L’endothéline-1 (ET-1) est un puissant agent vasoconstricteur dont la production est dérégulée dans plusieurs maladies inflammatoires où l’expression des cyclooxygénases-1/2 (COX-1/2) est augmentée. Puisqu’il est connu que la voie p38 MAPK est impliquée dans la régulation de l’ET-1 au niveau de l’ARNm, nous avons étudié le rôle de l’un de ses substrats, la kinase MK2 dans la régulation post-transcriptionnelle de l’ET-1 et des COX. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé des souris MK2-déficientes (MK2-/-) ainsi que des contrôles (MK2+/+) issus de la même portée. Des paramètres de la fonction cardiaque ont été mesurés sous anesthésie à l’aide d’un cathéter Millar et la réactivité vasculaire de l’artère fémorale a été mesurée par myographe. L’expression de ET-1, COX-1 et COX-2 a été quantifiée dans la cellule endothéliale aortique (CE) par qPCR. En réponse à l’ET-1 (100 nM), l’expression de la préproET-1 dans les CE augmente en fonction du temps (p<0.05) : cette variation est accentuée chez les souris MK2-/-. Bien que la pression artérielle soit similaire entre les souris MK2+/+ et MK2-/-, l’inhibition de COX (indométacine, 1 μM) augmente (p<0.05) la contraction à l’ET-1 des vaisseaux isolés provenant de souris MK2+/+ mais pas des MK2-/-. Ces données suggèrent un rôle de MK2 dans la réponse vasculaire à l’ET-1 et possiblement dans la signalisation post-récepteur de l’ET-1 en général. / Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoconstrictor whose production is deregulated in many inflammatory related diseases in which the cyclooxygenase-1/2 (COX-1/2) is up-regulated. Since it is known that the p38 MAPK pathway regulates ET-1 expression at the mRNA level, we studied the implication of the downstream kinase MK2 in the post-transcriptional regulation of ET-1 and COX. To accomplish this, MK2-deficient mice (MK2-/-) and their wild type littermate controls (MK2+/+) were used. Cardiac function parameters were measured using a Millar catheter under anesthesia and isometric reactivity of the isolated femoral artery was measured subsequently using a wire myograph. Aortic endothelial cell (EC) ET-1, COX-1 and COX-2 expression was quantified by qPCR. In response to ET-1 (100 nM), EC expression of preproET-1 increased in a time-dependant manner (p<0.05): this change in mRNA was greater in MK2-/- mice. Although arterial pressure was similar in MK2+/+ and MK2-/- mice, inhibition of COX (indomethacin, 1 μM) increased (p<0.05) the contraction of isolated vessels to ET-1 from MK2+/+ but not MK2-/- mice. These data suggest a role of MK2 in the vascular response to ET-1 and, possibly, ET-1 post-receptor signalling in general.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2003. / Vita. Bibliography: References located at the end of each chapter.

Η ΧΑΠ είναι νόσος με πολλούς φαινοτύπους, με παθοφυσιολογία που διαφέρει σε κάθε έναν από αυτούς, με κοινό χαρακτηριστικό την πτώση του λόγου FEV1/FVC. Παρόλα ταύτα πολύ πρόσφατες μελέτες δείχνουν πως δεν υπάρχει σαφής συσχέτιση μεταξύ της προσεκτικά μετρούμενης φλεγμονής στους αεραγωγούς και της πτώσης της FEV1 σε ομάδες ασθενών με ΧΑΠ, κάτι που δυνητικά μπορεί να ανατρέψει βιβλιογραφία 40 ετών [Roy K, et al 2009]. Στόχος όλων των γενετικών μελετών στη ΧΑΠ είναι ο διαχωρισμός των φαινοτύπων και η δημιουργία του γενετικού προφίλ της νόσου. Γνωρίζοντας πως η ΧΑΠ είναι πολυγονιδιακή νόσος και σε συνδυασμό με τη μεγάλη ποικιλότητα των φαινοτύπων της, οι γενετικές αλλοιώσεις φαίνεται πως οδηγούν σε διαφορετικό φαινότυπο, που τώρα ολιστικά ορίζεται ως νόσος «ΧΑΠ», αλλά σίγουρα στο εγγύς μέλλον θα διαχωριστεί σε επιμέρους ομάδες στα πλαίσια μιας πιο αποτελεσματικής και εξατομικευμένης θεραπευτικής προσέγγισης. Η παρούσα μελέτη μεταξύ άλλων, συνέβαλε στα εξής: α. Σχεδιασμός και αξιολόγηση εκκινητών και ιχνηθέτων για τον +134InsA/DelA πολυμορφισμό, με υψηλή διακριτική ικανότητα έναντι των αλληλίων 3Α και 4Α. β. Ανέδειξε την εμπλοκή των πολυμορφισμών+134InsA/DelA και G198T στην εμφάνιση αλλά και στη βαρύτητα της ΧΑΠ (όπως αυτή αξιολογείται με την FEV1), ενώ σκιαγραφήθηκε και το γενετικό προφίλ του ευαίσθητου στον καπνό του τσιγάρου καπνιστή, με λεπτομερή συσχέτιση των απλοτύπων των πολυμορφισμών της ΕΤ-1 που εμπλέκονται στη ΧΑΠ. γ. Ανέδειξε πιθανή εμπλοκή του +134InsA/DelA πολυμορφισμού στην στατική υπερδιάταση και στις αυξημένες αντιστάσεις στη ροή του αέρα στους πνεύμονες δ. Σκιαγράφησε τη σχέση των +134InsA/DelA και G198T με την ανοχή στην άσκηση και συνέκρινε τα αποτελέσματα αυτά με όσα ήδη υπάρχουν στη βιβλιογραφία. Η παρούσα μελέτη είναι η πρώτη που συσχετίζει πολυμορφισμούς με πολλαπλές αξιολογήσεις της αναπνευστικής λειτουργίας, πέραν της FEV1, κάτι που σκιαγραφεί με λεπτομέρεια το φαινότυπο της ΧΑΠ. / Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an entity with many phenotypes, different pathophysiological characteristics, that exhibits in all cases a diminished FEV to FVC ratio. Nevertheless, recent studies show that there is not a strict relationship between airway inflammation and FEV1 decline in patients with COPD, contrasting a 40 year literature [Roy K, et al 2009]. The aim of all recent studies dealing with genetics in COPD is the distinction of different phenotypes and the elucidation of the genetic profile of the disease. COPD is a multi-gene disorder, and knowing that it is composited by many phenotypes, one can say that, in the near future, “holistic COPD phenotype” will be unraveled in many distinguished phenotypes, leading to a personalized and patient-targeted diagnostic and therapeutic approach. The current study contributed in: a. Designing primers and probes for the +134InsA/DelA polymorphism, that could clearly distinguish both 3A and 4A alleles. b. Exhibiting that both +134InsA/DelA & G198T polymorphisms are implicated in COPD progression and severity (as defined by FEV1 values). At the same time, we managed to highlight the genetic profile of the susceptible to smoke smoker, associating haplotypes and polymorphisms of Endothelin-1 (ET-1) gene (+134InsA/DelA & G198T ) with COPD. c. Showing the implication of the +134InsA/DelA polymorphism with static lung hyperinflation and increased airway resistance. d. Revealing the association of +134InsA/DelA & G198T polymorphisms with exercise tolerance. According to our knowledge, the current study is the first in the literature showing association of ET-1 gene with lung function deterioration.

Orientador: Marcos Renato de Assis / Resumo: A expectativa de vida diminui com artrite reumatoide (AR) devido ao aumento da mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares. Isto se deve, possivelmente, à disfunção endotelial resultante da intensa atividade inflamatória relacionada à AR. Evidências tem apontado para um possível envolvimento do sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA) nos danos cardiovasculares inerentes à AR. Acredita-se que a participação do SRA agrave o comprometimento endotelial decorrente de inflamações sistêmicas através da ativação do receptor de angiotensina II tipo 1 (AT1) pela angiotensina II (Ang II). Por outro lado, a literatura também reporta a influência dos hormônios andrógenos, principalmente da testosterona, nas ações da Ang II sobre os tecidos vasculares. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo é investigar os efeitos da artrite induzida por adjuvante (AIA) sobre o equilíbrio redox, a função endotelial e as respostas da aorta de ratos à Ang II, bem como, verificar se esses efeitos podem ser influenciados pela redução dos níveis circulantes de testosterona. Para isto, ratos Wistar machos adultos foram submetidos à falsa-castração e falsa-imunização (Controles), castração seguida de falsa-imunização (ORX), falsa-castração seguida de imunização (ORX) e castração seguida de imunização (ORX+AIA). Ao final do experimento, segmentos de aorta torácica foram desafiadas em cubas de órgãos isolados com acetilcolina (ACh), Ang II, KCl e nitroprussiato de sódio e, das curvas concentração resposta obtidas, calculou-se... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Life expectancy of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is lower due to increased mortality in consequence of cardiovascular diseases. Presumably, this occurs due to endothelial dysfunction resulting from severe inflammatory activity related to RA. Evidence has demonstrated a possible involvement of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the cardiovascular injury inherent to RA. The RAS involvement is considered to worsen the endothelial impairment due to systemic inflammation through angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) activation of Ang II. (Ang II). Additionally, previous studies also observed that androgen hormones, mainly the testosterone, modulate the Ang II actions in cardiovascular tissues. Thus, the aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) on systemic redox balance, endothelial function and rat aorta responses to Ang II, as well as, whether these effects may be influenced by the reduction of circulating levels of testosterone. For this, adult male Wistar rats were submitted to false-castration and false-immunization (Controls), castration followed by false-immunization (ORX), false-castration followed by immunization (ORX) and castration followed by immunization (ORX + AIA) . At the end of the experiment, thoracic aorta segments were challenged in isolated organ bath with acetylcholine (ACh), Ang II, KCl and sodium nitroprusside and, from the concentrantion-response curves obtained were calculated pEC50 and maximal ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

As mulheres na fase reprodutiva apresentam menor incidência de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV), em relação aos homens de mesma idade. Porém, essa vantagem desaparece na pós-menopausa, sugerindo que os hormônios sexuais femininos exercem algum efeito cardioprotetor. Um dos mecanismos propostos para explicar essa proteção é o fato dos estrógenos promoverem a produção de importantes fatores vasoativos pelo endotélio vascular, entre eles o óxido nítrico e a prostaglandina I2. Com a diminuição da quantidade de estrógenos circulante, as mulheres na pós-menopausa, estão mais suscetíveis à disfunção endotelial e a doenças cardiovasculares. Estudos têm demonstrado que a terapia de reposição hormonal (TRH) utilizada por mulheres na pós-menopausa combate os sintomas deste período, melhora o quadro de disfunção endotelial e o perfil lipídico e aumenta a síntese de fatores vasoativos, que auxiliam na prevenção da DCV. Entretanto a TRH vem sendo questionada por grandes estudos como o WHI (Writing Group for the Women\'s Health Initiative Investigators) e o HERS (Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study), que mostraram um risco aumentado de desenvolvimento de câncer de mama e endometrial em mulheres fazendo uso da TRH. Entre as terapias alternativas para combater os sintomas indesejáveis da menopausa e as implicações mórbidas que acompanham esse período, sem expor as pacientes aos efeitos colaterais da TRH, a literatura aponta os fitoestrógenos, principalmente os extraídos da soja (Glycine max). O objetivo geral deste estudo é avaliar a ação das isoflavonas da soja, que vem sendo utilizadas por mulheres na pós-menopausa, na produção de óxido nítrico, prostaglandina E2 e endotelina-1, por células endoteliais, utilizando um modelo \"in vitro\", células endoteliais da linhagem ECV304. / During their reproductive years, women have a lower incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) compared to men of similar age. However, this advantage disappears in post-menopause, suggesting that female sex hormones exert some cardio protective effect. One of the mechanisms proposed to explain this protection is the fact that estrogens promote the production of important vasoative factors by vascular endothelium, including nitric oxide and prostaglandin I2. By decreasing circulating estrogen, women in post-menopause are more susceptible of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases. Studies have shown that the hormone replacement therapy (HRT) used by post-menopausal women in combating the symptoms of this period, improve endothelial dysfunction and lipid profile and increases the synthesis of vasoative factors, which help in the prevention of CHD. Meanwhile the HRT has been questioned by two large trials, the WHI (Writing Group for the Women\'s Health Initiative Investigators) and HERS (Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study), which showed an increased risk of developing breast cancer and endometrial cancer in women using HRT. Among the alternative therapies to combat the symptoms of menopause and undesirable morbid implications that accompany this period, without exposing the patients to the side effects of HRT, the literature suggests the phytoestrogens, especially those from the soybean (Glycine max). The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of isoflavones from soy, which are used by women in post-menopause, in the production of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2 and endothelin-1 by endothelial cells, using an \"in vitro\" model: human endothelial cell line ECV304.

Abstract Chronic overload of the heart is the major cause of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and eventually heart failure. It is generally accepted that autocrine/paracrine factors, such as angiotensin II (Ang II) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) contribute to the development of LVH. Cardiac hypertrophy and failure are characterized by attenuated responsiveness to β- adrenergic stimulation and accumulation of collagenous material to the left ventricular wall. The present study aimed to characterize the roles of ET-1 and Ang II in the regulation of cardiac function. The role of the plasmamembrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA) in ET-1 induced cardiac responses and the role of type XV collagen in cardiac function were also studied. Both ET-1 infusion and mechanical loading were able to induce positive inotropic effect and induction of early response genes in isolated perfused hearts. ET-1 also induced strong vasoconstriction. Cardiomyocyte-specific PMCA overexpression inhibited the ET-1 induced hypertrophic response, while inotropic response remained unaltered. ET-1 was found to induce release of adrenomedullin (AM), a potent vasorelaxing and inotropic peptide. Infusion of AM antagonized the vasoconstrictive effect of ET-1 independently of nitric oxide. In hypertrophied rat hearts ET-1 was found to contribute significantly to the Frank-Starling response, a fundamental mechanism regulating contractile performance of the heart. In mice hearts, ET-1 was found to play a dual role in load induced elevation of contractile strength: ETA receptors mediated an increase, while ETB receptors mediated an inhibitory effect on contrcatile force. Ang II was not contributing to the contractile response to load in either rat or mice hearts. Blunted response to β-adrenergic stimulus and increased vulnerability as a result of exercise was observed in mice lacking collagen XV. In conclusion, the present results underscore the importance of the local factors, especially ET-1, in regulation of cardiac function, not only in terms of hypertrophic but also in terms of contractile response to load. The results also suggest a role for PMCA in regulation of cardiac function. Lack of type XV collagen was found to result in cardiac dysfunction with many features similar to those of early heart failure.

Abstract Calcified aortic valve disease represents a spectrum of disease spanning from mild aortic valve sclerosis to severe aortic valve stenosis (AS), being an actively regulated disease process and showing some hallmarks of atherosclerosis. The calcified aortic valve lesion develops endothelial injury and is characterized by inflammation, lipid accumulation, renin-angiotensin system activation and fibrosis. There is no approved pharmacological treatment available in AS. This study was aimed to characterize gene expression of endothelial factors in aortic valves in patients representing different stages of calcified aortic valve disease to reveal new targets for pharmacological interventions in AS. Aortic valves obtained from 75 patients undergoing valve replacement surgery were studied. Expression of natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP and CNP), their processing enzymes (corin and furin), natriuretic receptors (NPR-A, NPR-B and NPR-C), endothelin-1 (ET-1), endothelin converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1), endothelin receptors A and B (ETA and ETB), and apelin pathway (apelin and its receptor APJ) was characterized by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. AS was characterized by distinct downregulation of gene expression of CNP, its processing enzyme furin and the target receptor NPR-B. Furthermore, increased amount of ET-1 and its target receptor ETA as well as imbalance between ETA and ETB receptors and downregulated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene expression were observed. Finally, gene expression of apelin and APJ receptor were significantly upregulated in stenotic valves when compared to controls in combination with disequilibrium between expression of angiotensin II receptors AT1 and AT2. The study provides a better understanding of molecular mechanisms associated with calcific aortic valve disease and suggest potential targets for novel therapeutic interventions.

Le rétrécissement aortique calcifie (RAC) est la valvulopathie la plus fréquente dans les pays occidentaux et touche environ 2% des sujets de plus de 65 ans. Initialement considérée comme une dégénérescence passive de la valve aortique liée à l’âge, le RAC est actuellement considéré comme une pathologie complexe et hautement régulée et qui aboutit à un épaississement et à une calcification des feuillets valvulaires aortiques. A ce jour les mécanismes initiateurs et favorisant la progression du RAC ne sont pas complètement élucidés, et d’autre part, aucun traitement ne s’est avéré efficace pour ralentir ou stopper son évolution. Le remplacement valvulaire aortique (chirurgical ou percutané) reste le seul traitement en cas de rétrécissement aortique serré. D’autre part, il n’existe aucun modèle animal fiable et reproductible du RAC permettant de mieux comprendre la physiopathologie de cette valvulopathie et de tester de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques. Dans le laboratoire, nous avons fait l’hypothèse que la dysfonction de l’endothélium valvulaire jouait un rôle important dans l’initiation et la progression du RAC, et nous souhaitons utiliser un modèle animal permettant d’évaluer l’effet de nouvelles thérapeutiques. Ce travail porte donc sur l’évaluation du rôle du système endothélinergique dans la sténose aortique calcifiée et le développement d’un nouveau modèle animal murin de RAC. Dans notre première étude, nous nous sommes intéressés au modèle de souris EgfrWa2/Wa2. Ce modèle est induit par la substitution du résidu amine glycine par une valine. Les souris EgfrWa2/Wa2 homozygotes pour la mutation voient leur activité tyrosine kinase diminuée de 90%. Ce modèle induit un épaississement fibreux des feuillets valvulaires avec peu de calcifications. Cependant, l’augmentation du flux transaortique n’est pas liée a un RAC mais a une insuffisance aortique (IA). Nous avons évalué dans ce modèle l’effet d’un régime enrichi en graisse et d’une supplémentation en vitamine D3. Malgré une augmentation des taux sériquesdu cholestérol, de la vitamine D3 et de la calcémie, nous n’avons pas observé d’augmentation de la calcification. Le modèle EgfrWa2/Wa2 reste essentiellement un modèle d’IA avec le développement d’un RAC qui reste rare ou absent. Dans notre seconde étude, nous avons évalué le rôle du système endothélinergique dans des cultures primaires de cellules valvulaires interstitielles (hVICs) et endothéliales (hVECs) humaines, prélevées lors d’un remplacement valvulaire aortique chirurgical chez des patients ayant un RAC serré. Les valves de patients traités par une intervention de Bentall ont été utilisées comme groupe contrôle. Nous avons tout d’abord observé, par RT-PCR quantitative, que les hVECs issues de valves sténosées présentaient une augmentation non significative de l’ARNm codant pour l’endothéline et une augmentation significative de l’ARNm codant pour le récepteur ET-B, ainsi qu’une diminution significative de l’enzyme de conversion de l’endothéline dans les hVECs par rapport aux hVECs issues de valves contrôles. Le récepteur ET-B était également surexprimé dans les hVICs par rapport aux valves contrôles. En revanche, nous n’avons pas retrouvé de variation d’expression du récepteur ET-A dans les hVICs. Nous avons ensuite évalué l’effet de l’endotheline-1 (ET-1) dans les hVICs. Nous avons retrouvé que les hVICs calcifient lorsqu’elles sont en présence d’ET-1. Ces données suggèrent une implication du système endothélinergique dans la calcification valvulaire aortique. Des études complémentaires sont nécessaires pour mieux comprendre son implication, notamment en évaluant l’effet d’antagoniste des récepteurs de l’endothéline dans des cultures de hVICs puis dans un modèle animal fiable mimant cette pathologie. / Aortic stenosis (AS) is the most common valvulopathy in Western countries and affects approximately 2% of subjects over 65 years of age. Originally considered a passive age-related degeneration of the aortic valve, AS is currently considered a complex and highly regulated pathology that results in thickening and calcification of aortic valve leaflets. To date the mechanisms initiating and promoting the progression of AS are not completely understood and secondly, no treatment has been effective to slow or stop its evolution. Aortic valve replacement (surgical or percutaneous) remains the only treatment for severe aortic stenosis. On the other hand, there is no reliable and reproducible animal model of AS to better understand the pathophysiology of this valvulopathy and to test new therapeutic targets. In the laboratory, we hypothesized that valvular endothelial dysfunction plays an important role in the initiation and progression of AS and we wish to use an animal model to evaluate the effect of new therapeutics. This work focuses on assessing the role of the endothelinergic system in AS and the development of a novel mouse animal model of AS. First, we used the EgfrWa2/Wa2 mouse model. This model is induced by the substitution of the amino glycine residue by a valine. The EgfrWa2/Wa2 mice homozygous for the mutation have their tyrosine kinase activity decreased by 90%. This model induces fibrous thickening of the leaflets with little calcification, but the increase in transaortic flow is not related to AS but to aortic regurgitation (AR). In this model we evaluated the effect of a fat-enriched diet and vitamin D3 supplementation. Despite increased serum levels of cholesterol, vitamin D3 and serum calcium, we did not observe an increase in calcification. The EgfrWa2/Wa2 model remains essentially a model of AR whereas AS remains rare or absent. Second, we evaluated the role of the endothelinergic system in primary cultures of human interstitial valvular (hVICs) and endothelial (hVECs) cells, obtained from AS patients treated by surgical aortic valve replacement. The valves of patients treated by a Bentall procedure were used as a control group. We first observed, by quantitative RT-PCR, that stenotic valves showed an increase in mRNA encoding endothelin and for its ET-B receptor and a decrease in the endothelin converting enzyme in the hVECs compared to the control valves. The ET-B receptor was also overexpressed in the hVICs compared to the control valves. We did not find any variation in expression of its ET-A receptor in hVICs. We then assessed the effect of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the hVICs. We found that hVICs calcify when they are in the presence of ET-1. These data suggest involvement of the endothelinergic system in aortic valve calcification. Further studies are needed to better understand its involvement, notably by evaluating the effect of endothelin receptor antagonist in hVICs cultures and then in a reliable animal model mimicking this pathology

No description available.