Dans un contexte de pressions démographique, économique et écologique, la plupart des pays s’engagent dans une transition écologique, pour préparer des modes de vie « post-pétrole », pour réduire leur empreinte écologique, pour prévenir les effets du réchauffement climatique. L’approche systémique et la performance écologique constituent des leviers du développement harmonieux des métropoles.Dans le but de pouvoir mieux évaluer les stratégies d’aménagement et mesurer le progrès réalisé sur un territoire, notre thèse s’attache à formuler une approche systémique de la performance écologique et à développer un cadre conceptuel, une méthodologie et des outils. Ces outils sont conçus pour mesurer la performance des métropoles de manière objective et scientifique. Afin de les tester, nous les avons appliqués à la métropole de Shanghai.La Chine, poursuivant une croissance économique, déjà fulgurante depuis 30 ans, a besoin de ressources naturelles, de technologies et de savoir-faire pour mieux maîtriser son développement, améliorer son environnement et offrir des conditions de vie plus qualitatives. Menant un vaste programme d’urbanisation depuis 1978, elle tente de faire migrer en ville 400 millions de paysans entre 2000 et 2030. Si la Chine adopte « l’économie circulaire », inspirée de l’écologie industrielle, intègre-t-elle les notions de performance écologique en urbanisme et aménagement ? Le profil organisationnel, la forme et les pratiques des villes, sont-ils améliorés ? Comment peut-elle, notre approche de la performance écologique, aider la Chine à améliorer l’aménagement de son territoire ? / Cities consume enormous amounts of energy and resources, and generate most of the world’s CO2 emissions and waste. Demographic, urban and ecological pressures require us to re-evaluate 20th-Century urban design models, especially in China and India (750 million additional urban residents by 2030), to create more sustainable cities and societies.Applying a systems approach and industrial ecology to cities is perhaps the best way to accelerate progress. This thesis proposes a unique methodology and tools for evaluating the ecological performance of cities, and then tests them on Shanghai. Future research will focus on comparative studies of cities, based on the same variables. Once this is accomplished, it will be possible to create an Observatory of the Ecological Performance of Cities.

Στη διατριβή αυτή έχει αναπτυχθεί ένας νέος συνδυασμός της Ανάλυσης Κύκλου Ζωής (ΑΚΖ) και της Ανάλυσης Οικολογικής Απόδοσης, που εφαρμόζεται για την αξιολόγηση της περιβαλλοντικής και ενεργειακής απόδοσης και της απόδοσης κόστους ενός πρότυπου ηλεκτροχρωμικού παραθύρου, η οποία έχει σκοπό να χρησιμοποιηθεί ως διάταξη εξοικονόμησης ενέργειας σε κτήρια. Ο κύριος στόχος είναι να επισημάνουμε πώς η συγκεκριμένη μέθοδος συμπληρώνει τις δύο μεθόδους, ενσωματώνοντας τα ιδιαίτερα πλεονεκτήματά τους σε ένα πληρέστερο και πιο ισχυρό διαγνωστικό εργαλείο. Η αποδοτικότητα της μεθόδου αποδεικνύεται με εφαρμογή σε έναν ηλεκτροχρωμικό υαλοπίνακα (K-Glass/WO3/πολυμερής ηλεκτρολύτης/V2O5/K-Glass), διαστάσεων 40cmx40cm. Αξιολογείται ολόκληρος ο κύκλος ζωής του εφαρμόζοντας τη μέθοδο της ΑΚΖ (ISO 14040). Για να μετρηθεί και να καταγραφεί η οικολογική απόδοση, χρησιμοποιούνται δείκτες περιβαλλοντικής απόδοσης, οι οποίοι βασίζονται σε ισοζύγια υλικών και ενέργειας και ορίστηκαν λαμβάνοντας υπόψη διάφορες παραμέτρους, (σενάριο ελέγχου, προσδοκώμενος χρόνος ζωής, κλιματικές συνθήκες, κόστος αγοράς). Ο συνδυασμός των αποτελεσμάτων οδηγεί σε σημαντικά συμπεράσματα για τον συνδυασμό ιδιοτήτων και τις πιθανές βελτιώσεις, που μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθούν στη λήψη αποφάσεων για το σχεδιασμό και την ανάπτυξη του προϊόντος και για την επιλογή της βέλτιστης περίπτωσης μεταξύ διαφόρων υαλοπινάκων για ειδικές κλιματικές συνθήκες. Τέλος, μια τέτοια μεθοδολογία μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί για την καθιέρωση ενεργειακής σήμανσης, ή ενεργειακής ταξινόμησης των παραθύρων, ενώ επιπλέον είναι σύμφωνη με την Ευρωπαϊκή Οδηγία (2002/91/EC) για την ενεργειακή απόδοση των κτηρίων, που απαιτεί πιστοποιητικά ενεργειακής απόδοσης για υφιστάμενα και νέα κτήρια. / In this study, a novel combination of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the Eco-efficiency analysis has been developed and implemented to evaluate the environmental, energy and cost efficiency potential of an electrochromic (EC) window prototype that aims to be used as an energy saving component in the building. The main objective is to mark out how the proposed method complements the traditional techniques, namely LCA and Eco-efficiency integrating their individual advantages into a more complete and a further more powerful diagnostic tool. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated with implementation to a 40cm x 40cm EC glazing (K-Glass/WO3/polymer electrolyte/V2O5/K-Glass). The whole life cycle of the EC glazing is evaluated by implementing the method of LCA (ISO 14040). In order to measure and report the ecological efficiency, environmental performance indicators were used, based on material and energy balances. The indicators were suitably defined taking into consideration various parameters (control scenario, expected lifetime, climatic type, purchase cost). Significant conclusions can be drawn for the development and the potential applications of the device compared to other commercial fenestration products. The combination of the results leads to significant conclusions for the balance of its properties and possible improvements that can be utilized in decision making for the product design and development and for the selection of an optimum case among various fenestration products for specific areas/climates. Finally, such a methodology can be utilized to establish a system for energy labeling or energy rating of windows and it is in accordance with the European Directive (2002/91/EC) on the energy performance of buildings, which calls for energy performance certificates to be available for new and existing buildings.

La tesis doctoral "Urbanismo Ambiental y Evaluación Estratégica" investiga y propone un renovado papel del urbanismo y muy especialmente de la ordenación del territorio como instrumentos no tan sólo de valor para la protección del medio ambiente sino también para la consecución de las políticas hacia un desarrollo sostenible. Con tal fín se reflexiona y potencia la visión/función del suelo como recurso ambiental, también en su función urbanística, y de su mano las consecuencias e interacciones que tal conceptuación puede tener en la Comunidad Europea desde su competencia compartida con los Estados Miembros en materia de medio ambiente, concretamente en su capacidad para incidir, mediante técnicas normativas y no normativas en el urbanismo y la ordenación del territorio en cuanto instrumentos de regulación y ordenación del recurso ambiental suelo. En esta nueva andadura del urbanismo ambientalizado o, si se prefiere, en la carrera hacia el desarrollo urbanístico sostenible, la técnica de evaluación ambiental estratégica de determinados planes y programas se revela como fundamental, especialmente si se consigue que su transposición a los ordenamientos internos de los Estados Miembros se lleve a cabo con pleno respeto a las notas insosyalables defendidas en la tesis de técnica preventiva y no reparativa, dinámica, con capacidad de incidencia en la elección misma del modelo de plan y con miras finalistas a la sostenibilidad. Con ella podrá generalizarse el urbanismo ambiental y acelerarse el proceso de revisión que tienen pendiente las materias de urbanismo y ordenación del territorio desde la nueva concepción del suelo como recurso ambiental y mediante la recepción e integración de los principios ambientalistas. / The doctoral thesis "Environmental Urban Planning and Strategic Evaluation" investigates and proposes a renewed paper of the urban planning and very especially of the ordering of the territory like instruments not so only of value for the protection of the environment but also for the achievement of the policies towards a sustainable development. With this purpose is reflected and promotes the vision/function of the land as an environmental resource, also in its urbanistic function, and of its hand the consequences and interactions that such name can have in the European Community from their shared competence with the Member States on the subject of environment, precisely in their capacity to hit, through normative and non normative techniques in the urban planning and the ordering of the territory when instruments of regulation and ordering of the resource environmental land. In this new stage of the environment urban planning or, if the technique is preferred, in the career towards the sustainable urbanistic development, of strategic environmental evaluation of determinate plans and programmes reveals how fundamental, especially if is achieved that its transposition to the internal ordering of the Member States defended in the thesis of technique is carried out with plenum with respect to the notes preventive and dynamics, with capacity of incidence in the same choice of the model of plan and with sights finalist to the sustainability. With her the environmental urban planning will be able to be generalised and to speed up the process of revision that they have pending the matters of urban planning and ordering of the territory from the new conception of the floor as an environmental resource and through the reception and integration of the environmentalist principles.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:50:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3913.pdf: 2990880 bytes, checksum: 4d26eae63ccca4196bc018988c087ba9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-26 / The objective of the present thesis is to propose and structure a method for environmental evaluation of products concepts based on DfE Strategies and AHP. The focus is on physical products, mainly consumer durable goods and capital goods. The justification for this choice is that sustainability is a big issue today, and in particular: the urgency of approaching environmental problems; its strong relationship with product development; and the need of methods and tools for addressing environmental issues at the initial phases of product design, more specifically methods for environmental evaluation of product concepts, due to its scarcity in the literature. This objective was reached in two stages. Initially, the method was structured in phases, stages and activities arranged in an orderly manner. The method was built from DfE strategies related to the product physical dimensions and expressed by the use and consumption of material resources. DfE Strategies was condensed in evaluation criteria. These criteria was subsequently related to a products environmental typology and further grouped by degree of similarity, forming a hierarchy of environmental criteria to be used with AHP. Thus, we sought to create a method applicable to a wide range of physical products and whose aim is to guide the user, step by step, in the evaluation of the concept that better fulfills DfE criteria, taking the whole life cycle of the product into account. In the second stage, the practical utility potential of the method was assessed by means of interviews and questionnaires with product development practitioners from three companies and with one DfE consultant. As a result, it was concluded that the proposed method constitutes in a contribution to the development of environmental responsible products. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo conceber e estruturar um método de avaliação ambiental de conceitos de produtos baseado nas Estratégias do DfE e no AHP, com foco nos produtos físicos, principalmente os bens de consumo duráveis e os bens de capital. A justificativa por esta escolha se deve à atualidade da temática da sustentabilidade e, em particular: à premência do tratamento da questão ambiental; sua forte dependência do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos; e à necessidade de métodos e ferramentas apropriados para se incorporar as questões ambientais nas fases iniciais do projeto do produto, mais especificamente métodos adequados à avaliação ambiental de conceitos de produtos, devido a sua escassez na literatura. Este objetivo foi alcançado por meio de duas etapas. Inicialmente, o método foi estruturado em fases, etapas e atividades, todas dispostas em uma ordem lógica. O método foi construído a partir de estratégias de DfE relacionadas à dimensão física do produto e expressas pelo uso e consumo de recursos materiais. As estratégias de DfE foram condensadas em critérios de avaliação. Tais critérios foram posteriormente relacionados com uma tipologia ambiental de produtos e depois agrupados por grau de semelhança, formando uma hierarquia de critérios ambientais para uso com o AHP. Desta maneira, buscou-se criar um método aplicável a uma gama de produtos físicos, cujo objetivo é orientar o usuário, passo a passo, na avaliação do conceito que mais bem atenda aos critérios do DfE, dentro de uma perspectiva de ciclo de vida do produto. A segunda etapa da pesquisa consistiu na avaliação do potencial de utilização prática do método por meio de entrevistas e questionários com profissionais ligados ao desenvolvimento de produtos de três empresas e com um consultor em DfE. Como resultado concluiu-se que o método proposto se constitui em uma contribuição para o desenvolvimento de produtos ambientalmente responsáveis.

The diploma thesis contains an energy audit of the figure skating hall. In the first part I focused on the analysis of the topic, fire regulations and laws relating to given theme, recent technical, theoretical and experimental solutions in practice. In the next part, I compiled the of building energy audit of building, including its mandatory annexes. In the last part, I presented the results of measurements in the evaluated object.