This diploma thesis deals with valuation of a Czech company operating in the field of metal scrap recycling. The goal of the thesis is to find market value of the company with a purpose of sale to an identified rational investor. The thesis opens with a presentation of company s main business activities. It is followed by the strategic analysis of its external and internal potential, which covers the development of metal scrap market and the company s competitive position on it. Financial analysis investigates financial health of the company and compares its financial performance with that of company s competitors. In the fourth chapter I forecast the development of the main value generators: sales, profit margin, working capital and long-term assets. This forecast is later incorporated into the financial plan of the company. Last chapter is dedicated to company s valuation according to DCF method and market comparison method. As a conclusion to the work I analyze the results of the valuation and income generation capacity of the company.

Denna uppsats mäter och jämför prestanda mellan en objektorienterad databas och en relationsdatabas. Uppsatsen bygger på en utredande karaktär utifrån vår hypotes och vårt intresse att testa den.Hypotesen bygger på problematiken omkring mängden kod utvecklaren måste skriva för att kunna koppla ihop applikation med databas. En större mängd skriven kod som utvecklaren måste skriva borde göra att prestanda och svarstider blir långsammare. Därför ville vi undersöka om verktyg som medför en mindre mängd skriven kod kan förbättra prestandan och ge snabbare svarstider. Vi valde att testa vår hypotes mellan ADO. NET relationsdatabas och ADO. NET Entity Framework objektorienterade databas då ADO. NET genererar större mängd kod och Entity Framework innehåller verktyg som i sin tur genererar mindre mängd kod. För att kunna mäta och jämföra prestandan utvecklades en mindre kundapplikation kopplad med respektive ramverks databasmodell där båda använder sig av samma databas. Genom att mäta prestandan har vi kunnat jämföra de olika modellerna och då även kunnat se vilka fördelar och nackdelar respektive modell genererat. Vi har även mätt antal kodrader och diskuterat hur det påverkar kostnaden av systemutvecklingen samt underhållbarheten för applikationen. Det som framförallt framkom var att relationsdatabasen resulterade i en något snabbare prestanda mätt i millisekunder trots att antal kodrader blev fler jämfört med en objektorienterad databas. Den objektorienterade databasen resulterade i något sämre prestanda men med färre antal skrivna kodrader. Det medför att den kräver mindre underhåll i koden vid förvaltning av den nya applikationen. Det innebär även att tiden vid utveckling för den vane programmeraren minskar med cirka 50 % och därmed sjunker även utvecklingskostnaden, under förutsättning att en något långsammare prestanda kan accepteras.

Several decades ago, computer control systems known as Electric Control Units (ECUs) were introduced to the automotive industry. Mechanical hardware units have since then increasingly been replaced by computer controlled systems to manage complex tasks such as airbag, ABS, cruise control and so forth. This has lead to a massive increase of software functions and data which all needs to be managed. There are several tools and techniques for this, however, current tools and techniques for developing real-time embedded system are mostly focusing on software functions, not data. Those tools do not fully support developers to manage run-time data at design time. Furthermore, current tools do not focus on visualization of relationship among data items in the system. This thesis is a part of previous work named the Data Entity approach which prioritizes data management at the top level of development life cycle. Our main contribution is a tool that introduces a new way to intuitively explore run-time data items, which are produced and consumed by software components, utilized in the entire system. As a consequence, developers will achieve a better understanding of utilization of data items in the software system. This approach enables developers and system architects to avoid redundant data as well as finding and removing stale data from the system. The tool also allows us to analyze conflicts regarding run-time data items that might occur between software components at design time. / A Data-Entity Approach for Component-Based Real-Time Embedded Systems Development

Creating a database to manage medical data is not the easiest. We create a database to be used for a presentation tool that presents medical data about patients that is stored in the database. We examine which of the three databases, MySQL with relational design, MySQL with EAV design and MongoDB that are best suited for storing medical data. The analysis i performed in two steps. The first step handles the database that is most effective to retriev data. The second step examines how easy it is to change the structure of the various databases. The results show that depending on whether efficiency or maintenance is most important, different databases are the best choise. MySQL with relational design proves to be most effective while MongoDB is the easiest to maintain.

Les notions de pouvoir adjudicateur et d'entité adjudicatrice délimitent le champ d'application personnel de la réglementation européenne des marchés passés respectivement dans les domaines classiques de l'activité administrative et dans certains secteurs d'utilité publique organisés en réseau. Ces notions sont définies selon une approche fonctionnelle qui soulève des interrogations au regard de différents concepts du droit interne. L'étude de trois exemples représentatifs, à savoir le droit français, le droit allemand et le droit anglais, permet de mettre en évidence ces problèmes qui peuvent être synthétisés autour de deux thématiques: la forme juridique de l'acheteur et sa dépendance à l'égard des pouvoirs publics. D'une part, il s'agit d'étudier les incidences de la nature publique ou privée et, plus généralement, de Ia personnalité morale d'une entité sur la mise en œuvre en droit interne des notions de pouvoir adjudicateur et d'entité adjudicatrice. D'autre part, il s'agit d'examiner, à partir de l'interprétation jurisprudentielle de ces notions mais aussi de certaines réglementations nationales spéciales, dans quelle mesure l'activité de différents organismes et les liens, notamment économiques, qu'ils entretiennent avec les pouvoirs publics justifient de les soumettre à la réglementation de marchés publics. / The concepts of "contracting authority" and "contracting entity" are the defining elements of the personal scope of the EU Directives on Public Sector and Utility Sector Procurement. The content of these concepts is determined according to a functional approach which raises a number of questions in relation to various notions of domestic law. A comparative study of three representative legal orders, namely French, German and English Law, illustrates these questions which revolve around two issues: the legal form of the purchasers and the nature of their dependency on the State. The first issue involves studying the extent to which the public or private nature of an entity as well as, more generally, the existence or lack of legal personality, have an impact on the implementation of the concepts of "contracting authority" and "contracting entity" in domestic law. Based on the relevant EU and national case law as well as on other specific national provisions, the second issue involves examining the extent to which the nature of an entity's activity and its different ties in particular financial, with the State justifies the application of the public procurement rules on such an entity.

Les réseaux sociaux occupent une place de plus en plus importante dans notre vie quotidienne et représentent une part considérable des activités sur le web. Ce succès s’explique par la diversité des services/fonctionnalités de chaque site (partage des données souvent multimédias, tagging, blogging, suggestion de contacts, etc.) incitant les utilisateurs à s’inscrire sur différents sites et ainsi à créer plusieurs réseaux sociaux pour diverses raisons (professionnelle, privée, etc.). Cependant, les outils et les sites existants proposent des fonctionnalités limitées pour identifier et organiser les types de relations ne permettant pas de, entre autres, garantir la confidentialité des utilisateurs et fournir un partage plus fin des données. Particulièrement, aucun site actuel ne propose une solution permettant d’identifier automatiquement les types de relations en tenant compte de toutes les données personnelles et/ou celles publiées. Dans cette étude, nous proposons une nouvelle approche permettant d’identifier les types de relations à travers un ou plusieurs réseaux sociaux. Notre approche est basée sur un framework orientéutilisateur qui utilise plusieurs attributs du profil utilisateur (nom, age, adresse, photos, etc.). Pour cela, nous utilisons des règles qui s’appliquent à deux niveaux de granularité : 1) au sein d’un même réseau social pour déterminer les relations sociales (collègues, parents, amis, etc.) en exploitant principalement les caractéristiques des photos et leurs métadonnées, et, 2) à travers différents réseaux sociaux pour déterminer les utilisateurs co-référents (même personne sur plusieurs réseaux sociaux) en étant capable de considérer tous les attributs du profil auxquels des poids sont associés selon le profil de l’utilisateur et le contenu du réseau social. À chaque niveau de granularité, nous appliquons des règles de base et des règles dérivées pour identifier différents types de relations. Nous mettons en avant deux méthodologies distinctes pour générer les règles de base. Pour les relations sociales, les règles de base sont créées à partir d’un jeu de données de photos créées en utilisant le crowdsourcing. Pour les relations de co-référents, en utilisant tous les attributs, les règles de base sont générées à partir des paires de profils ayant des identifiants de mêmes valeurs. Quant aux règles dérivées, nous utilisons une technique de fouille de données qui prend en compte le contexte de chaque utilisateur en identifiant les règles de base fréquemment utilisées. Nous présentons notre prototype, intitulé RelTypeFinder, que nous avons implémenté afin de valider notre approche. Ce prototype permet de découvrir différents types de relations, générer des jeux de données synthétiques, collecter des données du web, et de générer les règles d’extraction. Nous décrivons les expériementations que nous avons menées sur des jeux de données réelles et syntéthiques. Les résultats montrent l’efficacité de notre approche à découvrir les types de relations. / In recent years, social network sites exploded in popularity and become an important part of the online activities on the web. This success is related to the various services/functionalities provided by each site (ranging from media sharing, tagging, blogging, and mainly to online social networking) pushing users to subscribe to several sites and consequently to create several social networks for different purposes and contexts (professional, private, etc.). Nevertheless, current tools and sites provide limited functionalities to organize and identify relationship types within and across social networks which is required in several scenarios such as enforcing users’ privacy, and enhancing targeted social content sharing, etc. Particularly, none of the existing social network sites provides a way to automatically identify relationship types while considering users’ personal information and published data. In this work, we propose a new approach to identify relationship types among users within either a single or several social networks. We provide a user-oriented framework able to consider several features and shared data available in user profiles (e.g., name, age, interests, photos, etc.). This framework is built on a rule-based approach that operates at two levels of granularity: 1) within a single social network to discover social relationships (i.e., colleagues, relatives, friends, etc.) by exploiting mainly photos’ features and their embedded metadata, and 2) across different social networks to discover co-referent relationships (same real-world persons) by considering all profiles’ attributes weighted by the user profile and social network contents. At each level of granularity, we generate a set of basic and derived rules that are both used to discover relationship types. To generate basic rules, we propose two distinct methodologies. On one hand, social relationship basic rules are generated from a photo dataset constructed using crowdsourcing. On the other hand, using all weighted attributes, co-referent relationship basic rules are generated from the available pairs of profiles having the same unique identifier(s) attribute(s) values. To generate the derived rules, we use a mining technique that takes into account the context of users, namely by identifying frequently used valid basic rules for each user. We present here our prototype, called RelTypeFinder, implemented to validate our approach. It allows to discover appropriately different relationship types, generate synthetic datesets, collect web data and photo, and generate mining rules. We also describe here the sets of experiments conducted on real-world and synthetic datasets. The evaluation results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed relationship discovery approach.

In pay-as-you-go data integration, feedback can inform the regeneration of different aspects of a data integration system, and as a result, helps to improve the system's quality. However, feedback could be expensive as the amount of feedback required to annotate all the possible integration artefacts is potentially big in contexts where the budget can be limited. Also, feedback could be used in different ways. Feedback of different types and in different orders could have different effects in the quality of the integration. Some feedback types could give rise to more benefit than others. There is a need to develop techniques to collect feedback effectively. Previous efforts have explored the benefit of feedback in one aspect of the integration. However, the contributions have not considered the benefit of different feedback types in a single integration task. We have investigated the annotation of mapping results using crowdsourcing, and implementing techniques for reliability. The results indicate that precision estimates derived from crowdsourcing improve rapidly, suggesting that crowdsourcing can be used as a cost-effective source of feedback. We propose an approach to maximize the improvement of data integration systems given a budget for feedback. Our approach takes into account the annotation of schema matchings, mapping results and pairs of candidate record duplicates. We define a feedback plan, which indicates the type of feedback to collect, the amount of feedback to collect and the order in which different types of feedback are collected. We defined a fitness function and a genetic algorithm to search for the most cost-effective feedback plans. We implemented a framework to test the application of feedback plans and measure the improvement of different data integration systems. In the framework, we use a greedy algorithm for the selection of mappings. We designed quality measures to estimate the quality of a dataspace after the application of a feedback plan. For the evaluation of our approach, we propose a method to generate synthetic data scenarios. We evaluate our approach in scenarios with different characteristics. The results showed that the generated feedback plans achieved higher quality values than the randomly generated feedback plans in several scenarios.

La transparence des personnes morales en droit administratif se présente comme un argument visant à faire prévaloir la réalité de la situation d’une personne morale sur sa forme. L’argument de transparence entraîne une modification du rapport d’altérité entre deux personnes morales dont l’une est entièrement contrôlée par l’autre : alors qu’elles sont distinctes l’une de l’autre, le juge assimile l’organisme dépourvu d’autonomie à un service de la personne publique. La transparence n’est toutefois pas dotée d’un régime juridique stable et cohérent. L’opération de qualification est accessoire à sa mise en oeuvre, de sorte que les rapports juridiques entre les personnes morales varient. La personne morale n’est regardée comme « transparente » qu’à l’occasion d’un litige pour la résolution d’un problème juridique précis ; elle peut à nouveau être regardée comme distincte de la personne publique lors d’un nouveau procès. Avec cette technique, le juge administratif met en échec les effets de contournement des règles du droit administratif sans créer de règles ou d’exceptions jurisprudentielles nouvelles. Aux côtés du mandat administratif, l’argument de transparence permet de compléter l’arsenal de protection de la compétence du juge administratif et du respect des règles propres à l’administration, dont les effets et la portée peuvent être mesurés et adaptés aux situations. Il permet également aux requérants d’envisager une stratégie juridique susceptible de faire sauter l’obstacle de la personnalité morale de l’organisme que maîtrise totalement l’administration. / Piercing the veil of corporate entities in French administrative law appears as an argument which aims at letting the reality of the situation of a corporate entity prevail over its form. This argument of transparency modifies the relation of alterity between two corporate entities in which one is completely controlled by the other: while they are distinct from each other, the judge assimilates the organization devoid of autonomy to a service belonging to the public entity. However, transparency is not provided with a stable and coherent legal regime. The operation of qualification is incidental to its implementation, so that judiciary relations between corporate entities vary. The corporate entity is only regarded as “transparent” in the course of a litigation concerning the resolving of a precise judiciary problem; it can be considered as distinct again from the public entity at a new trial. With this process, the administrative judge defeats the bypassing of the rules of administrative law without creating any new rule or jurisprudential exception. Together with administrative mandates, the argument of transparency allows to complete the arsenal of protection of the administrative judge’s authority and to enforce administrative rules, whose effects and reach can be measured and adapted to situations. It also allows petitioners to consider a legal strategy that may overcome the obstacle posed by the corporate entity of the organization which is completely controlled by the administration

In recent years, patent aggregation and patent trolling activities have received growing attention from all over the world because of the controversial nature of such activities. Somehow it becomes a global obsession to presume that such activities or even the existence of PAEs are problematic by nature and need to be redressed via government intervention, partly due to the unpromising situation in the US. This article seeks to explore the nature of such issue and find out the most appropriate way for China to deal with such issue. The author believes that while such activities might at first sight seem problematic, in fact they are legal commercial practice in general, or more specifically, they are merely strategic uses of patents. This article also argues that there are available remedies under both EU and Chinese legal framework to catch the real problematic conducts derived from such activities. Hence it would seem to the author that even though the quantity of such activities is meant to increase in China, there is neither justification nor need to intervene such activities: the existing legal framework is enough to address certain misconducts; and the market is capable of ensuring its own equilibrium.

This thesis´ aim is to analyse the extension of the fuctionally separate entity approach  (FSEA) used in order to attribute a proper amount of profit to banks´ permanet establishment (PE) and the related implication in the authorised OECD approach (AOA). From a general perspective in fact, under the FSEA a PE is treated as being a separate entity from the head office, functions, assets, risks and funding shall be attributed as it was a separate legal entity. However, beyond the previous statement some general limitation of the FSEA and the particular nature of bank (and in general financial institutions) require a further reflection. Practically speaking: how far is the extension of this functional separate entity approach? Is it treatable as a complete separate company by itself? If not, how far is from the economic reality of the company? After a fisrt descriptive part, the author analysis the hybrid nature of the FSEA: acoording with his view traces of single entity approach are founded. However the hybrid nature of the FSEA is not per se a limitation but shall be considered as strength: the OECD´s approach grants a certain degree of flexibility and ability to adapt based on the context that on the other hand would have let the FSEA and the AOA be even more complicate.