Em epidemiologia matemática, muitos modelos de propagação de doenças infecciosas em populações têm sido analisados matematicamente e aplicados para doenças específicas. Neste trabalho um modelo de propagação de dengue é analisado considerando-se diferentes hipóteses sobre o tamanho da população humana. Mais precisamente, estamos interessados em verificar o impacto das variações populacionais a longo prazo no cálculo do parâmetro Ro e no equilíbrio endêmico. Vamos discutir algumas ideias que nortearam o processo de definição do parâmetro Ro a partir da construção do Operador de Próxima Geração. Através de um estudo qualitativo do modelo matemático, obtivemos que o equilíbrio livre de doença é globalmente assintoticamente estável se Ro é menor ou igual a 1 e instável se Ro>1. Para Ro>1, a estabilidade global do equilíbrio endêmico é provada usando um critério geral para estabilidade orbital de órbitas periódicas associadas a sistemas autônomos não lineares de altas ordens e resultados da teoria de sistemas competitivos para equações diferenciais ordinárias. Também foi desenvolvida uma análise de sensibilidade do Ro e do equilíbrio endêmico com relação aos parâmetros do modelo de propagação. Diversos cenários foram simulados a partir dos índices de sensibilidade obtidos nesta análise. Os resultados demonstram que, de forma geral, o parâmetro Ro e o equilíbrio endêmico apresentam considerável sensibilidade a taxa de picadas do vetor e a taxa de mortalidade do vetor. / In mathematical epidemiology many models of spread of infectious diseases in populations have been analyzed mathematically and applied to specific diseases. In this work a dengue propagation model is analyzed considering different assumptions about the size of the human population. More precisely, we are interested to verify the impact of population long-term variations in the calculation of the parameter Ro and endemic equilibrium. We will discuss some ideas that guided the parameter setting process Ro from the construction of the Next Generation Operator. Through a qualitative study of the mathematical model, we found that the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable if Ro is less or equal than 1 and unstable if Ro> 1. For Ro> 1 the global stability of the endemic equilibrium is proved using a general criterion for orbital stability of periodic orbits associated with nonlinear autonomous systems of higher orders and results of the theory of competitive systems for ordinary differential equations. Also a sensitivity analysis of the Ro and the endemic equilibrium with respect to the parameters of the propagation model was developed. Several scenarios were simulated from the sensitivity index obtained in this analysis. The results demonstrate that in general the parameter Ro and the endemic equilibrium are the most sensitive to the vector biting rate and the vector mortality rate.

A batata-da-serra, Ipomoea serrana Sim.-Bianch. & L.V. Vasconcelos, é uma liana endêmica da Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, cuja raiz tuberosa e consumida por populações humanas ha muitos anos. Apesar da espécie, classificada como vulnerável pela IUCN (União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza), estar submetida à pressão antrópica devido à exploração de raízes tuberosas, para uso na alimentação, são raros os estudos com a espécie, razão pela qual e de grande importância conhecer a diversidade e estrutura genética da espécie. Estudos sobre diversidade e estrutura genética a partir de marcadores moleculares são importantes por fornecerem dados sobre impactos da exploração antrópica sobre as populações, podendo oferecer subsídio para planos de manejo e conservação de espécie. Cinco populações da Chapada Diamantina, constituindo um total de 142 indivíduos, foram investigados com quatro iniciadores Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR), resultando em 34 bandas, das quais 25 foram polimórficas. A analise dos parâmetros genéticos mostrou que as populações apresentam variabilidade moderada, com 73,8% de bandas polimórficas, 0,264 de índice de diversidade de Nei e 0,389 de índice de Shannon (valores médios). A maior parte da variação ocorreu dentro das populações (77%), estimado pela analise de variância molecular (AMOVA), enquanto que a variação entre populações foi de 23%, o que corroborou os resultados de estruturação obtidos pelo programa Structure, analise de coordenadas principais (PCoA) e agrupamento estimado pelo método Neighbor-Joining, a partir do coeficiente de dissimilaridade de Jaccard. A analise Bayesiana separou os indivíduos em quatro grupos, sendo que as populações Andaraí e Capão foram alocadas em grupos distintos, enquanto as outras três populações compartilharam indivíduos distribuídos em outros dois grupos. Este estudo, por seu caráter pioneiro com relação aos marcadores moleculares, constituiu o primeiro passo para o conhecimento da diversidade genética da espécie. Estudos futuros poderão ampliar o conhecimento sobre a espécie podendo oferecer subsidio para a elaboração de um plano de manejo para esta espécie que tem sido explorada na região. / batata-da-serra, Ipomoea serrana Sim.-Bianchi. & L.V. Vasconcelos, is an endemic liana from the Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, whose tuberous roots have been consumed by human populations for many years. Although the species, classified as vulnerable by the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), is subject to anthropic pressure due to the exploration of tuberous roots for food consumption, few studies have been conducted on the species, which is why it is of great importance to know the diversity and genetic structure of the species. Studies on genetic diversity and structure with molecular markers are important for providing data on the impacts of anthropogenic exploitation and can be useful for the species management and conservation. Five populations of Chapada Diamantina, consisting a total of 142 individuals were studied with four ISSR primers, resulting in 34 bands, 25 of which were polymorphic. The genetic diversity analysis showed that populations have a moderate variability, with 73.8% of polymorphic bands, Nei\'s unbiased gene diversity (He) was 0.264; Shannon diversity index (I) was 0.389, average values. Most of the variation was within populations (77%), as estimated by the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), whereas the variation between populations was 23% of the total, which corroborated the results of program Structure, principal co-ordinate analysis (PcoA) and cluster analyses, using the Neighbor-Joining method, and the dissimilarity coefficient of Jaccard. The Bayesian analysis separated the individuals into four groups, with populations Andarai and Capao allocated into different groups, while the other three populations shared individuals in two other groups. Considering the pioneering characteristic of this study at the molecular level, it represents the first step towards the knowledge on the genetic diversity of the species. Future studies will increase the knowledge on the genetics of the species and may provide subsidy for the development of a management plan for a species that has been explored in the region.

This thesis focuses on the investigation of reef communities of the Saint Peter and Saint Paul´s Archipelago (SPSPA) across an euphotic/mesophotic depth gradient. Sampling was performed on shallow and mesophotic areas (0 to 90 m depth) using SCUBA and a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV). The present work is composed of four chapters: Chapter 1 deals with the quantitative assessment of reef fish communities, which were divided in three distinct communities associated with different depth strata. Clear shifts in habitat use and in size-frequency distributions were recorded for some species. Abundance of black-corals and depth were the most important factors affecting the structure of fish communities, with a clear association of fish with branching black-corals in the mesophotic zone. Chapter 2 presents the first detailed qualitative assessment of benthic communities of the SPSPA. The influence of biotic and abiotic variables shaping the structure of the benthic communities was evaluated. A total of 77 benthic taxa belonging to six major functional groups were recorded. Macroalgae was the richest group (41 infrageneric taxa), with 17 new records for the SPSPA. Turf algae were the most abundant group on both shallow and mesophotic reefs. Two distinct communities were detected: a shallow one composed primarily by the zoanthid Palythoa caribaeorum (Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1861), the fleshy alga Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskål) J. Agardh, crustose coralline algae (CCA) and Bryopsis spp., and another deeper community dominated by CCA, bryozoans and scleractinian corals. Abiotic variables were the most important predictors of benthic community structure. Chapter 3 brings information on abundance, distribution size and associated fauna (epibionts) of black-corals. Although two species of black-corals, Tanacetipathes hirta (Gray, 1857) and T. thamnea (Warner, 1981), are known to occur in the SPSPA, they are undistinguishable underwater. Epibiosis, mainly by zoanthids and entanglement by fishing monofilament were important factors negatively affecting the health of black-coral colonies. Black-corals were intensively used as refuge by reef fish, especially by the endemic oblique butterflyfish Prognathodes obliquus (Chaetodontidae). A single black-coral colony repeatedly visited and monitored for ten years showed a decrease in vitality since the first observation, mainly related to fouling by algal detritus and entanglement by fishing monofilaments. Chapter 4 discusses the ecology (abundance, distribution and habitat preferences) of the fireworm Hermodice carunculata, a major predator on mesophotic zone of SPSPA. A total of 278 individuals of bearded fireworm were observed, with significant difference in abundance between euphotic and mesophotic zones. A direct association of H. carunculata with black-corals (Tanacetipathes spp.), the scleractinian Madracis decactis and depth was found. A final session with concluding remarks wraps up information on the ecology of Mesophotic Reef Ecosystems highlighting their possible importance for the stability and persistence of reef fish and benthic communities of the SPSPA, which are under threat of overfishing and climate change, thus requiring urgent protective measures. / O tema central desta tese é estudar a ecologia de comunidades recifais ao longo do gradiente de profundidade no Arquipélago São Pedro e São Paulo (ASPSP), com ênfase nos Ecossistemas Recifais Mesofóticos (ERMs). As amostragens foram realizadas da superfície até a zona mesofótica (0 a 90 m de profundidade), utilizando SCUBA e Veículos Submersíveis de Operação Remota (VSORs). Esta tese é composta por quatro capítulos. No Capítulo 1 foi realizado uma avaliação quantitativa das comunidades de peixes, as quais formaram três comunidades distintas associadas aos diferentes estratos de profundidade e ao uso de diferentes hábitats de acordo com mudanças ontogenéticas (tamanho do corpo). Corais-negros e profundidade foram os fatores mais importantes na estruturação das comunidades de peixes, com uso intenso dos corais-negros por peixes na zona mesofótica. O Capítulo 2 apresenta a primeira avaliação qualitativa das comunidades bentônicas do ASPSP, além de uma avaliação da influência de variáveis bióticas e abióticas na estruturação das comunidades. Foram registrados 77 táxons bentônicos pertencentes a seis grupos. Macroalgas foi o grupo mais rico (41 táxons), com 17 novos registros para o ASPSP. Algas formadoras de tufos (turf) constituíram o grupo mais abundante em ambos os ambientes, eufótico e mesofótico. Foram observadas duas comunidades distintas: uma superficial composta principalmente pelo zoantídeo Palythoa caribaeorum, a pela alga Caulerpa racemosa carnuda, algas calcárias incrustantes (CCA) e Bryopsis spp, e outra mais profunda dominada por CCA, briozoários e corais escleractíneos. As variáveis abióticas, particularmente profundidade e luz, foram mais importantes na estrutura da comunidade bentônica. O Capítulo 3 traz informações sobre a abundância, distribuição, tamanho e vitalidade de corais-negros. Duas espécies de corais-negros, Tanacetipathes hirta (Gray, 1857) e T. thamnea (Warner, 1981), foram identificadas. Epibiose por zoantídeos e estrangulamento por monofilamentos afetaram negativamente as colônias de coral negro, uma delas monitorada durante dez anos. Esta última apresentou uma diminuição da vitalidade devido principalmente à presença de algas e estrangulamento por monofilamento. Corais-negros formam um grupo-chave na zona mesofótica do ASPSP, sendo intensamente utilizados como hábitat por diversos peixes recifais, principalmente espécies endêmicas (e.g., o peixe-borboleta Prognathodes obliquus). O Capítulo 4 aborda a ecologia do principal predador de invertebrados bentônicos na zona mesofótica do ASPSP, o verme-de-fogo Hermodice carunculata, descrevendo sua abundância e distribuição batimétrica e discutindo seu potencial em impactar as comunidades bentônicas, especialmente os corais escleractínios e os corais-negros na zona mesofótica do ASPSP. Observou-se um total de 278 indivíduos, com diferença significativa na abundância entre as zonas eufótica e mesofótica. Foi encontrada uma associação direta entre H. carunculata e 1) corais-negros (Tanacetipathes spp), 2) o coral escleractíneo Madracis decactis e 3) profundidade. Sugere-se aqui que os ecossistemas mesofóticos são essenciais para a estabilidade para as comunidades recifais eufóticas do ASPSP, tornando urgente a necessidade de novos estudos, principalmente com foco no potencial impacto da pesca e mudanças climáticas.

Do thermal barriers limit biotic composition and community similarity, potentially helping to shape biodiversity patterns at continental scales? Are environmental variables responsible for broad-scale patterns of species endemism? Are these patterns predictable? And, how can patterns of endemism can inform global conservation strategies? These are some of the questions that I attempted to answer during my doctoral research. In the first chapter, I tested one of the most contentious hypotheses in ecology: Do thermal barriers, which grow stronger along elevational gradients across tropical mountains, create a dispersal barrier to organisms and consequently contribute to the isolation and divergence of species assemblages? If so, do patterns potentially generated by this mechanism detectably relate to dissimilarity of biotic assemblages along altitudinal gradients across the mountains in the Americas? We found that mountain passes are not only higher in tropical realms, as initially thought by Janzen (1967), and extensively popularized and assumed in further research, but they are also present in temperate regions along the western coast of North America. We also found that the stronger the thermal barrier, the higher the dissimilarity between communities. However, the variance explained was low, suggesting thermal barriers play a minor role in creating and maintaining patterns of biodiversity. The second chapter raises the question of why are there more small-ranged species in some places than in others. I tested four macroecological hypotheses (H1: climate velocity; H2: climate seasonality; H3: climate distinctiveness or rarity; and, H4: spatial heterogeneity in contemporary climate, topography or habitat) to predict broad-scale patterns of species endemism, using a cross-continental validation approach. We found that there is no empirical reason, from the standpoint of model fitting, parameter estimates, and model validation, to claim that any of these hypotheses creates and maintains broad-scale patterns of endemism. Although we found statistically significant relationships, they failed stronger tests of a causal relationship, namely accurate prediction. That is, the hypotheses did not survive the test of cross-continental validation, failing to predict observed patterns of endemism. Climate velocity was dropped from some models, suggesting that early correlations in some places probably reflect collinearity with topography. The effect of richness on endemism was in some cases negligible, suggesting that patterns of endemism are not driven by the same variables as total richness. Despite low explained variance, spatial heterogeneity in potential evapotranspiration was the most consistent predictor in all models. The third chapter is aimed to evaluate the extent to which global protected areas (PAs) have included endemic species (species with small range size relative to the median range size). We measure the relative coverage of endemic species by overlapping species geographic ranges for amphibians, mammals, and birds, with the world database of PAs (1990-2016). Then we measure the rate of expansion of the global PA network and the rate of change in endemic species coverage. We found that ~30% of amphibian, ~6% of bird and ~10% of mammal endemic species are completely outside PAs. Most endemic species’ ranges intersect the PA network (amphibian species = 58%; birds = 83%; mammals = 86%), but it usually covers less than 50% of their geographic range. Almost 50% of species outside the PA network are considered threatened (critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable). We identified that ecoregions in tropical Andes, Mesoamerica, Pacific Islands (e.g., New Guinea, Solomon), Dry Chaco, and Atlantic forests are major conservation priorities areas. The historic rates of new PAs added every year to the network is between ~6,000 to ~15,000. In contrast, we found that rates of including endemic species within the PA network have been fairly slow. Historic data shows that every year, the entire geographic range of 3 (amphibians) to 6 (birds and mammals) endemic species is 100% included inside the PA network (amphibians = from 162 to 233; mammals = 10 to 84; and, amphibians = 16 to 99). Based on these trends, it is very unlikely PAs will include all endemic species (14% total endemic species, that is ~1,508 out of 11,274) currently outside the PA network by 2020. It will require five times the effort made in the last two decades. However, projections also showed that is very likely that some portions of the geographic ranges for all endemic birds and mammals, but not for all endemic amphibians, will be covered by the future PA network. I sum, I found that none of the hypotheses tested here can explain broad-scale patterns of total species richness and total species endemism. My main contribution on this research area is clearly rejecting these hypotheses from potential candidates that may explain biodiversity patterns. By removing them, we advance in this field and open possibilities to test new hypotheses and evaluate their mechanisms. I proposed that other drivers and mechanisms (whether biotic and biotic) acting at local scales, and escaping the detection of macroecological approaches, might be responsible for these patterns. Finally, in terms of conservation planning, I proposed that the international community has an opportunity to protect a great number of endemic species and their habitats before 2020, if they strategically create new PAs.

Utilisation de la métabonomique en spectroscopie RMN pour l'identification de biomarqueurs d'exposition à l'acide Aristolochique. Développement de modèles expérimentaux chez des rats mâles. Analyse d'échantillons urinaires provenant de patients croates potentiellement touchés par la Néphropathie endémique des Balkans / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The work dedicates the region of Podblanicko as an outdoor acivity of didactic territory. The description of five concrete excursions follows with a universal characterization of the region. The didactic part is worked by the author theoreticaly of the view of the General Educational Programme and extra concrete School Educational Programme. In the work, there is dedicated a special consideration to the concrete special didactics of individual excursions including author's writing of the working folio for the geological excursion. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Analysis of the flora of the Pondoland Centre of Endemism (PCE) recorded 2253 species in the combined checklist of four sites (Port St. Johns, Mkambati, Umtamvuna and Oribi Gorge). Of these 1 % species are endemic to Pondoland, representing 8.7% of the Species, 15% of the genera and 26% of the families of the combined flora. Forty-four percent ofthe combined flora was only recorded from one locality (between 17% and 26% of each flora) and only 12% of the flora was present in all four localities. Of the endemics only sixteen (8%) occurred in all four sites thus each site had its own complement of unique endemics and 21 % endemics were not recorded from any of the four sites. At species level the floras of Mkambati and Umtamvuna were the most similar, followed by that of Umtamvuna and Oribi Gorge. Port St Johns had the least in common with any of the othersites, but more in common with non-neighbours Umtamvuna and Oribi Gorge than with its nearest neighbour Mkambati. Mkambati and Umtamvuna had the largest proportion of PCE endemics and Port St Johns had the lowest. The four sites are quite similar at family level, sharing thirteen families in the top ten family list between them, but much less similar at generic level.

Submitted by Adriana Martinez (amartinez@unoeste.br) on 2017-04-13T13:08:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Joyce.pdf: 4759265 bytes, checksum: bb78309d25d0a4e014256471a2ec9124 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-13T13:08:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joyce.pdf: 4759265 bytes, checksum: bb78309d25d0a4e014256471a2ec9124 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-18 / Syphilis is an old sexually transmissible disease, with rising prevalence in Brazil. Considering socioeconomic, cultural and environmental aspects of Pontal do Paranapanema in São Paulo state, the present study aimed to evaluate the distribution of Syphilis in Pregnancy (SP) and Congenital Syphilis (CS) in the cities of this region of Pontal do Paranapanema and its vulnerability on the incidence of this disease from 2007 to 2013, as well as identify endemics regions and related factors. This research was performed in 4 stages: 1) data collection about cases of SP and CS and characteristics of individuals, from Sistema Nacional de Agravos e Notificação (SINAN); 2) Statistical analysis for comparison between incidence of SP and CS in Pontal do Paranapanema and Sao Paulo, using the T test (R software); 3) production of thematic maps using the SIG software; 4) identification the of endemic foci for SP and CS. Were identified 80 cases of SP and 61 cases of CS in the Pontal do Paranapanema. Cases of SP were statistically lower in Pontal in comparison to Sao Paulo; CS presented higher incidence in Pontal than Sao Paulo in 2007. Higher number of cases of SP and CS was observed during periods with higher temperature (summer and late spring) suggesting a seasonality of notifications of cases of syphilis. The production of thematic graphs enabled the identification of regions of SP underreporting in the Pontal cities. The situation of syphilis treatment in Brazil is preoccupying, being necessary production of studies with pregnant woman and newborn stricken by this infection, once that the underreporting of cases is high. Facing that the present data can guide posteriors health actions at the region, in order to improve the habitants wellbeing, economy costs with treatment, as well as increasing of regional development indicators, once that can help to decrease rates of infant mortality. / A sífilis é uma doença sexualmente transmissível antiga com crescente prevalência no Brasil. Levando em consideração as características socioeconômicas, culturais e ambientas do Pontal do Paranapanema no Estado de São Paulo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a distribuição espacial da Sífilis na Gestação (SG) e Sífilis Congênita (SC) nos municípios do Pontal do Paranapanema entre 2007 e 2013, bem como identificar regiões endêmicas e fatores relacionados. A pesquisa foi realizada em 4 etapas: 1) coleta dos dados sobre casos de SC e SG e características dos indivíduos notificados a partir do Sistema Nacional de Agravos e Notificação (SINAN); 2) análises estatísticas para comparação entre as taxas de incidência de SC e SG no Pontal do Paranapanema e em São Paulo, a partir do teste T (software R); 3) produção dos mapas temáticos em softwares de Sistema de Informação Geográfica; e 4) identificação de focos endêmicos de SG e SC no Pontal do Paranapanema. Foram identificados 80 casos de SG e 61 casos de SC no Pontal. Os casos de SG foram estatisticamente menores quando comparados ao Estado de São Paulo; e a SC apresentou incidência maior que o estado em 2007. Foi observado maior número de casos de SG e SC durante períodos mais quentes do ano (primavera e verão), o que sugeriu uma sazonalidade nos casos de sífilis. A produção de mapas temáticos possibilitou a identificação de regiões de subnotificação de SG nos municípios do Pontal. A situação de tratamento da sífilis no Brasil é preocupante, fazendo-se importante a realização de estudos com gestantes e recém-nascidos acometidos por essa doença, uma vez que os índices de subnotificação ainda são altos. Conclui-se que os resultados do presente estudo poderão auxiliar em posteriores ações de saúde pública na região, a fim de melhorar a qualidade de vida da população, a economia de gastos com o tratamento, bem como o aumento de indicadores de desenvolvimento regional, uma vez que poderá auxiliar a minimizar taxas de morbimortalidade infantil.

MSCAGR / Department of Plant Production

Einleitung Die Frühsommer-Meningoenzephalitis (FSME) zählt europaweit zu den bedeutendsten Zecken-übertragenen Krankheiten und ist verantwortlich für mehrere tausend Tote jedes Jahr. Hauptüberträger in Zentraleuropa ist Ixodes ricinus, der Gemeine Holzbock. In Deutschland konzentrieren sich die humanen Fälle vorrangig auf Süddeutschland mit anteilig 83,8% der Fälle, wobei anhand einer Falldefinition, die sich auf humane Meldedaten stützt, Risikogebiete definiert werden. Dabei wird ein Landkreis dann als Risikogebiet gewertet, wenn in einem Fünf-Jahresintervall die Inzidenz von einem Fall pro 100.000 Einwohnern pro Jahr überschritten wird. In Sachsen erscheint diese Risikoabschätzung erschwert, da hier nur wenige sporadische Fälle gemeldet werden. Jedoch wurde im April 2014 der Vogtlandkreis als erstes sächsisches Risikogebiet ernannt. Ziele der Untersuchungen Eine Risikobewertung, die sich alleine auf humane gemeldete Erkrankungsfälle stützt, erscheint überholt, weshalb schon in der Vergangenheit nach einem optimalen Sentineltier für Seroprävalenzstudien gesucht wurde. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurden zwei Veröffentlichungen angefertigt, in denen mithilfe von Seroprävalenzstudien bei Wildtieren und bei Hunden das Risiko für eine Infektion mit der FSME in Sachsen bewertet werden sollte. Materialien und Methoden In der ersten Veröffentlichung wurden 1.886 Wildtierseren, vorrangig von Wildschweinen, auf das Vorhandensein von Antikörpern gegen das FSMEV untersucht. Die zweite Veröffentlichung befasste sich mit 331 Seren von Hunden, die Sachsen in den letzten fünf Jahren nicht verlassen hatten. Für die Untersuchung wurde zunächst ein ELISA (Enzyme-linked-immunosorbent Assay) und zur Bestätigung der positiven Proben ein SNT (Serumneutralisationstest) durchgeführt. Ergebnisse Bei den Wildtierseren wurde eine Gesamtprävalenz von 10,5% ermittelt. Im aktuell ernannten Risikogebiet Vogtlandkreis wurden 20% seropositive Tiere gefunden, im Kreis Meißen sogar 23% flächendeckend nachgewiesen. Sieben der untersuchten Hundeseren waren positiv, wobei vier Tiere hiervon Hunde von Förstern waren. Die positiven Proben kamen aus den Landkreisen Mittelsachsen (1), Erzgebirgskreis(1), Leipziger Land (2) und Sächsische-Schweiz-Osterzgebirge (3). Schlussfolgerungen In ganz Sachsen konnten Antikörper gegen das FSMEV gefunden werden was auf ein flächendeckendes Vorkommen des Virus in Sachsen hinweist. Die Eignung von Wildtieren und Hunden als Sentinels wurde bestätigt. Die jeweiligen Vor- und Nachteile werden dargestellt. Eine stichprobenhafte Untersuchung auf FSME im Rahmen von Screeningprogrammen könnte auch zukünftig zur besseren Lokalisation von FSMEV-Naturherden in Sachsen beitragen. Weiterhin ungeklärt bleibt die Diskrepanz zwischen der hohen ermittelten Seroprävalenz bei den Wildtieren und den wenigen humanen gemeldeten Fällen. Auch die Hundestudie konnte hierzu keine weiteren Informationen liefern. Eine Impfung ist vor allem für Menschen sinnvoll, die sich im Vogtlandkreis aufhalten.:1 Einleitung 1 2 Literaturübersicht 2 2.1 Klassifikation, Taxonomie und geschichtlicher Hintergrund 2 2.2 Aufbau des FSMEV 4 2.3 Epidemiologie 5 2.4 Übertragungswege 8 2.4.1 Zeckenstich 8 2.4.2 Alimentärer Infektionsweg 10 2.5 Rolle verschiedener Spezies als Wirte der FSME 11 2.6 Pathogenese 13 2.7 Klinik beim Menschen 14 2.8 Klinik bei Tieren 15 2.8.1 Wild 15 2.8.2 Hund 15 2.8.3 Weitere Tierarten 17 Pferd 17 Mufflon 17 Affe 17 Ziege 17 2.9 Diagnose 18 2.10 Prävalenzstudien 20 2.10.1 Wild 20 2.10.2 Hund 21 2.10.3 Weitere Tierarten 22 Pferd 22 Mäuse 22 Zecken 22 Füchse 23 Ziegen 24 Schafe 24 Rinder 24 Vögel 25 2.11 Vorbeugung und Kontrolle 26 2.11.1 Impfung beim Menschen 26 2.11.2 Impfung bei Tieren 27 2.12 Sachsen 29 3 Veröffentlichung 1 30 4 Veröffentlichung 2 42 5 Gemeinsame Diskussion und Schlussfolgerung 55 6 Zusammenfassung 59 7 Summary 61 8 Referenzen 63 Literaturverzeichnis 63 Abbildungsverzeichnis 71 Tabellenverzeichnis 71 9 Danksagung 72