Most South African subtitles are produced and broadcast in English despite the fact that English is the first language of only 8.2% of the entire population (Statistics South Africa, 2004). Therefore, current English subtitles are predominantly received as second language text. This poses questions as to how people perceive these subtitles, and if and how their reading of English second language (L2) subtitles differs from their reading of L1 (non-English) subtitles. In recent years, eye tracking has proven to be a valuable method in observing and measuring the eye movements of people watching and reading subtitles. In order to explain the use of eye tracking and in order to answer the question at hand, this study comprises a literature review and an empirical study. The literature review gives an in-depth account of previous studies that used eye tracking to study reading and elaborates on the parameters used to account for various findings. The two empirical components of this study examined the accessibility and effectiveness of English L2 subtitles by presenting native speakers of Afrikaans and Sesotho with subtitles displayed (a) in their native language, Afrikaans or Sesotho, and (b) in L2 English, while monitoring their eye movements with an SMI iViewX™ Hi-Speed eye tracker and comparing the data with that of English L1 speakers reading English subtitles. Participants were also given static text to read (accompanied by a corresponding comprehension test) in order to see if there was a relation between participants’ first and second language reading of static text and that of subtitling. Additionally, participants were given a questionnaire on their reading behaviour, reading preferences, access to subtitled television programming and reading of subtitles in order to find explanations for occurrences in the data. The initial hypothesis was that there would be a difference in L1 and L2 subtitle reading and attention allocation as measured by key eye-tracking parameters. Using ANOVAs, statistically significant differences were indeed found, but the differences were much more significant for the Sesotho L1 than the Afrikaans L1 speakers. After excluding possible confounding factors that were analysed in attempt to refute this hypothesis, the conclusion was that participants inherently read L1 and L2 subtitles differently. The hypothesis is therefore supported. However, the difference in L1 and L2 subtitle reading was not the only significant finding – the Sesotho L1 speakers’ reading data revealed a greater underlying issue, namely literacy. The problem of low literacy levels can be attributed to the participants’ socioeconomic background and history, and needs to be addressed urgently. Recommendations for future research include that the current study be broadened in terms of scope, sampling size, representativeness and experimental material; that the focus be shifted to the rest of the languages spoken in South Africa for which the users do not have a shared sense of bilingualism and for which the L1 skills and levels of L1 literacy vary; and to further explore the relation between the reading of static text and subtitle reading in order to ensure adequate subtitle reading in terms of proportional attention allocation. However, the issue of low literacy levels will have to be addressed urgently; only then will the South African viewing public be able to gain full access to any form of broadcast communicative material or media, and only then will they be able to benefit from subtitling and all that it offers. / North-West University (South Africa). Vaal Triangle Campus.

Most South African subtitles are produced and broadcast in English despite the fact that English is the first language of only 8.2% of the entire population (Statistics South Africa, 2004). Therefore, current English subtitles are predominantly received as second language text. This poses questions as to how people perceive these subtitles, and if and how their reading of English second language (L2) subtitles differs from their reading of L1 (non-English) subtitles. In recent years, eye tracking has proven to be a valuable method in observing and measuring the eye movements of people watching and reading subtitles. In order to explain the use of eye tracking and in order to answer the question at hand, this study comprises a literature review and an empirical study. The literature review gives an in-depth account of previous studies that used eye tracking to study reading and elaborates on the parameters used to account for various findings. The two empirical components of this study examined the accessibility and effectiveness of English L2 subtitles by presenting native speakers of Afrikaans and Sesotho with subtitles displayed (a) in their native language, Afrikaans or Sesotho, and (b) in L2 English, while monitoring their eye movements with an SMI iViewX™ Hi-Speed eye tracker and comparing the data with that of English L1 speakers reading English subtitles. Participants were also given static text to read (accompanied by a corresponding comprehension test) in order to see if there was a relation between participants’ first and second language reading of static text and that of subtitling. Additionally, participants were given a questionnaire on their reading behaviour, reading preferences, access to subtitled television programming and reading of subtitles in order to find explanations for occurrences in the data. The initial hypothesis was that there would be a difference in L1 and L2 subtitle reading and attention allocation as measured by key eye-tracking parameters. Using ANOVAs, statistically significant differences were indeed found, but the differences were much more significant for the Sesotho L1 than the Afrikaans L1 speakers. After excluding possible confounding factors that were analysed in attempt to refute this hypothesis, the conclusion was that participants inherently read L1 and L2 subtitles differently. The hypothesis is therefore supported. However, the difference in L1 and L2 subtitle reading was not the only significant finding – the Sesotho L1 speakers’ reading data revealed a greater underlying issue, namely literacy. The problem of low literacy levels can be attributed to the participants’ socioeconomic background and history, and needs to be addressed urgently. Recommendations for future research include that the current study be broadened in terms of scope, sampling size, representativeness and experimental material; that the focus be shifted to the rest of the languages spoken in South Africa for which the users do not have a shared sense of bilingualism and for which the L1 skills and levels of L1 literacy vary; and to further explore the relation between the reading of static text and subtitle reading in order to ensure adequate subtitle reading in terms of proportional attention allocation. However, the issue of low literacy levels will have to be addressed urgently; only then will the South African viewing public be able to gain full access to any form of broadcast communicative material or media, and only then will they be able to benefit from subtitling and all that it offers. / North-West University (South Africa). Vaal Triangle Campus.

Thesis (doctoral)--Stockholm University, 1984. / Added t.p. (1 leaf) inserted. Added t.p. with thesis statement, inserted. Includes bibliographical references (p. 177-185).

Thesis (doctoral)--Université de Paris VII. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 535-544).

Thesis (doctoral)--University of Stockholm, 1986.

Thesis (doctoral)--Stockholm University, 1984. / Added t.p. (1 leaf) inserted. Added t.p. with thesis statement, inserted. Includes bibliographical references (p. 177-185).

Habilitationsschrift--Basel, 1977. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 346-361).

Thesis (doctoral)--Université de Paris VII. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 535-544).

ALBUQUERQUE, Sharly Et Chan Nunes. A proposta Marxiana de vinculação trabalho - ensino no embate com o utopismo e reformismo burguês análise teórico-histórica. 2007. 106f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Educação) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Brasileira, Fortaleza-CE, 2007. / Submitted by Liliane oliveira (morena.liliane@hotmail.com) on 2012-07-23T11:49:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_DIS_SCNALBUQUERQUE.pdf: 729196 bytes, checksum: ae36d11927035128adbfde1c1ec7e3d1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-07-24T11:47:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_DIS_SCNALBUQUERQUE.pdf: 729196 bytes, checksum: ae36d11927035128adbfde1c1ec7e3d1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-24T11:47:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_DIS_SCNALBUQUERQUE.pdf: 729196 bytes, checksum: ae36d11927035128adbfde1c1ec7e3d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / RESUMO O presente trabalho tem como objetivo recuperar e discutir a proposta educativa marxiana/engelsiana de vinculação entre trabalho e instrução, examinando a gênese histórica e a evolução dessa proposta nos escritos dos fundadores do socialismo científico. Trata-se de um estudo calcado na revisão bibliográfica de textos que lidam sobre educação e o ensino. Do Manifesto de 1848 à Crítica do Programa de Gotha, passando pelo O Capital, e outros conhecidos textos, busca-se identificar as propostas dos autores, destacando as nuanças e singularidades de cada uma na sua relação com o contexto da luta operária, causa maior no seio da qual estava situada a discussão a respeito da educação. No exame dos textos há pouco referidos, à luz dos acontecimentos históricos que estavam na sua base, tentou-se acompanhar o desenvolvimento do pensamento de Marx e Engels que, no diálogo critico com o socialismo utópico e com o ideal reformista burguês, denuncia os efeitos destrutivos da industrialização capitalista para as condições de vida e de formação da classe trabalhadora. Ao mesmo tempo, buscam forjar a resistência, elaborando propostas que vieram a animar as lutas operárias no campo sócio-educacional. Procura-se, com efeito, deslindar os pressupostos e as finalidades da proposta marxiana de conjugação trabalho-ensino, de educação politécnica, como formação teórico-prática; a combinação entre educação intelectual, ginástica e formação tecnológica, uma das importantes contribuições da reflexão marxiana para a luta de classes no campo educacional, que permite estabelecer distinção entre o projeto de vinculação pretendido pela classe dominante em relação ao trabalho e à educação. O presente estudo transita também pelo controverso debate sobre o trabalho como princípio educativo, apoiando-se na tese do trabalho como categoria ontológica central da sociabilidade humana, que precisa ser distinguido em sua dupla determinabilidade, criação e destruição do humano. O presente trabalho tem origem na pressuposição de que a luta dos trabalhadores em educação se insere na peleja mais geral do movimento operário pela elaboração de um projeto educativo voltado à emancipação dos trabalhadores e à superação da exploração do homem pelo homem. Como participante desta luta, pretende-se, com este esforço, contribuir, ainda que modestamente, para retomar esta importantíssima discussão / RESUMEN El actual trabajo tiene como objetivo recuperar y discutir la propuesta marxiana/engelsiana de vinculación entre trabajo y la instrucción, examinado la génesis histórica y la evolución de esta propuesta en los escritos de los fundadores del socialismo científico. Ponese como un estudio pavimentado en la revisión bibliográfica de textos que se vuelven a la educación y a la enseñanza. De Manifiesto de 1848 a la Crítica del programa de Gotha, pasando por El Capital, y otras conocidas obras, búscase identificar las propuestas de los autores, los matices que los separan y las singularidades de cada uno en su relación con el contexto de la lucha obrera, causa más grande en el seno de la cual la pelea con respecto a la educación fue situada. En la examinación de los textos, hace poco referidos, a la luz de los acontecimientos históricos que estaban en su base, fue intentado seguir el desarrollo del pensamiento de Marx y de Engels que, en el diálogo crítico con el socialismo utópico y con el burgués ideal reformista, denuncia el efecto destructivo de la industrialización del capitalismo para las condiciones de la vida y la formación de la de clase obrera. Al mismo tiempo buscan, para forjar la resistencia, la elaboracion de propuestas que habían venido a impulsionar las luchas obreras en el sitio socio-educativo. Se mira, con efecto, para definir presupuesto y propósitos de la idea marxiana de la conjugação trabajo-enseñanza, educación politécnica, como formación teórico-práctica; la combinación entre la educación intelectual, la gimnasia y la formación tecnológica, una de las contribuciones importantes de la reflexión marxiana para la lucha de clases en el campo educativo, que permite establecer la distinción del proyecto de vinculación previsto por la clase dominante en lo referente al trabajo y a la educación. El actual estudio también transita para la polémica discusión sobre el trabajo como principio educativo, apoyándose en la tesis del trabajo como categoría ontológica central de la sociabilidad humana, que necesita ser distinguido en su determinabilidad, creación y destrucción dobles del humano. El trabajo presente tiene origen en la presuposición de que la lucha de los trabajadores en la educación si conflue con la lucha general del movimiento de la clase obrera para la elaboración de un proyecto educativo vuelto a la emancipación de los trabajadores y a la superación de la explotación del hombre por el hombre. Como participante de esta lucha, se piensa, con este esfuerzo, de contribuir, a pesar de modesto, para que se vuelva a retomar esta importantíssima discusión

The diploma thesis presented points out the presence of religious elements in Marxist-Leninist ideology. It examines the writings of the godfathers of this ideology(Marx, Engels, Lenin, or other less familiar Marxist, focusing specifically on their attitude to religion and religious thought in general. The thesis draws attention to the cognate elements of Christianiny and the very essence of Marxist-Leninist ideology, especially in terms of similar perception of historic eras of social development. The exposition is not limit to a description of Marxist theoretical attitudes assumed towards religious thoughts; the practical realization of these attitudes in Lenin- and Stalin-governed Russia is also investigated.