Sport and sport events contribute a big percentage to the growth of sport tourism in South Africa. South Africa also hosts some of the most significant endurance events such as the Cape Argus, Cape Epic, Midmar Mile, Two Oceans Marathon and the Comrades Marathon. These endurance events have the potential to enhance endurance sport in South Africa and can also be used as a tool for tourism. It is important however, to determine the endurance sport consumption behaviour for participants and spectators who attend these events, since their behaviour and habits will influence their choices pertaining to travelling for sport events and even tourism. Sport tourism literature currently does not provide information and insight on this matter. Due to the lack of literature pertaining to endurance sport consumption behaviour, a description had to be provided to aid with the study. Endurance sport consumption behaviour (ESCB) in this study is therefore described as behaviour revealed by sport consumers who adapt their lifestyles after realising their desire to be self-complete, by testing and developing their bodies through sport activities. Sport consumption becomes the essence when participating in competitive, nature-related and fitness activities for both professional and amateur sport consumers. For spectatorship, these behaviours will differ, since the intentions of fans and supporters as well as the reasons for spectating differ, but sport events give them the opportunity to engage in sport on a different level, whether for the event or for the participant. These behavioural intentions can be influenced by the sport consumers’ attitude and subjective norms. ESCB is influenced by three main factors and includes: the demographic and behavioural profile; the motives and travel behaviour and the commitment towards the sport/event. The goal of the study was therefore to do a critical assessment of sport consumption at endurance sport events. In order to achieve this aim, secondary data of five endurance events (Cape Argus, Cape Epic, Midmar Mile, Two Oceans Marathon and the Comrades Marathon) were pooled. A total of 6453 questionnaires were distributed between the respective events for both participants and spectators attending these sport events and were included in the statistical analysis. From a first point of view, these sport consumers might seem homogenous, but when analysing the results, it became evident that sport participants and spectators (with regards to participation and support of endurance events) were not homogenous pertaining to their sport consumption behaviour at the respective endurance sport events. There are four main aspects that drive ESCB for endurance participants, namely the type of participant who pursues the sport; the age of the participant; the type of sport and the motives to participate. Four travel motives for these endurance sport participants were commitment, intrinsic achievement, escape and socialisation and the challenge these events provide. Endurance participants furthermore see sport events as an opportunity to travel. The spectators’ ESCB were driven by their socio-demographic and behavioural profile and the motives for supporting the respective endurance events. Endurance sport spectators were motivated by the social interaction and the sport novelty of the sport events. Their memorable experiences were influenced by the event’s personnel and provision, amenities, comfort and visibility, infrastructure and marketing. The study made literature contributions pertaining to the description of ESCB, which were lacking from sport tourism literature. Based on the results, recommendations were made, not only based on ESCB, but also on how these types of events can be used to enhance sport tourism in South Africa as well as the participation and support for these types of sport. Spectators’ views on endurance sport events were also lacking. The study indicated that these consumers were personally involved with the participants’ journey to success, compared to supporters who attended for the event in specific. In this study, sport consumer profiles are compared on a large scale, which have not yet been done in current sport literature, providing a holistic overview of endurance sport consumers. Sport consumer profiles are influenced by the sport context and the marketing of these events, but most importantly the ESCB. Practical contributions include the specialisation for endurance sport events, the growth for sport and tourism and insights to consumer behaviour for sport event organisers and marketers. This study is important, especially for sport marketers and organisations, in order to ensure the long term sustainability and competitiveness for the sport industry as well as for expanding sport tourism and tourism in South Africa. / PhD (Tourism Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Sport and sport events contribute a big percentage to the growth of sport tourism in South Africa. South Africa also hosts some of the most significant endurance events such as the Cape Argus, Cape Epic, Midmar Mile, Two Oceans Marathon and the Comrades Marathon. These endurance events have the potential to enhance endurance sport in South Africa and can also be used as a tool for tourism. It is important however, to determine the endurance sport consumption behaviour for participants and spectators who attend these events, since their behaviour and habits will influence their choices pertaining to travelling for sport events and even tourism. Sport tourism literature currently does not provide information and insight on this matter. Due to the lack of literature pertaining to endurance sport consumption behaviour, a description had to be provided to aid with the study. Endurance sport consumption behaviour (ESCB) in this study is therefore described as behaviour revealed by sport consumers who adapt their lifestyles after realising their desire to be self-complete, by testing and developing their bodies through sport activities. Sport consumption becomes the essence when participating in competitive, nature-related and fitness activities for both professional and amateur sport consumers. For spectatorship, these behaviours will differ, since the intentions of fans and supporters as well as the reasons for spectating differ, but sport events give them the opportunity to engage in sport on a different level, whether for the event or for the participant. These behavioural intentions can be influenced by the sport consumers’ attitude and subjective norms. ESCB is influenced by three main factors and includes: the demographic and behavioural profile; the motives and travel behaviour and the commitment towards the sport/event. The goal of the study was therefore to do a critical assessment of sport consumption at endurance sport events. In order to achieve this aim, secondary data of five endurance events (Cape Argus, Cape Epic, Midmar Mile, Two Oceans Marathon and the Comrades Marathon) were pooled. A total of 6453 questionnaires were distributed between the respective events for both participants and spectators attending these sport events and were included in the statistical analysis. From a first point of view, these sport consumers might seem homogenous, but when analysing the results, it became evident that sport participants and spectators (with regards to participation and support of endurance events) were not homogenous pertaining to their sport consumption behaviour at the respective endurance sport events. There are four main aspects that drive ESCB for endurance participants, namely the type of participant who pursues the sport; the age of the participant; the type of sport and the motives to participate. Four travel motives for these endurance sport participants were commitment, intrinsic achievement, escape and socialisation and the challenge these events provide. Endurance participants furthermore see sport events as an opportunity to travel. The spectators’ ESCB were driven by their socio-demographic and behavioural profile and the motives for supporting the respective endurance events. Endurance sport spectators were motivated by the social interaction and the sport novelty of the sport events. Their memorable experiences were influenced by the event’s personnel and provision, amenities, comfort and visibility, infrastructure and marketing. The study made literature contributions pertaining to the description of ESCB, which were lacking from sport tourism literature. Based on the results, recommendations were made, not only based on ESCB, but also on how these types of events can be used to enhance sport tourism in South Africa as well as the participation and support for these types of sport. Spectators’ views on endurance sport events were also lacking. The study indicated that these consumers were personally involved with the participants’ journey to success, compared to supporters who attended for the event in specific. In this study, sport consumer profiles are compared on a large scale, which have not yet been done in current sport literature, providing a holistic overview of endurance sport consumers. Sport consumer profiles are influenced by the sport context and the marketing of these events, but most importantly the ESCB. Practical contributions include the specialisation for endurance sport events, the growth for sport and tourism and insights to consumer behaviour for sport event organisers and marketers. This study is important, especially for sport marketers and organisations, in order to ensure the long term sustainability and competitiveness for the sport industry as well as for expanding sport tourism and tourism in South Africa. / PhD (Tourism Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Dissertation (MA (Human Movement Science))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences / unrestricted

Syfte Syftet med undersökningen var att kartlägga hur uthållighetsidrottare med fysisk funktionsnedsättning upplever sina möjligheter att utöva idrott jämfört med en grupp konventionella idrottare inom motsvarande uthållighetsgrenar. Metod En kvantitativ enkätundersökning med nio stycken påståenden och en öppen fråga tillämpades. Urvalet bestod av 40 stycken paraidrottare (medelålder = 31,5, SD = 12,1) i interventionsgruppen och 57 stycken konventionella idrottare (medelålder = 34,6, SD = 11,6) i kontrollgruppen. Resultat Paraidrottare upplevde signifikant sämre möjligheter än konventionella idrottare gällande träningsgrupp i närheten (p = 0,002), känsla av tillhörighet (p = 0,001) och tillgång till utrustning (p = 0,009). Det totala medelvärdet på påståendena enligt likerskalan i enkäten var 3,76 (SD = 1,23) för paraidrottare och 3,97 (SD = 1,02) för konventionella idrottare. Slutsats Att paraidrottare både upplever avsaknad av träningsgrupp i närheten och lägre tillhörighetskänsla kan möjligen hänga ihop, dvs. att svårigheterna att få träningssällskap sänker tillhörighetskänslan. För framtida forskning efterfrågas en kvalitativ undersökning med ledare inom paraidrott för att öka förståelsen för träningsmiljö och tillgången till utrustning. / Aim The aim of the survey was to chart how endurance athletes with physical disabilities experience their opportunities to exercise sport compared to a group of conventional athletes within endurance sport. Method A quantitative survey with nine statements and an open question was applied. The sample consisted of 40 athletes with physical disability (mean age = 31.5, SD = 12.1) in the intervention group and 57 conventional athletes (mean age = 34.6, SD = 11.6) in the control group. Result The athletes with physical disabilities experienced significantly worse opportunities than conventional athletes regarding training group nearby (p = 0.002), sense of belonging (p = 0.001) and access to equipment (p = 0.009). The overall mean of the claims with likert scale in the survey was 3.76 (SD = 1.23) for athletes with physical disabilities and 3.97 (SD = 1.02) for conventional athletes. Conclusion Athletes with physical disabilities both experience the absence of a training group nearby and a lower sense of belonging may be possible, ie. the difficulty in getting a training company reduces sense of beloning. For future research, a qualitative survey with leaders in disability sports is required to increase understanding of the training environment and access to equipment.

La douleur est une sensation universelle pour qui les termes descriptifs élicitent une reconnaissance immédiate. Les sensations de brûlure, de démangeaisons ou de tranchements aigus servent de signal d’alarme ayant pour but d’éviter des dommages corporels. Chez les athlètes, cette alerte est souvent ignorée afin d’atteindre l’excellence en performance. Dépendant du sport, le type de douleur ressenti peut varier. Dans le cas des athlètes d’endurance, la douleur survient naturellement dans le muscle due aux contractions répétées sur une longue période. Alternativement, les athlètes pratiquant un sport de contact doivent aussi anticiper de la douleur « mécanique » produite par des coups infligés par les adversaires. La différence dans la demande et la spécificité de chaque sport sont cependant rarement prises en considération dans les études sur la douleur chez les athlètes. Dans le cadre de ce mémoire de maitrise, une revue de portée a été réalisée pour mieux comprendre comment la perception de la douleur chez les athlètes de sports de contact est étudiée. Trois composantes ont été analysées : Les types de sports de contacts étudiés, les groupes auxquels ils sont comparés, et les méthodes utilisées pour induire expérimentalement la douleur. Onze études ont été retenues. Deux sous-catégories de sports de contact ont été identifiées. Les sports de combat ont plus souvent été inclus dans ces études que les sports d’équipe. Ces athlètes étaient comparés à des groupes composés de non-athlètes et d’athlètes de sports « non-contact ». Quatre méthodes d’induction expérimentale de la douleur ont été utilisés, soit, la pression mécanique, le froid, la chaleur et l’ischémie musculaire. Une justification des choix de méthode d’induction de la douleur ou types d’athlètes inclus dans le cas d’un groupe contrôle de sport non-contact est rarement fourni. Un vide existe dans la littérature quant à la comparaison de la perception de la douleur d’athlètes de sport de contact avec un groupe d’athlètes non-contact et une méthode d’induction expérimentale de la douleur choisi délibérément pour mieux refléter la réalité de la pratique sportive. Un protocole expérimental est proposé pour combler ce besoin. / Pain is a universal sensation whose descriptive terms elicit immediate recognition. The burning, itching, or sharp feelings serve as an alarm system meant to avoid bodily harm. In athletes, this warning is often ignored in the pursuit of performance. Depending on the sport, the type of pain encountered can vary. In the case of endurance athletes, pain occurs naturally within the muscle due to repeated contraction over a long period. Alternatively, athletes in contact sports must also anticipate mechanical pain caused by opponents. The difference in demand and the specificity of each sport are however very rarely taken into consideration when studying pain in athletes. A scoping review was used to better understand how pain perception in contact sport athletes is being studied. Three components were analysed: the types of contact sports being studied, the groups they are being compared to, and the methods used to experimentally induce and study pain. A total of 11 articles were included. Two subcategories of contact sport were identified. Combat sports were more often included in studies than team contact sport. These athletes were compared to both non-athletes and non-contact athletes. Four methods of experimental pain induction were used, namely, the pain pressure test, the cold pressor test, an ischemic pain protocol, and heat pain protocol. Justification was not always provided for either pain protocol selection or non-contact athletes selected as control group. A gap exists in the literature in comparing contact sport athletes’ pain perception with a deliberately chosen athlete control group using a pain induction protocol meant to emulate a facet of pain experienced during exercise. A protocol proposal is included in the discussion to meet this demand.

No description available.