The prospects for the future of voting in the United States include the likelihood of internet voting and its potential to alter voter participation. This thesis provides a critical overview of past experiments, current studies, and the possible consequences of implementing voting over the internet. As internet use increases for education, personal communication, business and commerce, the assumption is that the public and elected officials will view the internet as the practical venue for local, state, and national elections. The potential consequences of utilizing the internet for voters to cast their ballots from personal computers from remote locations, as one future process of voting, are vital to the decisions regarding electronic elections. Challenges inherent to the technology and social consequences concerning internet voting are paramount to the debate. The internet voting process, perceived as convenient with the possible consequence of halting or reversing a declining voter turnout, must be balanced with potential risks to internet voting security and reliability. With emphasis on reports from the California Task Force and the National Science Foundation, as well as current literature regarding electronic voting, research is cited designed to address the issue of internet voting. The history of the United States to enfranchise more of its citizens and eliminate barriers that have kept voters from the polls is discussed in the context that there has been a national objective in extending the right to vote and making the ballot box accessible to all adults. Implementing a voting process that has the potential to give more voters access to elections can be viewed as a natural extension of that American legacy, and is therefore important to research and develop. / Master of Arts

Segundo a doutrina católica, o rito batismo é entendido como o sacramento que abre as portas da vida cristã ao batizando. No entanto, esse mesmo ato eucarístico pode ter sido utilizado pelos escravos ou ex-escravos para abrir outras portas que não apenas a vida cristã, mas uma possibilidade de arranjos sociais para amenizar a sua condição de cativo no mundo hostil da escravidão no Brasil. Os registros paroquiais são fontes de extrema importância para a compreensão da organização das populações, principalmente a escrava. Neste trabalho temos como referência os assentos de batismo da Matriz de São Gonçalo do Amarante, na Freguesia de São Gonçalo (Rio de Janeiro), entre 1746 e 1768. Fizemos uma leitura da produção bibliográfica a respeito das alforrias e do compadrio, buscando destacar o caminho e o avanço historiográfico sobre o tema. Das fontes extraímos os casos mais significativos de compadrio envolvendo a população escrava na região e no período destacados, a fim perceber os significados do batismo para os cativos e o modo como foi utilizado pelos mesmos para buscar proteção e fortalecer os laços entre outros companheiros de cativeiro. Apuramos também os casos de alforria de pia encontrados na documentação, mostrando que o sacramento do batismo poderia atingir dimensões muito além das que eram esperadas pela Igreja Católica. / According to the Catholic doctrine, the ritual baptism is understood as the sacrament that opens the doors of Christian life in baptizing. However, this same act of the Eucharist may have been used by slaves or former slaves to open other doors not only to the Christian life, but a possibility of social arrangements to alleviate their condition of captives in a hostile world of slavery in Brazil. The parish registers are sources of extreme significance to understand the organization of populations, especially the slave population. In this work we have as reference the baptism seats of the church Matriz de São Gonçalo de Amarante, Freguesia de São Gonçalo (Rio de Janeiro), between 1746 a 1768. We did a reading of the bibliographical production regarding the manumission and collusion, seeking to highlight the way and the historiographical progress about th subject. From the sources we extracted the most significant cases of cronyism involving the slave population in the region and and in period highlighted in order to realize the significance of baptism for the captives and how it was used by them to seek protection and strengthen the bonds between fellow captive. We checked also the cases of manumission of sink found in the documentation, showing that the sacrament of baptism could reach dimensions beyond those that were expected by the Catholic Church.

Segundo a doutrina católica, o rito batismo é entendido como o sacramento que abre as portas da vida cristã ao batizando. No entanto, esse mesmo ato eucarístico pode ter sido utilizado pelos escravos ou ex-escravos para abrir outras portas que não apenas a vida cristã, mas uma possibilidade de arranjos sociais para amenizar a sua condição de cativo no mundo hostil da escravidão no Brasil. Os registros paroquiais são fontes de extrema importância para a compreensão da organização das populações, principalmente a escrava. Neste trabalho temos como referência os assentos de batismo da Matriz de São Gonçalo do Amarante, na Freguesia de São Gonçalo (Rio de Janeiro), entre 1746 e 1768. Fizemos uma leitura da produção bibliográfica a respeito das alforrias e do compadrio, buscando destacar o caminho e o avanço historiográfico sobre o tema. Das fontes extraímos os casos mais significativos de compadrio envolvendo a população escrava na região e no período destacados, a fim perceber os significados do batismo para os cativos e o modo como foi utilizado pelos mesmos para buscar proteção e fortalecer os laços entre outros companheiros de cativeiro. Apuramos também os casos de alforria de pia encontrados na documentação, mostrando que o sacramento do batismo poderia atingir dimensões muito além das que eram esperadas pela Igreja Católica. / According to the Catholic doctrine, the ritual baptism is understood as the sacrament that opens the doors of Christian life in baptizing. However, this same act of the Eucharist may have been used by slaves or former slaves to open other doors not only to the Christian life, but a possibility of social arrangements to alleviate their condition of captives in a hostile world of slavery in Brazil. The parish registers are sources of extreme significance to understand the organization of populations, especially the slave population. In this work we have as reference the baptism seats of the church Matriz de São Gonçalo de Amarante, Freguesia de São Gonçalo (Rio de Janeiro), between 1746 a 1768. We did a reading of the bibliographical production regarding the manumission and collusion, seeking to highlight the way and the historiographical progress about th subject. From the sources we extracted the most significant cases of cronyism involving the slave population in the region and and in period highlighted in order to realize the significance of baptism for the captives and how it was used by them to seek protection and strengthen the bonds between fellow captive. We checked also the cases of manumission of sink found in the documentation, showing that the sacrament of baptism could reach dimensions beyond those that were expected by the Catholic Church.

Universal suffrage is a guiding principle of democracy. However, it has a long history of being selectively denied. While many of these exclusions have dissipated in twentieth century rights revolutions’, the right to vote is still widely withheld for prisoners. This paper looks at criminal disenfranchisement, its origins, development, and contemporary manifestations. Part I will discuss the history of criminal disenfranchisement to trace its development from a tool of social exclusion to a collateral consequence of criminal conviction. Part II will look at the judicial treatment of contemporary disenfranchisement laws through a selection of representative case studies. Part III will consider how the representative cases form a trend towards criminal enfranchisement, and the implications of this trend for future constitutional challenges in jurisdictions where such laws persist. This paper argues that this trend, while tangible, is tentative and its force may be strengthened through a transnational judicial dialogue.

Universal suffrage is a guiding principle of democracy. However, it has a long history of being selectively denied. While many of these exclusions have dissipated in twentieth century rights revolutions’, the right to vote is still widely withheld for prisoners. This paper looks at criminal disenfranchisement, its origins, development, and contemporary manifestations. Part I will discuss the history of criminal disenfranchisement to trace its development from a tool of social exclusion to a collateral consequence of criminal conviction. Part II will look at the judicial treatment of contemporary disenfranchisement laws through a selection of representative case studies. Part III will consider how the representative cases form a trend towards criminal enfranchisement, and the implications of this trend for future constitutional challenges in jurisdictions where such laws persist. This paper argues that this trend, while tangible, is tentative and its force may be strengthened through a transnational judicial dialogue.

This thesis considers the differences in the political relationship between Canada and Indigenous peoples as established in Treaty Six (1876) by Alexander Morris and that of the Indian Act (1876) as driven by David Laird and Electoral Franchise Act (1885) by John A. Macdonald. Through using historical and contemporary sources related to Treaty Six, and House of Commons debates related to the two Acts, this thesis argues that the relationship as established in Canadian policy and conceived of by Canadian politicians of Treaty Six was akin to a “nation-to-nation” relationship, and that the Indian Act and Electoral Franchise Act represent a turning away from this toward a less equitable relationship that placed Canada above Indigenous polities. This thesis also shows that within the Canadian political mainstream there was considerable dissent to this turning away from more equitable relationships, as shown by the continued opposition by politicians less well-known today such as William Paterson. / Graduate / 2019-08-28

Cette thèse, écrite par un enseignant de judo, s’intéresse aux Professeures de judo en France. Elle relève d’abord les difficultés d’émancipation rencontrées par les femmes dans la société en général et dans le monde du sport en particulier, pour en arriver à la place des femmes dans le monde du judo, qui est un sport avant tout masculin. Les étapes de l’émancipation, du désassujétissement et de la féminisation des compétences sont ainsi abordées. On découvre la prise de conscience des enseignantes de judo de leurs qualités et la considération qu’elles ont de leur profession. Les enquêtes montrent la valeur judoïstique de ces enseignantes comme leur bon niveau d’études. La thèse démontre que les enseignantes interrogées, se répartissant entre niveau local et national, ont des conceptions, des analyses, des problématiques souvent discordantes. On remarque le fort degré d’implication de ces sportives qui ont décidé de transmettre leur passion en enseignant un sport où les résultats féminins sont probants, mais encore trop souvent masqués dans les médias par ceux des hommes. L’ensemble de la thèse s’articule donc autour de la considération apportée aux enseignantes de judo, de la considération propre que se portent ces enseignantes et du profond désir de lutter contre toute forme d’assujettissement, en démontrant qu’elles prennent progressivement conscience de leurs compétences, qui supportent aisément la comparaison avec celles de leurs homologues masculins, encore trop souvent détenteurs de tous les pouvoirs. / This thesis, written by a male judo master/coach, is about French female judo instructors. First, it deals with the difficulties facing women regarding their emancipation in society in general but also more particularly in sports, and especially their roles in the world of judo, which is predominantly male. Thus the different stages of their emancipation, their fight against submissiveness and the way in which the judo skills are becoming more and more female-oriented are discussed. The growing awareness by female judo instructors of their own skills and the regard they have for their profession are analysed. Studies have shown the quality of these female judo instructors as well as their good educational level. The thesis shows that the female instructors, ranging from local to national levels, who were questioned often have conflicting conceptions and analyses of the problems and of the ways to solve them. The high degree of involvement of these sportswomen, who have decided to share their passion through teaching a sport where the results obtained by women are convincing, but too often still concealed in the média by those of men, is noted. Central to the whole thesis is the recognition gained by female judo instructors as well as the awareness they have of their own skills and their deep desire to fight against any kind of disenfranchisement. It shows that they are progressively becoming aware of their own skills, which are easily on par with men’s, who are nevertheless still in a position of authority in the world of judo.

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John A. Macdonald was not only Canada’s first Prime Minister; he played a significant role in framing much of Canada’s early “Indian policy” including legislation that was incorporated into the Indian Act (1876) which is still in effect today. Despite his central role, in all the voluminous analyses of Macdonald’s life and career, there is no in-depth scholarly study of Macdonald’s Indian policies or how his ideas about Indigenous people or race were formed. In this thesis, I examine Macdonald’s early personal context, how he may have developed his ideas about Indigenous people, the development of his Indigenous policies, and the local contingencies that shaped the rolling out of this legislative framework including the Gradual Civilization Act (1857) and the Gradual Enfranchisement Act (1869). / Graduate

No description available.