O presente trabalho, a partir da revisão do conceito de personificação, pretende investigar como se desenvolve o processo de naturalização da pessoa jurídica e os eventuais prejuízos decorrentes para a tutela do ser humano nas organizações sociais e para a descrição do fenômeno empresarial. Sob o prisma da filosofia da linguagem, realiza-se uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a utilização do termo pessoa jurídica no discurso do Direito, destacando, principalmente, a desconstrução promovida pelo chamado nominalismo. São, ainda, propostos critérios para a identificação da naturalização, a partir de uma gradação que procura segregar os diversos grupos de casos que lhe são correlatos. A tese foi estruturada em três etapas: subjetividade, titularidade e atividade. Ao cotejar a pessoa natural com a pessoa jurídica, em cada um desses planos, espera-se revelar a assimetria de razões que separam a personificação do ser humano daquela presente nas sociedades, associações e fundações. Do questionamento do individualismo metodológico presente na noção de pessoa jurídica resulta a reconstrução do próprio sistema analítico de conceitos do discurso jurídico, com a revisão das ideias de imputação, relação jurídica, titularidade e autonomia patrimonial. / This work, from a review of the concept of incorporation, aims to investigate how the naturalization process of legal entity develops and any losses incurred for the protection of human being in organizations and for description the phenomenon of the Firm. From the perspective of philosophy of language, this thesis reviews the literature concerning to the use of the term legal person in the discourse of corporate law, especially highlighting the deconstruction promoted by so-called nominalism. They are also proposed criteria for the identification of naturalization, with a gradation that seeks to segregate the different groups of cases that are related to this process.The thesis was structured in three stages: subjectivity, legal capacity and activity. By confronting the human being with legal entity, in each of these plans, it expects to demonstrate the specificity of the process of incorporation, which prevents any comparison with real person. The revision of methodological individualism in this idea of legal personality results in the reconstruction of the concepts of imputation, legal relationship, legal capacity and limited liability.

The thesis deals with the legal institution of the criminal responsibility of legal entities and a feasibility of its implementation in the Czech law. The main objective of the thesis is to find an answer to the question if the implementation of the institution is neccessary in the Czech republic and eventually in which form and parameters. The first part of the paper describes the current state of legal regulation in the Czech republic and contains a comparative analysis of legal regulation in France, Austria, Germany, Slovenia, Slovakia, Great Britain and United States. In the end of the theoretical part the paper discusses relevant liabilities of the Czech republic arising from international treaties and european law. In the second part the paper focuses on scolarly debate on the possible implementation, its advantages and disadvantages. The core of the paper lies in the critical reflection of existing drafts of the law on criminal responsibility of legal entities and author's own speculation about a possible legal regulation in the Czech republic

La thèse a deux objectifs : le premier est de développer un analyseur qui permet d'analyser automatiquement des sources textuelles en chinois simplifié afin de segmenter les textes en mots et de les étiqueter par catégories grammaticales, ainsi que de construire les relations syntaxiques entre les mots. Le deuxième est d'extraire des informations autour des entités et des actions qui nous intéressent à partir des textes analysés. Afin d'atteindre ces deux objectifs, nous avons traité principalement les problématiques suivantes : les ambiguïtés de segmentation, la catégorisation ; le traitement des mots inconnus dans les textes chinois ; l'ambiguïté de l'analyse syntaxique ; la reconnaissance et le typage des entités nommées. Le texte d'entrée est traité phrase par phrase. L'analyseur commence par un traitement typographique au sein des phrases afin d'identifier les écritures latines et les chiffres. Ensuite, nous segmentons la phrase en mots à l'aide de dictionnaires. Grâce aux règles linguistiques, nous créons des hypothèses de noms propres, changeons les poids des catégories ou des mots selon leur contextes gauches ou/et droits. Un modèle de langue n-gramme élaboré à partir d'un corpus d'apprentissage permet de sélectionner le meilleur résultat de segmentation et de catégorisation. Une analyse en dépendance est utilisée pour marquer les relations entre les mots. Nous effectuons une première identification d'entités nommées à la fin de l'analyse syntaxique. Ceci permet d'identifier les entités nommées en unité ou en groupe nominal et également de leur attribuer un type. Ces entités nommées sont ensuite utilisées dans l'extraction. Les règles d'extraction permettent de valider ou de changer les types des entités nommées. L'extraction des connaissances est composée des deux étapes : extraire et annoter automatiquement des contenus à partir des textes analysés ; vérifier les contenus extraits et résoudre la cohérence à travers une ontologie. / We have developed an automatic analyser and an extraction module for Chinese langage processing. The analyser performs automatic Chinese word segmentation based on linguistic rules and dictionaries, part-of-speech tagging based on n-gram statistics and dependency grammar parsing. The module allows to extract information around named entities and activities. In order to achieve these goals, we have tackled the following main issues: segmentation and part-of-speech ambiguity; unknown word identification in Chinese text; attachment ambiguity in parsing. Chinese texts are analysed sentence by sentence. Given a sentence, the analyzer begins with typographic processing to identify sequences of Latin characters and numbers. Then, dictionaries are used for preliminary segmentation into words. Linguistic-based rules are used to create proper noun hypotheses and change the weight of some word categories. These rules take into account word context. An n-gram language model is created from a training corpus and selects the best word segmentation and parts-of-speech. Dependency grammar parsing is used to annotate relations between words. A first step of named entity recognition is performed after parsing. Its goal is to identify single-word named entities and noun-phrase-based named entities and to determine their semantic type. These named entities are then used in knowledge extraction. Knowledge extraction rules are used to validate named entities or to change their types. Knowledge extraction consists of two steps: automatic content extraction and tagging from analysed text; extracted contents control and ontology-based co-reference resolution.

History is descriptive. Epistemology is conceived as normative. It appears, then, that a historical approach to epistemology, like historical epistemology, might not be epistemically normative. In our context here, epistemology is not a systematic theory of knowledge, truth, or justification. In this thesis I approach epistemic justification through the vantage point of practice of science. Practice is about reasoning. Reasoning, conceived as the human propensity to order perceptions, beliefs, memories, etc., in ways that permit us to have understanding, is not only about thinking. Reasoning has to do with our actions, too: In the ordering of reasoning we take into account the desires of ourselves and others. Reasoning has to do with tinkering with stuff, physical or abstract. Practice is primarily about skills. Practices are not mere groping. They have a form. Performing according to a practice is an activity with a lot of plasticity. The skilled performer retains the form of the practice in many different situations. Finally, practices are not static in time. Practices develop. People try new things, some of which may work out, others not. The technology involved in how to go about doing things in a particular practice changes, and the concepts concerning understanding what one is doing also may change. This is the point where history enters the picture. In this thesis I explore the interactions between history, reasoning, and skills from the viewpoint of a particular type of epistemic justification: a priori justification. An a priori justified proposition is a proposition which is evident independent of experience. Such propositions are self-evident. We will make sense of a priori justification in a context of regarding science as practice, so that we will be able to demonstrate that the latter accommodates the normative character of science.

A Internet foi projetada em contexto distante da realidade atual. Novas aplicações, novas tecnologias e dispositivos definem um novo conjunto de requisitos, que, entre outros, consiste de suporte a mobilidade, segurança, QoS e multicast. Pesquisadores de todo o mundo estão engajados no projeto da Internet do Futuro. Enquanto muitos procuram evoluir a Internet atual, outros partem do princípio de que arquitetura atual deve ser ignorada afim de se conceber uma nova arquitetura. Partindo de uma visão disruptiva, este trabalho tem por objetivo definir, projetar e avaliar experimentalmente uma forma de encaminhamento onde o multicast seja um requisito central para as aplicações. Essa forma de encaminhamento é baseada em novas relações entre entidades que se comunicam e na utilização de uma identificação/endereçamento única, não ambígua e independente da topologia: seu Título. A arquitetura Entity Title Architecture (ETArch), construída sobre uma infraestrutura baseada em redes definidas por software, estabelece novas relações entre as entidades de sistemas distribuídos. A definição do Workspace, implementado neste trabalho, permite estabelecer um canal por onde múltiplas entidades se comunicam naturalmente de uma forma multicast, permitindo ainda a mobilidade dessas entidades ao longo da rede. Identificado por seu Título, o Workspace é o destino das primitivas durante a comunicação. À medida que novas entidades se ligam ou desligam, há reconfiguração do Workspace. A abordagem definida, implementada e verificada neste trabalho representa uma forma mais eficiente de comunicação se comparada aos endereços no âmbito da camada de rede (IP Multicast) ou de aplicação (Application Layer Multicast). A arquitetura ETArch leva em conta não somente os aspectos de multicast e mobilidade das entidades, como também foi construída com a visão de incorporar em um momento futuro requisitos de QoS e segurança, sendo, portanto, um ponto de convergência para o diálogo com outros grupos de pesquisa, afim de colaborar na construção da próxima geração das redes de computadores. / Internet was designed in a totally different context, far from what we have today. New applications, new technologies and devices define a new set of requirements, which among others, is to support mobility, security, QoS and multicast. Researchers around the world are engaged in the design of the Future Internet. While many seek to evolve the current Internet, others assume that current architecture should be ignored in order to design a new architecture. From a disruptive vision, this work aims to define, design and experimentally validate a form of referral where multicast be a central requirement for applications. This form of routing is based on new relationships between entities that communicate and use of an identification/addressing based on a topology independent name that unambiguously identifies an entity: its Title. The Entity Title Architecture (ETArch), built on an infrastructure based on software defined networking, establishes new relationships between entities in distributed systems. The definition of the Workspace, implemented in this work, allows establishing a channel through which multiple entities communicate naturally by using a multicast approach, while still allowing mobility of these entities over network. Identified by its title, the Workspace is the destination of the primitives during communication. As new entities attach or detach the Workspace is reconfigured. The approach defined, implemented and varied in this work is a more efficient way of communication compared to the addressing within the network layer (IP Multicast) or application (Application Layer Multicast). ETArch takes into account not only the aspects of multicast and mobility of the entities , but also was built with the vision to incorporate into a future time QoS and security , so it is a focal point for dialogue with other research groups to collaborate in building the next generation of computer networks.

O Reconhecimento de Entidades Mencionadas (REM) é uma subtarefa da extração de informações e tem como objetivo localizar e classificar elementos do texto em categorias pré-definidas tais como nome de pessoas, organizações, lugares, datas e outras classes de interesse. Esse conhecimento obtido possibilita a execução de outras tarefas mais avançadas. O REM pode ser considerado um dos primeiros passos para a análise semântica de textos, além de ser uma subtarefa crucial para sistemas de gerenciamento de documentos, mineração de textos, extração da informação, entre outros. Neste trabalho, estudamos alguns métodos de Aprendizado de Máquina aplicados na tarefa de REM que estão relacionados ao atual estado da arte, dentre eles, dois métodos aplicados na tarefa de REM para a língua portuguesa. Apresentamos três diferentes formas de avaliação destes tipos de sistemas presentes na literatura da área. Além disso, desenvolvemos um sistema de REM para língua portuguesa utilizando Aprendizado de Máquina, mais especificamente, o arcabouço de máxima entropia. Os resultados obtidos com o nosso sistema alcançaram resultados equiparáveis aos melhores sistemas de REM para a língua portuguesa desenvolvidos utilizando outras abordagens de aprendizado de máquina. / Named Entity Recognition (NER), a task related to information extraction, aims to classify textual elements according to predefined categories such as names, places, dates etc. This enables the execution of more advanced tasks. NER is a first step towards semantic textual analysis and is also a crucial task for systems of information extraction and other types of systems. In this thesis, I analyze some Machine Learning methods applied to NER tasks, including two methods applied to Portuguese language. I present three ways of evaluating these types of systems found in the literature. I also develop an NER system for the Portuguese language utilizing Machine Learning that entails working with a maximum entropy framework. The results are comparable to the best NER systems for the Portuguese language developed with other Machine Learning alternatives.

La práctica musical del sikuri, tradición que se transmite desde tiempos prehispánicos alrededor del altiplano del sur del Perú, presenta importantes características como son la ejecución en diálogo musical, el pensamiento complementario y recíproco, el sentido de colectividad e interdependencia, la conexión con la naturaleza, la ritualización de la música, entre otras que pueden servir efectivamente de estrategias para la promoción del desempeño organizacional en empresas peruanas al plantear una relación equilátera entre esta manifestación del mundo ancestral y las prácticas sociales corporativas como el trabajo en equipo, la comunicación interna, la autoconfianza, la eliminación de la distancia social, entre otras. / The musical practice of sikuri, a tradition transmitted since pre-hispanic times across the highlands of southern Peru, has important characteristics such as musical dialogue performance, complementary and reciprocal thinking, a sense of collectivity and interdependence, connection with nature, ritualization of the music, among others. This can effectively serve as strategies for the promotion of organizational performance in Peruvian companies by proposing an equitable relationship between this manifestation of the ancestral world and corporate social practice such as teamwork, internal communication, self-security, corporate integration and more.

Sports sponsorship accounts for the majority of global sponsorship revenue and is a mutually beneficial business relationship between two parties -the sponsor and the sponsee. The most successful sports sponsorships are based on a good relationship between the sports entity and its sponsor, however, the relationship between the sponsor and the sponsee is difficult to understand due to the lack oftheoretical and managerial implications of the area. Thus, the purpose of this thesis is to provide a better understanding of how sport entities and their existing sponsors manage their interorganizational relationship. In order to reach the stated purpose, research questions are derived focusing on the exchange and the maintenance of the sport sponsor relationship. Based on the research questions, an extensive literature review is conducted landing in a proposed conceptual framework. A qualitative case study approach is used to collect data through semi-structured interviews with two national and two international professional sports organizations. The result of the study shows how the existing relationship between sports organizations and their sponsors is managed. The most valued aspect in a sport sponsorship relationship is to develop a long-term partnership and that the parties involved are committed to the relationship and work actively to make it mutually beneficial. The sponsors are for the most partincluded in the activities of the sport entity, which posits high-quality communication as an essential tool in maintaining a successful relationship. In order to maximize the value generated from the offered benefits, the partners must be willing to utilize the full potential in participating in the sport entity’s various activities.

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自從民國八十八年政府採購法實施之後，依照該法第九十三條規定：「各機關得就具有共通需求特性之財物或勞務，與廠商簽訂共同供應契約。」我國政府部門於焉開始推行共同供應契約此一採購制度。依據經濟學的相關理論與採購實務的經驗，該採購制度具有集中各政府機關共通需求的特性，可以擴大採購的規模，俾以量制價，降低政府的採購成本；此外，該採購制度也具有減少政府重複辦理相同標的之採購作業的功能，可以節省人力，降低行政成本。 　　本研究係利用文獻探討、專家訪談與問卷調查諸研究方法，針對我國共同供應契約採購制度實施以後的情況（例如共同供應契約產品的供應價格是否低廉等）做一調查與研究，藉以驗證此一採購制度確實具有降低採購成本與行政成本的功能，可以減少政府財政支出；此外，本研究亦針對此一採購制度自實施以後所產生的問題進行探討並提出建議，冀做為主管機關修改政策與執行機關實際作業之參考。 / Since the Government Procurement Law (abbreviated as “GPL” hereinafter) entered into effect in 1999, the Republic of China endeavors herself to implement a procurement system named “Inter-entity Supply Contract” (referred to as “the system” hereinafter) in accordance with the Article 93 of GPL. Based on relevant theories of the Economics and experience of procurement practice, the system should provide an advantage in reducing the government procurement cost by collecting the amount of common needs of different entities and in reducing the government administration cost by avoiding procuring same objectives repeatedly. 　　By means of reviewing literature, interviewing experts and questionnaire, this thesis aims at evaluating the actual performance of the system, such as whether the prices of the supplies are advantageous, and verifying that the system indeed has a effect in reducing government procurement and administration costs. Furthermore, this thesis also explores the problems emerged due to the implementation of the system and offers some practical solutions in eliminating these problems. The suggested solutions are in a hope to be referred to by the GPL Responsible Entity during amending policies and by the conducting entities during operation.