensamt perspektiv. En litteraturstudie gjordes och sexton vetenskapliga artiklar granskades och analyserades. Joyce Travelbee’s omsorgsteori (Interaktionsteori) var den teoretiska referensramen för studien. Resultatet visade att vårdgivarnas tillvaratagande av den äldre vårdtagarens autonomi bidrog påtagligt till upplevelsen av bemötandet, vårdtagarna uttryckte denna aspekt tydligast. Personalbrist var ett inbyggt fel i organisationen som påverkade bemötande. Alla tre perspektiv uttryckte detta problem tydligt. Vårdgivarnas egen förmåga att organisera och prioritera var av betydelse för upplevelsen av bemötande. Bemötandet påverkades när den äldre vårdtagarens önskemål nedprioriterades för rutiner. Nivån på vårdgivarnas empatiska förmåga påverkade upplevelsen av bemötandets kvalitet på olika sätt. Vården upplevdes som trygg när vårdgivare hade hög empatisk förmåga. Sammanfattningsvis var upplevelsen av bemötande att det var en förmåga till lyhördhet och en vilja att kommunicera, utförandet av dessa var i sin tur beroende av tid, personliga värderingar och invant beteende.</p>

<p>Only in primates is permanent male-female association the most widespread social structure of all. The continuous presence of resident males in the social group can have significant impacts on female fitness, both in forms of costs and benefits. In this study I investigate particular short-term benefits and costs of resident males to females in a population of ursine colobus (<em>Colobus vellerosus</em>). I hypothesise that for females permanent association with males result in certain benefits and certain costs, exceeding those provided or imposed by other females. The results indicate that female derive greater benefits from males than from females during intergroup encounters and in the form of vigilance since males were the main participants in intergroup encounter and were more vigilant than females. I could not confirm any type of behaviour employed by resident males that is costly to females. However, the rarity and subtleness of some costly male behaviours imply that more data is needed before making a conclusion on their absence or occurrence in this population and I purpose that herding behaviour could occur at my study site. Moreover, multi-male groups (MM-groups) showed higher rates of vigilance than single-male groups (SM-groups) and had a tendency to experiencing fewer intergroup encounters than SM-groups. I interpret the former as a result of the demanding social conditions in the MM-groups. The latter indicate that females may benefit from MM-group living through a decrease in intergroup encounters.</p>

BAKGRUND: Sverige har de senaste decennierna blivit ett multikulturellt samhälle. En god kommunikation är en viktig aspekt i omvårdnaden. Om patienten och sjuksköterska inte kan kommunicera med varandra, leder det till onödigt lidande för patienten och en påfrestande situation för sjuksköterskan. De kulturella aspekterna kan påverka kommunikationen och vårdmötet med patienter med annan kulturell bakgrund. Tidigare artiklar visar vikten av att sjuksköterskan har kunskap om andra kulturer. SYFTE: Syftet är att belysa hur sjuksköterskor upplever vårdmöten med patienter från annan kulturell bakgrund. METOD: En kvalitativ litteraturstudie togs fram för att få svar på studiens syfte. RESULTAT: Tre huvudteman framträdde: Kulturkompetensbrist, kommunikationssvårigheter samt kulturhinder i vårdmötet. Det största problemet som framkom grundades i språkbarriärer. Sjuksköterskorna i de inkluderade artiklarna utryckte att vården av patienterna påverkades negativt då patienten inte kunde tala språket. Sjuksköterskorna uttryckte även att de hade liten kunskap om patienternas kultur. KONKLUSION: Sjuksköterskorna behöver mer kunskap om andra kulturer, vara öppna inför patienten och visa respekt för andras tankar och värderingar. Dessutom behövs det mer forskning om kulturell kompetens och mer resurser i form av tolk samt anställning av fler sjuksköterskor bland annat med utländsk bakgrund. / BACKGROUND: Sweden has become a multicultural society the last decades. A good communication is an important aspect in nursing. If patient and nurse can‟t communicate with each other, it may lead to unnecessary suffering for the patient and a trying situation for the nurses. The cultural aspects can affect the encounter and the communication with a patient from a different culture. Earlier studies show the importance of knowledge about other cultures among the nurses. AIM: The purpose of the study is to describe nurses‟ experience in the encounter with patient from a different culture background. METHODS: A qualitative literature study is designed to find an answer to the purpose of the study. RESULTS: Three main categories were found; Culture competence acknowledges communication difficulties and cultural obstacle in the nursing encounter. The main problem in all the study was language barriers. Nurses experienced that they didn´t give the same individual care to those patient who couldn´t speak the language. Nurses also expressed that they had little knowledge about the patients‟ culture. CONCLUSION: The nurses need more knowledge about other cultures, be open-minded and show respect for others thoughts and values. It´s need for more research about cultural competence and more resources as nurses and translators and employment of more nurses with foreign background.

This thesis aims at exploring how probabilistic reasoning arises in explorative learning situations that are random in nature. The focus is especially on what learners with scant experience of formal theories of probability do and can do when dealing with compound random situations in which they are offered opportunities to integrate different probabilistic lines of reasoning. Three studies were carried out for the purpose of gaining an understanding of how learners’ probabilistic reasoning is organised and re-organised in explorative, random-dependent situations. In two of the studies 12 to 13 year-old students acted within a dice-game setting, which was based on the total of two dice. The third study examined 14 to 16 year-old students’ ways of dealing with ICT-versions of compound, independent events viewed in a random-dependent ramified structure. To uncover the basis and the content of the students’ reasoning, behaviour has been regarded in terms of intentions. That is, to understand and make sense of the students’ reasoning, their activities have been matched and re-matched with conjectures about their intents to fulfil certain goals. Although the students were acting on the same learning material, the analyses revealed various kinds of probabilistic reasoning among the students. It has been argued that students’ various ways of dealing with chance encounters may be understood and explained with reference to the ways in which they interpret the learning situations. Thus, this thesis suggests that probabilistic reasoning takes form through a process of contextualisation, i.e. through a compound process where the cognitive activity oscillates between interpretations and reflections about context, the focal event and new information that comes into play. This thesis reveals that students, prior to instruction, are able to devise ideas of an underlying probability distribution in the case of compound random phenomena. The students bring into the discussion geometrical and numerical considerations, as well as arguments reflecting principles of the law of large numbers.

Syftet med studien var att beskriva hiv-positivas erfarenheter av möten med vårdpersonal i den allmänna sjukvården. Resultatet bygger på åtta respondenters upplevelser. De deltagande hade levt med hiv i allt ifrån tre till tjugotre år. Datainsamlingen skedde med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer. Resultatet visar att hiv-bärare har lågt förtroende för hur sekretessen handhas i allmänna vården. De upplever svårigheter i form av långa väntetider och nekad vård och behandling. Personer med hiv menar att vårdpersonal blir rädda, avståndstagande och undviker fysisk kontakt efter att de berättat om sin hiv-diagnos. Hiv-positiva uppfattar att personal i vården slösar med resurser och ägnar sig åt onödiga skyddsåtgärder. De beskriver en rädsla inför kontakt med allmänna vården. Positiva erfarenheter har varit relaterade till att hiv-bärare inte blivit särbehandlade eller utpekade på grund av sin sjukdom. Att vårdpersonal är förstående, öppensinnade och inte ställer konstiga frågor inger en trygghet hos hiv-bäraren. De uppskattar möten där informationen om blodsmittan tas med jämnmod utan att trigga igång någon negativ reaktion. / The aim of this study was to describe HIV-carriers’ experiences of encounters with caregivers in the public health care. The result is based on experiences of eight respondents. The participants had lived with HIV from three to twenty-three years. The data was collected by qualitative interviews. The results show that HIV-carriers have a low trust of the secrecy in the public health care. They experience resistance in form of long wait and of being denied care and treatment. People with HIV mean that caregivers get scared, distant and avoid physical contact after being told about the HIV-diagnosis. HIV-carriers experience that health care staff waste resources and devote themselves in unnecessary protective measures. They also describe afear of contact with the public health care. Positive experiences have by the HIV-positive been described as not being given any special treatment due to their illness. If the medical staff is understanding, open minded and don´t ask strange questions it infuses a sense of security. HIV-carriers appreciate encounters where the information about their blood-borne virus are being received with equanimity and does not trigger any negative reactions.

Syfte med litteraturstudien var att beskriva bemötande av äldre människor inom vården utifrån de äldre vårdtagarnas, vårdgivarnas, observatörernas/anhörigas perspektiv. I en av dessa tre perspektiv representerade anhöriga tillsammans med observatörerna ett gemensamt perspektiv. En litteraturstudie gjordes och sexton vetenskapliga artiklar granskades och analyserades. Joyce Travelbee’s omsorgsteori (Interaktionsteori) var den teoretiska referensramen för studien. Resultatet visade att vårdgivarnas tillvaratagande av den äldre vårdtagarens autonomi bidrog påtagligt till upplevelsen av bemötandet, vårdtagarna uttryckte denna aspekt tydligast. Personalbrist var ett inbyggt fel i organisationen som påverkade bemötande. Alla tre perspektiv uttryckte detta problem tydligt. Vårdgivarnas egen förmåga att organisera och prioritera var av betydelse för upplevelsen av bemötande. Bemötandet påverkades när den äldre vårdtagarens önskemål nedprioriterades för rutiner. Nivån på vårdgivarnas empatiska förmåga påverkade upplevelsen av bemötandets kvalitet på olika sätt. Vården upplevdes som trygg när vårdgivare hade hög empatisk förmåga. Sammanfattningsvis var upplevelsen av bemötande att det var en förmåga till lyhördhet och en vilja att kommunicera, utförandet av dessa var i sin tur beroende av tid, personliga värderingar och invant beteende.

Only in primates is permanent male-female association the most widespread social structure of all. The continuous presence of resident males in the social group can have significant impacts on female fitness, both in forms of costs and benefits. In this study I investigate particular short-term benefits and costs of resident males to females in a population of ursine colobus (Colobus vellerosus). I hypothesise that for females permanent association with males result in certain benefits and certain costs, exceeding those provided or imposed by other females. The results indicate that female derive greater benefits from males than from females during intergroup encounters and in the form of vigilance since males were the main participants in intergroup encounter and were more vigilant than females. I could not confirm any type of behaviour employed by resident males that is costly to females. However, the rarity and subtleness of some costly male behaviours imply that more data is needed before making a conclusion on their absence or occurrence in this population and I purpose that herding behaviour could occur at my study site. Moreover, multi-male groups (MM-groups) showed higher rates of vigilance than single-male groups (SM-groups) and had a tendency to experiencing fewer intergroup encounters than SM-groups. I interpret the former as a result of the demanding social conditions in the MM-groups. The latter indicate that females may benefit from MM-group living through a decrease in intergroup encounters.

This thesis investigates self-guiding sociopragmatic interactional principles (SIP) in communication and choice of linguistic strategies of politeness during service encounters in Turkish and English. To this end, two questionnaires were administered to 67 monolingual native speakers of English (ENS) by online administration and 85 monolingual native speakers of Turkish (TNS) by pen and paper administration who were all university students. Data were collected (1) by a SIP questionnaire to determine what principles are important in deciding what to say, and (2) by a linguistic strategies of politeness questionnaire (LSQ) to determine the strategies subjects would employ in conflict-generating service encounters. Three sociopragmatic interactional superprinciples were identified through factor analysis, namely (a) Tact (cost-benefit), (b) Relational Communicative Style, and (c) Task achievement. It has been found that face is of central value in communication and the key to the design of politeness and that its maintenance appears to be a prerequisite to adjusting communicative style and goal-orientation. Results indicate that the major differences between TNS and ENS were related to the principles of &amp / #8216 / sounding restrained&amp / #8217 / , &amp / #8216 / sounding humorous&amp / #8217 / , and &amp / #8216 / sounding warm and friendly&amp / #8217 / . The principles of &amp / #8216 / hinting&amp / #8217 / and &amp / #8216 / clarity&amp / #8217 / were not found as opposites for the TNS whereas they were in negative correlation for the ENS. Moreover, findings for the LSQ demonstrate that realization of self-goal was more important for TNS than ENS as reflected in conflict-maximizing linguistic strategy choice. The study underscores the need for a novel approach to politeness that incorporates SIPs choice of linguistic strategy.

This thesis explores We Two Together, the unique dual autobiography of the reformers Margaret and James Cousins. It places this rich text in the context of the first half of the twentieth century and demonstrates its value as a source for Irish, Indian, gender, and global history. It investigates how the Cousinses represent their efforts to create and maintain a companionate marriage over a lifetime, depict their work as activists for women’s suffrage, Indian nationalism, educational reform, and other causes, and recount the impact of cross-cultural encounters on their cosmopolitan lives. We Two Together provides insight into the lives of two extraordinary individuals as they witnessed and participated in several key social and political movements in Ireland and India. In bringing attention to this book, I hope that other historians will make use of it and that librarians will preserve the rare copies in their possession.

The purpose of my study was to find out about the newly arrived students’ views and perceptions of the Swedish high school, how this vision and perception looked like before they moved here, and if it has changed. I also wanted to find out how they perceived the meeting with the Swedish school, and if they believed that this meeting should or could be improved. In this study, I used a qualitative research method, the phenomenological method, in which I have used qualitative research interviews to collect the empirical data and detect patterns in my research. The theory I used is cultural encounters, and with it, I try to understand how people with different cultural backgrounds create interactions to work together in communities. I also wanted to understand how the students thought and acted, based on their cultural backgrounds. What I concluded was that in all, the newly arrived students’ views and perceptions of the Swedish school before they moved here was relatively positive. The views and perceptions of most of the students consist quite well with the ones they have today. But for those that it doesn’t, the explanations could be many. One of the reasons was how they hade been treated by the school, another was the lack of existence of Swedish speaking students, that forced the newly arrived ones to associate with the ones that spoke the same mother tongue. Also, the educational level seemed to be too low for some students. The treatment they all received looked similar, but some of the students mentioned that the Swedish school needed to develop the introduction classes so that the students with similar expertise could develop in the same rate. It is to be mentioned that the title of my research is a quote from one of the students I interviewed.