All cells and extracellular matrices of prokaryotes and eukaryotes are made up of glycans, the carbohydrate macromolecules that play a predominant role in cell-to-cell interaction, protection, stabilization, and barrier functions. Glycans are also central to human microbiome-host interactions where bacterial glycans are recognized by innate immune signaling pathways, and host mucins are a major nutrient source for various gut bacteria. Many microorganisms encode glycoside hydrolases (GHs) to utilize the available host cell surface glycans as a nutrient source and to modulate host protein function. The GHs are divided into families having conserved linkage specificity within each family and individual family members can be specific for dramatically divergent macromolecular substrates. In general, within a given GH family very few members have been biochemically characterized and the substrate specificity is poorly understood. GH genes are abundant in the human gut microbiome and culture-enriched metagenomics identified more than 10,000 distinct bacterial GH genes in an individual. The focus of this thesis is endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases (ENGases) encoded by GH18 and GH85 families. Bioinformatic analysis shows that the predicted proteins within each of these GH families fell into separate clusters in the Sequence Similarity Networks of each family. The hypothesis of this project is that human microbiome-encoded ENGases from the same GH family differ in their substrate specificities and within the SSN network of the same GH family, enzymes with similar substrate specificity may fall in the same cluster. In this work, I established conditions for overexpression of GH18 and GH85 proteins and investigated the activity of these enzymes on various substrates. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / All the cell surfaces of animals, plants, and microbes are coated with sugars, also known as glycans. These sugars on the cell surface act as a barrier and protect them from the external environment. Glycans on the cells of both microbes and humans are essential for basic interactions between them. Many bacteria produce enzymes such as glycoside hydrolases to obtain nutrients from dietary sugars and alter the sugars on host proteins. There are various families of these enzymes, and they act on specific sugars and cleavage sites. The substrate specificities and characterization of these enzymes from most bacteria found in the human microbiome have not been studied in detail. My work focuses on developing standard enzyme assays for determining specific substrate specificities. This tool can be used to reshape glycans and understand their role in cell processes.

No description available.

Contexte : La dystrophie endothéliale cornéenne de Fuchs (DECF) est une pathologie de l'endothélium cornéen (EC), la couche interne de la cornée. La protéine SLC4A11 est connue pour être mutée dans certaines formes de la DECF et la troisième boucle extracellulaire (EL3) de cette protéine est connue pour être en mesure de se lier à certaines protéines de la membrane basale de l'EC, la membrane de Descemet. Objectif : L'objectif de ce projet est d'analyser le rôle des intégrines et d'EL3 dans l'adhésion des cellules endothéliales cornéennes (CECs) à la membrane de Descemet. Méthode : Des CECs ont été mises en culture à partir de cornées natives. Leur profil d'expression d'intégrines a été étudié en exploitant la technique d'immunofluorescence indirecte. Des essais d'adhésion en présence d'anticorps anti-intégrines (a1 et a2b1; a3 et b1) ou d'un peptide bloquant (RGD) ont été réalisés sur des membranes de Descemet dévitalisées avec des CECs. Puisque l'expression de SLC4A11 est perdue en culture, les CECs ont dû être transfectées avec un plasmide d'EL3 avant les essais d'adhésion. L'efficacité de transfection a été déterminée par immunofluorescence. Des tests d'adhésions sur membrane de Descemet dévitalisées ont ensuite été réalisés avec les CECs. Résultats : Les CECs en culture primaire expriment les sous-unités d'intégrines a1, a2, a3, av, b1 et b5. L'utilisation d'anticorps spécifiques aux sous-unités d'intégrines a3 et b1 a résulté en une diminution de 58% de l'adhésion tandis que les essais avec a1 et a2b1 ainsi que le peptide RGD n'ont pas diminué leur adhésion à la membrane de Descemet. La transfection d'EL3 a permis son expression membranaire chez les CECs. La surexpression d'EL3 n'a pas augmenté l'adhésion des CECs à la membrane de Descemet. Conclusion : Les résultats suggèrent que les intégrines a3 et b1 sont importantes pour l'adhésion des CECs en culture primaire. En présence des intégrines, la boucle EL3 ne semble pas avoir un rôle majeur à jouer dans l'adhésion des CECs à la membrane de Descemet. Ces résultats remettent en question l'impact de mutations de la protéine SLC4A11 dans la perte d'adhésion des CECs à la membrane de Descemet. / Context: Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy is a corneal endothelium (CE) pathology, which can be caused by mutations of SLC4A11 proteins. The third extracellular loop (EL3) of SLC4A11 is already known to bind proteins present in the Descemet membrane (DM), which is the basal membrane of the CE. Objective: This project aims to analyze the role of integrins and EL3 in the adhesion of corneal endothelial cells (CECs) to the DM. Method: CECs were isolated from native corneas and cultured in vitro. Their integrin expression profile was determined using immunofluorescence staining. Adhesion assays using anti-integrin antibodies (a1 and a2b1; a3 and b1) or a blocking peptide (RGD) were done on decellularized DMs with CECs. Because of the loss of SLC4A11 expression in culture, EL3 was transfected in CECs before conducting adhesion assays. Efficiency of transfection was checked using immunostaining. Adhesion assays were done using transfected cells. Results: CECs in culture expressed the integrin subunits a1, a2, a3, av, b1 and b5. Blocking the adhesion of a3 and b1 subunits decreased adhesion of CECs by 58%. Blocking a1 subunits and a2b1integrin with antibodies or the RGD sequence did not change CEC adhesion to the DM. Transfection of EL3 increased its expression at the cell membrane. However, it did not change the adhesion of CECs to DM. Conclusion: Our results suggest that integrin subunits a3 and b1 are important for adhesion of CECs to the DM. In the presence of integrins, EL3 does not seem to play a major role in CECs adhesion to the DM. These results question the impact of mutations in the SLC4A11 protein in the loss of adhesion of CECs to the DM.

No / The tetracyclic nucleus of puupehenone, 15-oxopuupehenol and other sesquiterpene¿phenol natural products can be assembled stereoselectively in three steps, the last of these being the 6-endo-trig cyclisation of an alpha-keto radical generated from a substituted 2-(2-cyclohexenyl)ethyl 3-bromo-4-chromanone under metal-free conditions. / EPSRC

Le stress oxydatif peut provenir de sources exogènes comme les UVA ou de sources endogènes comme la chaîne respiratoire (OXPHOS). L'oxydation des composants cellulaires a été associée avec la dégénération, des phénotypes de vieillissement et des pertes de fonctionnalités des tissus. Les UVA sont les plus efficaces des rayons UV à induire de l’oxydation, tel que démontré par la formation de dommages oxydatifs à l'ADN et par l'apparition de délétions mitochondriales qui en résultent. La délétion mitochondriale de 4977 pb (ADNmtCD4977), la plus commune, et celle de 3895 pb (ADNmt3895) sont deux délétions reliées au photovieillissement cutané et à l'exposition au stress oxydant. Le phénomène de vieillissement dans la peau est bien documenté et se traduit par une dégradation de la matrice extracellulaire, une perte d'élasticité et la formation de rides. Toutefois, peu d'études portent sur la cornée humaine alors qu'elle est un tissu exposé directement aux rayonnements UV au même titre que la peau. Nous avons donc tenté mieux comprendre l'effet de l'oxydation exogène et endogène sur cette structure. L'analyse de la localisation des délétions ADNmtCD4977 et ADNmtCD4977 dans l'oeil humain a permis de révéler qu'elles se concentrent principalement dans le stroma cornéen et s'accumule avec l'âge. Le stroma cornéen est la couche cellulaire qui confère la transparence et la rigidité à la cornée humaine. Ces résultats nous ont suggéré une implication des UVA dans le photovieillissement de la cornée. Nous avons donc entrepris de vérifier les changements liés à l'exposition aux UVA dans le stroma cornéen puisque les UVA sont connus pour causer des altérations à la matrice extracellulaire (ECM) au niveau cutané. Nous avons donc créé un modèle de photovieillisement par une exposition chronique aux UVA sur des kératocytes avec lesquels nous avons fait sécréter une ECM. Nos résultats nous ont démontré qu'une exposition chronique aux UVA cause des altérations à l'ECM cornéen semblable à des phénotypes de photvieillissement. En effet, nous avons dénoté des changements transcriptomiques et protéomiques pour certains collagènes et protéoglycans. Une atteinte aux collagènes par le vieillissement cornéen se traduit entre autres par une rigidification, une opacification et un changement dans son pouvoir réfractif qui mène à une perte de la vision. Par ailleurs, notre avons également investigué l'implication du stress oxydatif dans la dystrophie cornéenne endothéliale de Fuchs (FECD), une maladie dégénérative de l'endothélium cornéen, qui mène à une perte de vision et est une cause principale de greffe cornéenne. L'étiologie de la maladie est encore inconnue, mais le stress oxydatif est soupçonné de jouer un rôle important dans la pathogenèse. Nos résultats ont amené de nouvelles évidences de l'implication de l'oxydation dans la maladie par l'augmentation de la quantité d'ADN mitochondrial et un raccourcissement des télomères dans des explants de cornées pathologiques. Nos résultats nous ont également démontré que la mise en culture de cellules FECD permettait la sélection de cellules fonctionnelles et comparables à des cellules saines en termes de quantité d'ADN mitochondrial et de son intégrité, de sensibilité à l'oxydation et de longueur télomérique. Les résultats obtenus soutiennent ainsi la possibilité d'employer les cellules FECD fonctionnelles sélectionnées pour utilisation en génie tissulaire afin de créer des cornées autologues pour pallier aux manques de greffes cornéennes. Enfin, nos résultats apportent de nouvelles évidences quant à l'implication du stress oxydatif dans le photovieillissement cornéen et dans l'étiologie de la FECD. / Oxidative stress can arise from exogenous sources like UVA or endogenous source like the respiratory chain (OXPHOS). Oxidation of cellular components is associated with degenerative disease, aging phenotypes and loss of tissue functions. UVA is the most efficient components of UV light to induce oxidation, like it have been shown by the formation of oxidative damage on DNA and the appearance of resulting mitochondrial deletions. The mitochondrial deletion of 4977 bp (mtDNACD4977), the most common, and the 3895 bp (mtDNA3895) are both connected to skin photoaging and exposition to oxidative stress. Skin photoaging is well documented and is portrayed by a degradation of the extracellular matrix, a loss of elasticity and formation of wrinkles. However, few studies have been done on the human cornea even if this structure is directly exposed to UV light like the skin. Thus, we have tried to understand the effect of exogenous and endogenous oxidative stress on this eye structure. Analysis of mtDNACD4977 and mtDNA3895 in the human eye has shown that these deletions are localized in the corneal stroma and accumulate with age. The corneal stroma is the cellular layer conferring transparency and rigidity to the human cornea. Our results have suggested that UVA is implicated in the photoaging of the cornea. Thus, we checked for changes linked to UVA exposure in the corneal stroma since UVA are known to cause alteration to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Thereby, we created a photoaging model by exposing keratocytes to chronic UVA doses and then making them secrete an ECM. Our results have shown that chronic UVA exposure causes changes similar to photoaging phenotypes. We noted changes in the transcriptomic and proteomic expression of collagen and proteoglycans. Alteration to collagens composition by aging leads to corneal rigidity, cloudening and a loss of refractive power of the cornea, which can result in a loss of vision. On the other hand, we also investigated the implication of oxidative stress in the Fuch’s Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy, a degenerative disease of the corneal endothelium, which leads to a vision loss and is the leading cause of corneal transplantation. The etiology of the disease is not well known, but oxidative stress is suspected of playing an important role in the pathogenesis. Our results have shown new evidences of oxidative stress in the pathology by displaying an increase in mitochondrial DNA and a telomeric shortening in cells from corneal explants. Our results have also shown that using cell culture on FECD cells can allow the selection of functional cells that can compare to healthy cells terms of mitochondrial amount and integrity, sensitivity to oxidation and telomere length. Our results support the fact that functional FECD cells could be used to create autologous cornea by tissue engineering to solve the lack of corneal graft. Thus, our findings bring new evidences to the implication of oxidative stress in corneal photoaging and in the etiology of FECD.

Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 29 janvier 2024) / La dystrophie endothéliale cornéenne de Fuchs (FECD) est une pathologie qui touche la couche postérieure de la cornée, l'endothélium cornéen. Ce dernier fait office de barrière physique entre l'humeur aqueuse et le reste de la cornée. De ce fait, lorsqu'il est défectueux, une accumulation de l'humeur aqueuse dans le stroma entraîne l'apparition d'un œdème stromal et de bulles épithéliales. Il s'en suit une opacification cornéenne menant à une perte de vision irréversible. Cliniquement, la pathologie est associée à l'épaississement de la membrane de Descemet (DM) dû à un dépôt accru de matrice extracellulaire (MEC), entraînant la formation d'excroissances, appelées guttae. Puis, une perte de densité des cellules endothéliales cornéennes (CECs) se produit contribuant aux difficultés de maintenir la déturgescence du stroma. En Amérique du Nord, la FECD est la principale cause de transplantation de cornées qui représente son seul traitement. De nouveaux traitements sont à l'étude mais nécessitent une bonne compréhension de la maladie et des dérégulations de l'endothélium cornéen. La FECD étant une pathologie multifactorielle, son étiologie reste difficile à déterminer. La recherche a mené à la proposition de différentes hypothèses d'explications au développement de la maladie. Parmi elles, la transition endothélio-mésenchymateuse ou épithélio-mésenchymateuse (TEM). Ce processus cellulaire consiste au passage d'un phénotype endothélial ou épithélial vers un phénotype mésenchymateux. Malgré quelques mises en évidence de la TEM dans la FECD, des signes clés de cette transition manquent dans la maladie, tels que le passage à une morphologie fibroblastique et un changement de cadhérines. C'est pourquoi notre laboratoire a décidé de clarifier la présence de la TEM dans la FECD. L'objectif de ce projet est de comprendre comment la TEM est activée dans la FECD et son impact sur les CECs. De ce fait, notre laboratoire a étudié la TEM à un niveau intracellulaire et extracellulaire en utilisant aussi bien des CECs primaires que des modèles tissulaires. Notre attention s'est d'abord portée sur l'étude des protéines impliquées dans les voies TGF-β/Smad et Wnt/β-caténine (connues pour activer la TEM) dans les CECs *ex vivo* et *in vitro*. Dans un deuxième temps, nous nous sommes intéressées au dépôt anormal de MEC, un des signes d'une TEM. En effet, nous avons proposé que les protéines matricielles anormalement déposées seraient impliquées dans la perte cellulaire endothéliale dans la FECD. Nous avons donc étudié l'expression de protéines matricielles dans les stades précoces et avancés de la FECD et leur influence sur l'adhésion et la migration des CECs en culture. Pour répondre au premier objectif, des données transcriptomiques et l'expression des protéines liées à la TEM ont été étudiées *ex vivo*. Les protéines d'intérêt ont également été étudiées *in vitro* avec ou sans irradiation chronique d'UVA. Nos travaux en *ex vivo* FECD ont révélé l'absence de l'activité des voies Wnt/β-caténine et TGF-β/Smad. *In vitro*, ces deux voies de signalisations étaient actives et une augmentation de TGF-β2 a également été observée. Néanmoins, l'exposition aux UVA n'a pas modifié le profil d'expression des protéines. Pour le deuxième objectif, les données transcriptomiques du matrisome de CECs *ex vivo* et *in vitro* ont été analysées. Nous avons ensuite étudié la morphométrie des guttae en *ex vivo* et l'expression de nos protéines d'intérêt en *ex vivo* et sur les endothélia cornéens reconstruits sains et pathologiques. Des tests d'adhésion et de migration ont ensuite été réalisés. Les gènes *SPP1* (Ostéopontine), *FN1* (Fibronectine) et *TNC* (Ténascine-C) étaient régulés à la hausse en *ex vivo* et SPP1 était régulé à la hausse aussi bien *ex vivo* qu'*in vitro*. La fibronectine (FN), ténascine-C (TN-C), ostéopontine (OPN) et le collagène de type XIV (COL XIV) étaient exprimés dans les DM FECD mais seules la TN-C et la FN se retrouvaient dans les endothélia reconstruits FECD. La FN et la TN-C n'ont pas modifié l'adhésion des CECs mais l'OPN l'a diminuée. La FN et la combinaison de FN et TN-C ont augmenté significativement la migration des CECs. Les travaux de cette thèse permettent d'apporter plus de connaissances sur l'activation de la TEM dans la FECD et mettent en évidence une chronologie du dépôt de MEC anormale dans la pathologie ainsi que la façon dont les CECs y réagissent. Une meilleure compréhension du développement de la FECD pourrait apporter des clés pour la conception de nouveaux traitements. / Fuchs corneal endothelial dystrophy (FECD) is a pathology that affects the posterior layer of the cornea, the corneal endothelium. The endothelium acts as a physical barrier between the aqueous humor and the rest of the cornea, so when it is defective, an accumulation of aqueous humor in the stroma leads to stromal edema and epithelial bullae. This leads to corneal opacification and irreversible vision loss. Clinically, the pathology is associated with thickening of Descemet's membrane (DM) due to an increase of extracellular matrix (ECM), leading to the formation of outgrowths known as guttae. This is followed by a loss of corneal endothelial cell (CEC) density, making it difficult to maintain stromal deturgescence. In North America, FECD is the leading cause of corneal transplantation, which is its only treatment. New treatments are under study but require a good understanding of the disease and corneal endothelium dysregulation. As FECD is a multifactorial pathology, its etiology remains difficult to determine. Research has led to the proposal of various hypothesis to explain the development of the disease. One of these is endothelial to mesenchymal or epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). This cellular process is characterized by the transition from an endothelial or epithelial phenotype to a mesenchymal one. Despite some evidence of EMT in FECD, key signs of this transition are missing in the disease, such as the transition to a fibroblastic morphology or the cadherins switch. Therefore, our laboratory decided to clarify the presence of EMT in FECD. The aim of this project is to understand how EMT is activated in FECD and its impact on CECs. Accordingly, our laboratory has studied EMT at both intracellular and extracellular levels, using both primary CECs and tissue models. Our first focus was on the study of proteins involved in the TGF-β/Smad and Wnt/β-catenin pathways (known to activate EMT) in *ex vivo* and *in vitro* CECs. In a second step, we focused on abnormal ECM deposition, one of the key signs of EMT. Indeed, we proposed that abnormally deposited matrix proteins would be involved in endothelial cell loss in FECD. We therefore studied the expression of matrix proteins in the early and late stages of FECD and their influence on the adhesion and migration of cultured CECs. To address the first objective, transcriptomic data and the expression of EMT-related proteins were studied *ex vivo*. Proteins of interest were also studied *in vitro* with or without chronic UVA irradiation. Our *ex vivo* FECD work revealed the absence of Wnt/β-catenin and TGF-β/Smad pathway activity. *In vitro*, both signaling pathways were active, and an increase in TGF-β2 was also observed. Nevertheless, UVA exposure did not alter the protein expression profile. For the second objective, transcriptomic data from the *ex vivo* and *in vitro* matrisome were analyzed. We then studied guttae morphometry in *ex vivo* specimens and the expression of our proteins of interest in *ex vivo* specimens and on healthy and pathological tissue engineered corneal endothelia. Adhesion and migration assays were then performed. *SPP1* (Osteopontin), *FN1* (Fibronectin) and *TNC* (Tenascin-C) genes were up-regulated *ex vivo*, and *SPP1* was up-regulated both *ex vivo* and *in vitro*. Fibronectin (FN), tenascin-C (TN-C), osteopontin (OPN) and collagen type XIV (COL XIV) were expressed in FECD DMs, but only TN-C and FN were found in reconstructed FECD endothelia. FN and TN-C had no impact on CEC adhesion, but OPN did. FN and the combination of FN and TN-C significantly increased CEC migration. The studies of this thesis provide further insight into the activation of EMT in FECD, highlight the chronological abnormal ECM deposition in the pathology and how CECs respond to it. A better understanding of the FECD development could bring keys to design new treatments.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Procedimentos clínicos complementares realizados após o preparo químico-cirúrgico de canais radiculares visam potencializar a limpeza e desinfecção após a fase de preparo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, por métodos moleculares baseados em rDNA e rRNA, a eficácia antimicrobiana de procedimentos complementares de primeira e de segunda sessão, realizados após o PQC em dentes com periodontite apical. Baseado em estudo piloto prévio, amostras microbiológicas dos canais radiculares de 20 dentes unirradiculares com periodontite apical foram coletadas na primeira sessão clínica: após a cirurgia de acesso (S1), após o PQC realizado com Sistema Reciproc e NaOCl 2,5% (S2), após a utilização do instrumento XP-endo Finisher (S3a), e após a ativação ultrassônica (S3b). Na segunda sessão clínica as amostras foram coletadas após medicação intracanal entre sessões por 14 dias (S4), e após o repreparo dos canais na segunda sessão de tratamento (S5). As amostras foram submetidas à extração de DNA e RNA. O RNA foi submetido à reação de transcrição reversa (RT-PCR) para confecção da fita dupla de DNA complementar (cDNA). DNA e cDNA foram submetidos a reações de qPCR, com iniciadores universais para a região 16S rRNA do domínio Bacteria. A atividade metabólica das bactérias foi verificada através da relação entre os níveis de rRNA e rDNA das amostras baseados nos dados dos ensaios de qPCR. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste de Wilcoxon para amostras pareadas (p < 0,05). Todas amostras S1 foram positivas para bactérias (mediana: 1,79 x 105 cópias de rDNA). Doze canais (60%) permaneceram infectados em S2, com uma redução significativa de rDNA (mediana: 7,58 x 103; P = 0,0001). Em S3a e S3b, o número de canais infectados reduziu para 11 (55%) e 10 (50%), respectivamente, e aumentou para 14 (70%) em S4; porém não houve diferenças significativas entre os níveis de rDNA bacteriano quando essas amostras foram comparadas às amostras S2 ou comparadas entre si (P > 0,05). A prevalência de canais infectados voltou a cair em S5 para 6 (30%) e o número cópias de rDNA bacteriano detectado reduziu de maneira significativa quando comparado às amostras S4 (p = 0,0061). Nas amostras positivas para os 2 métodos, os níveis de rRNA foram significativamente maiores do que os níveis de rDNA nas amostras S1 (p = 0,0007) e S4 (p = 0,0499), indicando um alto metabolismo bacteriano. A relação dos níveis de rRNA e de rDNA revelou uma redução do metabolismo de bactérias totais em S2, S3a e S3b e um aumento significativo do metabolismo bacteriano em S4 (p = 0,0173) quando comparado a S3b. Concluiu-se que: o PQC promoveu redução dos níveis e da atividade metabólica de bactérias nos canais radiculares; o uso do instrumento XP-endo Finisher e ativação ultrassônica não contribuiu para uma desinfecção adicional na primeira sessão; após o uso de Ca(OH)2 como medicação intracanal, houve um aumento no metabolismo de bactérias persistentes; o repreparo dos canais radiculares após medicação intracanal, na segunda sessão, promoveu maior desinfecção do que os procedimentos realizados na primeira sessão do tratamento de dentes com periodontite apical. / Supplementary procedures performed after the chemical-surgical preparation of root canals aim to enhance cleaning and disinfection in endodontic treatment. The objective of this clinical study was to evaluate using molecular microbiological techniques based on rDNA and rRNA, the antimicrobial efficacy of supplementary disinfection procedures performed in multiple sessions after the chemical-surgical preparation in teeth with apical periodontitis. Based on a previous pilot study, microbiological samples of the root canals of 20 unirradicular teeth with apical periodontitis were taken after the access surgery (S1), after the chemical-surgical preparation using Reciproc and 2,5% NaOCl (S2) after the XP-endo Finisher (S3a), after ultrasonic activation (S3b), after intracanal medication for 14 days (S4), and after re-preparation of the root canals in the second treatment appointment (S5). The samples were submitted to DNA and RNA extraction. The RNA was subjected to the reverse transcription reaction (RT-PCR) to make the complementary DNA double strand (cDNA). The effect of endodontic procedures on bacterial reduction was determined by rDNA-based qPCR using universal primers for the 16S rRNA region of the Bacteria domain. The metabolic activity of the bacteria was assessed by the rRNA/rDNA ratio based on qPCR assay data. Data were analyzed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (P < 0.05). All S1 samples were positive for bacteria (median 1.79 x 105 rDNA copies). Twelve root canals (60%) remained infected in S2, with a significant reduction of rDNA (median: 7.58 x 103; P = 0.0001). In S3a and S3b, the number of infected teeth decreased to 11 (55%) and 10 (50%), respectively, and increased to 14 (70%) in S4; however there were no significant differences between bacterial rDNA levels when these samples were compared to the S2 samples or compared to each other (P> 0.05). The prevalence of infected canals dropped back to 6 (30%) in S5 and the number of bacterial rDNA detected significantly reduced when compared to S4 samples (p = 0.0061). In samples with positive reactions for both methods, rRNA levels were significantly higher than the rDNA levels in S1 (p = 0.0007) and S4 (p = 0.0499), indicating a high metabolic activity of bacteria. The results of the rRNA/rDNA ratio revealed a reduction in the metabolism of total bacteria in S2, S3a and S3b and a significant increase in metabolic activity of bacteria in S4 (p = 0.0173) when compared to S3b. It was concluded that: PQC promoted reduction of the levels and metabolic activity of bacteria in the root canals; the use of XP-endo Finisher plus ultrasonic activation did not contribute to an additional disinfection in the first session; after the use of Ca(OH)2 as intracanal medication, there was an increase in the metabolismo of persistente bacteria; the repreparation of the root canals in the second session after the use of intracanal medication, promoted greater disinfection than the procedures performed in the first session of the treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis.

O tratamento endodôntico tem por finalidade primordial oferecer um ambiente favorável para que o organismo possa proporcionar o reparo dos tecidos periapicais possibilitando ao dente o retorno de suas funções. Uma das principais dificuldades de se lograr tal objetivo reside na complexidade anatômica dos canais radiculares, oferecendo sítios de difícil acesso a instrumentos e substâncias químicas, responsáveis pela promoção desse ambiente. Novos instrumentos mecanizados de NiTi foram desenvolvidos propondo diferentes tratamentos térmicos com a finalidade de melhorar a adaptação a canais ovalados, permitindo tocar o maior número de paredes dos canais radiculares. O sistema XP- endo Shaper (FKG Dentaire, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Suíça), recentemente lançado, possui um design inovador, sendo capaz de reagir a variações de temperatura e adquirir uma forma pré-determinada dentro do canal radicular, na temperatura corpórea, bem como atingir áreas inacessíveis para os instrumentos convencionais, tocando os pontos mais dificeis dos canais ovais. O presente estudo tem por objetivos, avaliar o preparo de canais ovais longos de molares inferiores com o sistema XP- endo Shaper comparando-o com instrumentos do sistema Mtwo, por meio da microtomografia computadorizada (?CT). Foram selecionadas 32 raízes distais de molares inferiores divididos aleatoriamente em 2 grupos de 16, de acordo com o método de instrumentação a ser avaliado: Grupo XP - Instrumentação com XP- endo Shaper e Grupo Mtwo - instrumentação com Mtwo. Após a utilização dos softwares Data Viewer, CTan, CTVol foi possível a visualização e análise tridimensional do canal radicular antes e após os procedimentos de preparo-químico cirúrgico, para a comparação do volume de dentina removida, aumento do volume do canal, aumento da área de superfície do canal, superfícies não preparadas do canal, volume de debris e índice de modelo de estrutura (SMI). Os resultados foram submetidos aos testes Shapiro-Wilk e Mann-Whitney. Demonstrando que não houve uma diferença estatística entre os grupos XP-endo Shaper e Mtwo quanto o volume de dentina removida, aumento do volume do canal, aumento da área de superfície do canal, superfícies não preparadas do canal, volume de debris e SMI. Concluiu-se que nenhum sistema estudado foi capaz de tocar todas as paredes de um canal oval longo e que ambas as técnicas se comportam de maneiras semelhantes quanto a do volume de dentina removida, aumento do volume do canal, aumento da área de superfície do canal, SMI, superfícies não preparadas do canal e volume de debris. / Endodontic treatment has the primary purpose of offering a favorable environment so that the body can provide the repair of the periapical tissues enabling the tooth to return to its functions. One of the main difficulties in achieving this objective is the anatomical complexity of the root canals, offering difficult access to instruments and chemical substances responsible for promoting this environment. New NiTi rotatory instruments were developed by proposing different thermal treatments with the purpose of improving the adaptation to oval root canals, allowing instrumenting the largest number of root canal walls. The newly launched XP-endo Shaper system (FKG Dentaire, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland) has an innovative design, being able to react to temperature variations and acquire a predetermined shape inside the root canal, at body temperature, as well as reaching areas inaccessible to conventional instruments, instrumenting the hardest points of oval canals. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the preparation of long oval canals of mandibular molars with the XP-endo Shaper system, comparing it with the Mtwo system instruments, using micro-computerized tomography (?CT). 32 distal roots of mandibular molars were randomly divided into 2 groups of 16, according to the instrumentation method to be evaluated: XP Group - Instrumentation with XP-endo Shaper and Mtwo Group - instrumentation with Mtwo. After the use of the CTan, CTVol and Data Viewer softwares, it was possible to visualize and analyze three-dimensionally the root canal, before and after the chemical-surgical procedures, to compare the volume of dentin removed, the increase of volume of the canal, the increase of area of the canal surface, unprepared canal surfaces, volume of debris and structure model index (SMI). Results were submitted to the Shapiro-Wilk and Mann-Whitney statistical tests. It was demonstrated that there was no statistically significant difference between the XP-endo Shaper and Mtwo groups, referring to the volume of dentin removed, increase in canal volume, increase in the surface area of the canal, unprepared surfaces of the canal, volume of debris and SMI. We concluded that no studied system was able to touch all the walls of a long oval canal and that both techniques behave in a similar way as the volume of dentin removed, increase in the volume of the canal, increase in the surface area of the canal, SMI, unprepared surfaces of the canal and volume of debris.

Dentre as etapas do tratamento endodôntico, a limpeza e modelagem tem especial atenção, já que a conformação geométrica satisfatória e a sanificação dos canais radiculares propiciam condições favoráveis ao controle da infecção e à adequada obturação do espaço endodôntico. O desenvolvimento de instrumentos fabricados a partir da liga de níquel-titânio (NiTi) contribuiu de maneira importante para a melhora na qualidade e previsibilidade do preparo endodôntico. Os diferentes sistemas mecanizados que são propostos constantemente no mercado devem ser avaliados com detalhes, pois sua performance pode variar de acordo com as características de fabricação e design de cada instrumento. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, por meio da microtomografia computadorizada (micro-CT), o preparo de canais mesiais de molares inferiores com o sistema XP-endo Shaper (XPS), comparando-o ao preparo realizado com instrumentos do sistema Reciproc (REC), quanto ao volume de debris dentinários remanescentes, área de paredes não tocadas, dentina excisada, aumento do volume e superfície do canal radicular e desvio do canal original no terço apical. Vinte e quatro raízes mesiais de molares inferiores, com dois canais e um forame, foram anatomicamente pareadas e divididas em 2 grupos experimentais (n=12) de acordo com o sistema utilizado para o preparo químico cirúrgico: Grupo XPS e Grupo REC. Os espécimes foram escaneados por um microtomógrafo de raios-X (SkyScan 1176) com resolução de 17.42 ?m pré e pós preparo. Com o auxílio dos softwares Dataviewer, CTan e CTVol foi possível a avaliação tridimensional do canal para observação das mudanças nos parâmetros estudados. Os dados obtidos foram comparados e, onde se identificou distribuição normal e homogeneidade das variâncias, foi utilizado o Teste t de student para analisar as hipóteses experimentais. Para os dados onde se observou distribuição não-normal, optou-se pelo teste não-paramétrico numérico (Mann- Whitney). Todos as análises foram realizadas com nível de significância de 5%. Nos resultados, em toda extensão do canal radicular, assim como para as análises por terços, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos quanto ao transporte do canal, volume de dentina excisada e aumento do volume e superfície do canal. Identificou-se diferença significativa (p < 0,05) entre os grupos quanto a área de superfície não tocada, onde observou-se que, no canal total e nos terços cervical e médio, o grupo XPS preparou maior área do canal do que o grupo REC. Quanto ao volume e percentual de debris dentinários acumulados, o grupo REC apresentou valores estatisticamente maiores na totalidade do canal e nos terços médio e apical, evidenciando maior acúmulo de debris intra-radiculares do que o grupo XPS. Concluiuse que as técnicas de preparo avaliadas se comportaram de maneira semelhante quanto ao aumento de volume e superfície do canal, volume de dentina removida e desvio apical. Em contrapartida, o sistema XPS, por possuir cinemática rotatória excêntrica, conseguiu tocar maior quantidade de paredes e eliminar maior volume percentual de debris acumulados em relação ao sistema que se vale de cinemática reciprocante cêntrica (REC). / Among the stages of endodontic treatment, cleaning and shaping should have special attention, since a satisfactory geometry and sanification of the root canals provide favorable conditions for infection control and adequate endodontic obturation. The development of the Niquel-Titanium (NiTi) instruments contributed to the improvement in quality and predictability of the endodontic preparation. The new mechanized systems that are constantly proposed in the market must be evaluated, as their performance can vary according to the manufacturing and design features of each instrument. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT), the preparation of mesial root canals of mandibular molars with the new XP-endo Shaper (XPS) system comparing it to the preparation performed with Reciproc instruments (REC), evaluating the volume of remaining dentin debris, area of untouched walls, dentin removed, increase in volume and surface of the root canal and apical tranportation. Twenty-four mandibular molar mesial roots with two canals and one foramen were anatomically matched and divided into 2 experimental groups (n = 12) according to the system used for shaping: XPS Group and REC Group. The specimens were scanned pre and post preparation by a X-ray microtomograph (SkyScan 1176) with a resolution of 17.42 ?m. With Dataviewer, CTan and CTVol softwares, it was possible a tridimensional evaluation of the root canal in order to observe changes in the studied parameters. The data were compared and, where normal distribution and homogeneity of variances were identified, Student\'s t test was used to analyze the experimental hypotheses. For the data where non-normal distributions were observed, the non-parametric numerical test (Mann-Whitney) was chosen. All analyzes were performed with a significance level of 5%. In the results, in all extension of the root canal, as well as for analyzes by thirds, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding apical transportation, volume of removed dentin and increase of volume and canal surface. A significant difference (p <0.05) was found between the groups regarding the untouched surface area, where in the total canal and in the cervical and middle thirds, the XPS group prepared a larger area of the canal than the group REC. As to the volume and percentage of accumulated dentinal debris, the REC group presented statistically higher values in the whole canal and in the middle and apical thirds, evidencing a higher accumulation of intra-radicular debris than the XPS group. It was concluded that the preparation techniques evaluated behaved similarly to the changes in volume and surface of the canal, the volume of dentin removed and the apical tranportation. The XPS system by its eccentric rotational kinematics was able to touch a larger number of walls and eliminate a greater percentage volume of accumulated debris compared to the system that uses a centralized reciprocating motion.