Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-05-20T16:43:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 estrutura_assembleia.pdf: 2046778 bytes, checksum: a4c5981489809046c1364fe8b728b158 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-20T16:43:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 estrutura_assembleia.pdf: 2046778 bytes, checksum: a4c5981489809046c1364fe8b728b158 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / FUNDEPE - Fundação Universitária para Desenvolvimento do Ensino e da Pesquisa / Petrobras - Petróleo Brasileiro S. A. / A economia humana, saúde e bem estar são intimamente ligados com a funcionalidade do ecossistema. Como interface entre os ecossistemas aquáticos e terrestres, os habitats ripários são um importante componente na paisagem para muitas espécies. Estudos sobre os padrões das comunidades de insetos em florestas tropicais são extremamente necessários para identificar as conseqüências da fragmentação do hábitat na biota, e auxiliar planos de conservação. Scarabaeinae representa um grupo de insetos globalmente distribuídos, contudo, tanto sua biologia como ecologia são pouco conhecidas para a maioria das espécies. Os rola-bostas são importantes organismos decompositores, envolvidos em muitas funções do ecossistema. Além disso, esses insetos são muito sensíveis à destruição do hábitat, mostrando padrões de organização distintos entre áreas degradadas quando comparados com contínuos florestais. Este estudo teve como objetivo: 1) realizar um inventário da diversidade da fauna de Scarabaeinae e de suas guildas funcionais em ambiente ripário; 2) analisar a dinâmica temporal da comunidade de rola-bostas ao longo de um ciclo anual em florestas ripárias; e 3) avaliar a influência das diferentes condições de conservação da vegetação ripária na riqueza, abundância e composição de Scarabaeinae em uma bacia hidrográfica no Sul do Brasil. O presente estudo foi realizado em florestas ripárias de arroios de segunda ordem com diferentes condições de conservação na porção superior bacia hidrográfica do Rio dos Sinos, na região Sul do Brasil. Foram alocadas armadilhas de queda com iscas de fezes humanas e carne suína em decomposição, em quatro coletas durante um ciclo anual (2010-2011) em quatro pontos em cada um de três arroios. Um total de 1289 besouros foi coletado, distribuídos em 29 espécies de 11 gêneros. As espécies classificadas como paracoprídeas e telecoprídeas predominaram na comunidade. A riqueza e a composição de besouros variaram entre os pontos com diferentes situações de conservação da vegetação ripária ao longo do período, sendo que a riqueza foi maior na primavera e no verão, bem como nos pontos mais conservados da vegetação ripária. Os rola-bostas parecem indicar grande variabilidade ambiental, e por isso, conhecer as espécies características de cada tipo de ambiente, bem como obter o entendimento das relações entre suas funções ecológicas e os serviços ecossistêmicos que executam é de vital importância para manejos futuros dos ecossistemas. Junto com outros grupos de invertebrados, estes besouros podem prover uma representação taxonômica mais ampla no desenvolvimento de práticas e políticas conservacionistas. Neste sentido, este estudo contribui com informações tanto sobre a abrangência da validade dos conhecimentos sobre Scarabaeinae para as regiões subtropicais, como também na obtenção de conhecimentos para a região Neotropical. / The human economy, health and well being are intimately connected with the functionality of the ecosystem. As the interface between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, riparian habitats are an important component in the landscape for many species. Studies on the patterns of insect communities in tropical rainforests are extremely necessary to identify the consequences of habitat fragmentation on the biota, and assist conservation plans. Scarabaeinae represents a group of insects globally distributed, however both its biology as well as ecology are unknown for most species. The dung beetles are important decomposer organisms, involved in many ecosystem functions. Moreover, these insects are very sensitive to habitat destruction, showing patterns of organization distinguished between degraded when compared to continuous forest. This study had as aim: 1) perform an inventory of the diversity of the Scarabaeinae fauna and their functional guilds in riparian forest ecosystem; 2) analyze the temporal dynamics of dung beetles community by along an annual cycle in riparian forests; and 3) evaluate the influence of different conditions of conservation of riparian vegetation in the richness, abundance and composition of Scarabaeinae in a hydrographic basin in Southern Brazil. This study was performed in riparian forests of second-order streams with different conditions on the upper portion of hydrographic basin of the Rio dos Sinos, in Southern Brazil. Pitfall traps baited with human feces and rotting pork were placed in four samplings during an annual cycle (2010-2011) at four places in each of three streams. A total of 1289 beetles were collected, distributed in 29 species of 11 genera. The species classified as paracopríds and telecopríds predominated in the community. The beetle richness and composition varied among sites with different situations of conservation of riparian vegetation throughout the period, and the richness was highest in spring and summer, as well as in the most conserved riparian vegetation. The dung beetles seem to indicate great environmental variability, and therefore know the species characteristics of each type of environment, as well as gain an understanding of the relationships between ecological functions and ecosystem services that run is of vital importance for future management of ecosystems. Together with other groups of invertebrates, these beetles can provide a broader taxonomic representation in the development of practices and conservation policies. Thus, this study provides information both about the scope of the validity of knowledge about dung beetles to the subtropics, as well as in obtaining knowledge for the Neotropical region.

Dans cette thèse, j'examine la dynamique de l'investissement parental et la fitness chez la mésange bleue eurasienne (Cyanistes caeruleus) dans les Pyrénées françaises, et j'évalue les différences potentielles dues à un gradient altitudinal qui crée une variation de "dureté" environnementale. J'ai utilisé de données observationnelles et expérimentales, recueillies de plus de 500 nids de mésanges bleues. Les conditions de reproduction sont " plus dures " en cas de températures plus froides et d'une élévation croissante. J'ai trouvé que l'altitude croissante conduit à une diminution du succès de l'éclosion. Néanmoins, la taille des couvées et la mortalité des couvées sont comparables à travers le gradient. Je suggère que les décisions initiales en matière de procréation, telles que le moment et la quantité de progéniture, déterminent fortement le succès d'une tentative de reproduction. Ces résultats ont des implications pour notre compréhension du succès de reproduction. / In this thesis, I examine parental investment and fitness in the Eurasian blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) in the French Pyrenees and assess potential differences due to an altitudinal gradient that creates variation in environmental "harshness". I used observational and experimental data, collected from over 500 blue tit nests. Breeding conditions are "harsher" due to colder temperatures with increasing elevation. I found that increasing altitude leads to decreased hatching success. Nevertheless, clutch size and brood mortality is comparable across the gradient. I suggest that initial reproductive decisions such as timing and amount of offspring produced heavily shape the success of a reproductive attempt. These results have implications for understanding reproductive success.

As urban areas expand, agricultural lands become increasingly important habitat for many species. Compared to some types of agricultural land-use, ranchlands provide vast expanses of minimally modified habitat that support many threatened and endangered species. Conservation biologists can promote ecologically sound management approaches by quantifying the effects of agricultural practices on resident species. I examined the effects of pasture management, cattle grazing, and landscape characteristics on both adult and larval treefrogs in a ranchland in south-central Florida. I experimentally determined optimal deployment of artificial treefrog shelters constructed of polyvinylchloride (PVC) pipe to efficiently sample adult treefrogs (Chapter 1). Seventy-two shelters were hung on oak trees (Quercus virginiana) and cabbage palm trees (Sabal palmetto) with smooth trunks or boots (residual palm fronds), at all possible combinations of three heights (2, 3, and 4 m), four compass directions (N, S, E, and W) and two water levels (with or without 10 cm). Shelter residence was completely dominated by the Squirrel Treefrog, Hyla squirella (N = 65). Significantly fewer H. squirella were found in shelters on palms with boots than on smooth palms or oak trees (0.29 ± 0.21 [mean ± 1 SE hereinafter] versus 1.3 ± 0.21 and 1.1 ± 0.21, respectively), and shelters with water had slightly more H. squirella than those without (1.5 ± 0.19 versus 0.88 ± 0.19, respectively). Orientation and height did not affect the number of treefrogs encountered; thus, the optimal protocol is to deploy shelters on either smooth palms or oak trees, with water, at 2 m height for easy sampling, and in random compass orientations. I used this protocol to sample H. squirella in woodlots surrounding twelve wetlands and examined how time, frog stage and sex, and landscape features influenced treefrog survival, recapture and site fidelity (Chapter 2). I deployed 15 shelters/ha of woodlot within a 100 m buffer around each wetland. I sampled shelters three times during the fall breeding season, removed all shelters to force frogs to overwinter in natural refugia, and replaced shelters for the final spring sampling. During sampling periods, I sexed, measured, and individually marked each frog using visual implant elastomer (VIE) tags. I used Program MARK to build linear models that included either gender group (female, male or juvenile) or life history stage (adult, juvenile) and either time (sampling interval 1, 2, or 3) or season (fall, spring). I used the most informative model as a null model to assess effects of landscape covariates on survival and recapture. Females had higher survival than either males or juveniles, for which estimates were similar (0.867 vs 0.741 and 0.783, respectively). Survival did not vary over time, although there was some support for an effect of season, with lower survival during the final over-wintering period than in the fall intervals (relative variable importance: group = 0.730; stage = 0.134; time = 0.200; season = 0.310). Adults had higher recapture rates than juveniles (average recapture 0.214 vs 0.102), and recapture for both stages varied over time, with highest recapture in sampling interval two (relative variable importance: group = 0.262; stage = 0.514; time = 0.513; season = 0.229). Hyla squirella was extremely site loyal; no individuals moved between sampling sites, and 95% of recaptured individuals were in their original shelter. Strong terrestrial site fidelity calls into question the traditional "ponds as patches" metapopulation view of treefrog population dynamics. Area of woodlot within 250 m was the most important landscape variable in explaining additional variation in both survival and recapture. Frogs had higher survival and lower recapture in larger woodlots, indicating that intact, contiguous woodlots are higher quality habitat than more fragmented woodlots. Neither survival nor recapture varied with wetland grazing treatments or between pasture types. Finally, I experimentally assessed the effects of cattle grazing and pasture management on larval H. squirella. I selected four wetlands: two in semi-natural pastures (SN) and two in intensively managed pastures (IM). One wetland in each pasture type was fenced so that it was released from cattle grazing (R). I collected three clutches of H. squirella eggs (Clutches A, B, and C) and reared tadpoles in the laboratory until Gosner stage 25. In each wetland, I deployed a total of 50 tadpoles from each clutch into 105 L pens constructed of plastic laundry baskets and mesh window screening. Clutch significantly affected tadpole survival, with Clutch A having the highest percent survival, followed by Clutch B and finally Clutch C (41.66, 32.11 - 53.95 [mean, 95% confidence limits hereinafter]; 9.00, 6.76 - 11.88; 2.89, 2.02 - 4.01, respectively). Wetland type also affected survival, with SN wetlands supporting significantly higher survival than IM wetlands (SN-R: 53.95, 32.88 - 88.13; SN-G: 18.95, 11.30 - 31.36 vs IM-R: 7.32, 4.13 - 12.49; IM-G: 1.09, 0.29 - 2.39). Genetic variation in survival confirms the potential for H. squirella to adapt to rangeland management, but extremely low survival of some clutches indicates that few clutches may be able to survive in low quality wetlands, such as IM-G wetlands. Higher survival in SN pasture wetlands suggest this is a superior habitat and future management objectives should conserve semi-natural pastures and limit further modification of intensively managed pastures, including removing woodlots near wetlands.

This dissertation reports on a new methodology to characterize and simulate a standard cell library to be used for statistical static timing analysis. A compact variation-aware timing model for a standard cell in a cell library has been developed. The model incorporates variations in the input waveform and loading, process parameters, and the environment into the cell timing model. Principal component analysis (PCA) has been used to form a compact model of a set of waveforms impacted by these sources of variation. Cell characterization involves determining equations describing how waveforms are transformed by a cell as a function of the input waveforms, process parameters, and the environment. Different versions of factorial designs and Latin hypercube sampling have been explored to model cells, and their complexity and accuracy have been compared. The models have been evaluated by calculating the delay of paths. The results demonstrate improved accuracy in comparison with table-based static timing analysis at comparable computational cost. Our methodology has been expanded to adapt to interconnect dominant circuits by including a resistive-capacitive load model. The results show the feasibility of using the new load model in our methodology. We have explored comprehensive accuracy improvement methods to tune the methodology for the best possible results. The following is a summary of the main contributions of this work to the statistical static timing analysis: (a) accurate waveform modeling for standard cells using statistical waveform models based on principal components; (b) compact performance modeling of standard cells using experimental design statistical techniques; and (c) variation-aware performance modeling of standard cells considering the effect of variation parameters on performance, where variation parameters include loading, waveform shape, process parameters (gate length and threshold voltage of NMOS and PMOS transistors), and environmental parameters (supply voltage and temperature); and (f) extending our methodology to support resistive-capacitive loads to be applicable to interconnect dominant circuits; and (e) classifying the sources of error for our variational waveform model and cell models and introducing of the related accuracy improvement methods; and (f) introducing our fast block-based variation-aware statistical dynamic timing analysis framework and showing that (i) using compiler-compiler techniques, we can generate our timing models, test benches, and data analysis for each circuit, which are compiled to machine-code to reduce the overhead of dynamic timing simulation, and (ii) using the simulation engine, we can perform statistical timing analysis to measure the performance distribution of a circuit using a high-level model for gate delay changes, which can be linked to their parameter variation.

Contexte : Gesneria et Rhytidophyllum (Gesneriaceae) sont deux genres de plantes Antillais aillant subi une forte diversification et qui présentent une forte variabilité de modes de pollinisation associés à des traits floraux particuliers. Les spécialistes des colibris ont des fleurs tubulaires rouges, alors que les spécialistes des chauves-souris et les généralistes présentent des fleurs campanulées de couleur pâle. La capacité d’être pollinisé par des chauves-souris (en excluant les colibris ou en devenant généraliste) a évolué plusieurs fois indépendamment au sein du groupe. Ces caractéristiques font de ces plantes un bon modèle pour étudier les relations entre l’évolution des modes de pollinisation et la diversification spécifique et écologique. Pour ceci, nous avons étudié les bases génétiques des changements de mode de pollinisation et les liens entre ces modes de pollinisations et la diversification des niches bioclimatiques. Méthodes : Nous avons réalisé une étude de QTLs pour caractériser les régions génomiques associées à la transition de syndrome de pollinisation entre une espèce à stratégie de pollinisation mixte (Rhytidophyllum auriculatum) et une espèce spécialiste des colibris (Rhytidophyllum rupincola). Nous avons parallèlement analysé les relations entre les changements de modes de pollinisation (dimension biotique de la niche écologique) et l’évolution des niches bioclimatiques chez ces plantes. Enfin, d’un point de vue théorique, nous avons testé l’effet de la fréquence et de l’amplitude des changements environnementaux sur les patrons d’évolution des niches écologiques. Résultats : L’étude des QTLs a montré que la couleur et le volume de nectar sont basés chacun sur un QTL majeur, alors que la forme de la corolle a une base génétique plus complexe. Par ailleurs ces différents QTLs ne sont pas liés physiquement dans le génome. L’analyse des niches bioclimatiques a montré que ces Gesneriaceae antillaises sont caractérisées par un conservatisme phylogénétique de niche bioclimatique (PNC) et que l’évolution de ces niches est indépendante des stratégies de pollinisation. Les plantes semblent aussi être relativement généralistes du point de vue de leur niche abiotique. Finalement, nous avons testé l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’adaptation à un environnement temporellement hétérogène pourrait expliquer à la fois le caractère généraliste des plantes et leur patron de PNC. Cette hypothèse s’est trouvée partiellement vérifiée. Conclusion : Si l’indépendance génétique des traits floraux a pu faciliter l’émergence des syndromes de pollinisation en réduisant les contraintes génétiques, il semble que la répartition largement chevauchante des colibris et des chauves-souris ne représente pas une opportunité écologique suffisante pour expliquer les évolutions répétées vers la pollinisation par les chauves-souris. En revanche, les perturbations environnementales causant régulièrement des déclins dans les populations de pollinisateurs pourraient expliquer l’avantage des plantes qui ont une stratégie de pollinisation mixte. / Background: Gesneria and Rhytidophyllum (Gesneriaceae) are two genera endemic to the Antilles that underwent an important diversification and that present a great vari- ability in pollination modes with regard to specific floral traits. Hummingbird specialists harbour red tubular flowers while bat specialists and generalists have campanulate (i.e., bell shaped) flowers with pale colours. Bat pollination (excluding or not hummingbirds) evolved multiple times independently in this group. These plants are thus a good model to study the relationship between the evolution of pollination mode and ecological and species diversification. To understand these relationships, we studied the genetic basis of pollination mode transition and the link between pollination mode and bioclimatic niches diversification. Methods: We performed a QTL analysis to detect genomic regions underlying the floral traits involved in the pollination syndrome transition between Rhytidophyllum auriculatum (a generalist species) and Rhytidophyllum rupincola (a hummingbird specialist). Also, we analysed the consequence of pollination mode transitions (which represent the biotic part of ecological niches) on bioclimatic niches evolution in Gesneria and Rhytidophyllum. Then, we tested whether environmental changes can result in patterns of phylogenetic bioclimatic niche conservatism through time. Results: The QTLs analysis showed that corolla colour and nectar volume are both based on one major QTL, while corolla shape is determined by a more complex genetic architecture involving several unlinked QTLs. These Antillean Gesneriaceae were found to have a pattern of phylogenetic (bioclimatic) niche conservatism (PNC) and their niche evolution was found to be independent from pollination strategies. Overall, the plants were found to have relatively widespread bioclimatic niches. Finally, we partially confirmed the hypothesis that adapting to temporally variable environment might cause both species generalization and PNC pattern. Conclusion: Genetic independence of floral traits might have facilitated pollination syn- dromes evolution by reducing genetic constraints. However, the overlapping distribution of hummingbirds and bats do not represent an ecological opportunity that could explain re- peated evolutions toward bat pollination. However, environmental perturbations causing regular pollinator populations collapses could explain the advantage for plants to favour generalist strategies.

Comprendre la réponse des populations aux variations environnementales est un défi central en écologie et est devenu un enjeu indéniable ces dernières années avec le changement climatique. Dans ce contexte, nous pouvons nous attendre à ce que certaines caractéristiques écologiques propres aux espèces, comme le mode de vie, qui ont évolué en réponse à des contraintes environnementales et qui influencent les traits d'histoire de vie des espèces, puissent façonner la démographie des populations en environnement variable. Pourtant, cette influence du mode de vie sur la réponse démographique des populations demeure encore mal comprise. J'ai essayé de combler cette lacune au cours de ma thèse, principalement par l'analyse d'un jeu de données exceptionnel obtenu grâce à un suivi à long terme d'une population de marmottes alpines (Marmota marmota) dans les Alpes Françaises. La marmotte alpine présente un mode de vie très particulier. Les individus vivent au sein de groupes familiaux de taille variable, généralement composés d'un couple de dominants reproducteurs, de subordonnés et de juvéniles. Ils hibernent durant la moitié de l'année, et pratiquent l'élevage coopératif ; les subordonnés mâles participent activement à la survie des jeunes durant l'hibernation, et sont alors appelés helpers. J'ai d'abord étudié comment le mode de vie de la marmotte (qui allie hibernation et socialité) a influencé les effets des fluctuations météorologiques sur les variations de survie de chaque classe d'âge. Les résultats ont alors révélé une forte diminution de la survie des juvéniles au fil des ans, et cela du fait d'effets interactifs entre facteurs environnementaux (i.e., hivers de plus en plus rudes) et sociaux (i.e., diminution de la présence des helpers). Dans un deuxième temps, j'ai étudié la valeur adaptative de l'élevage coopératif au sein de cette population de marmottes alpines et j'ai pu montrer que les effets bénéfiques de la présence des helpers sur la survie des juvéniles tendaient à disparaître du fait du changement climatique. En conséquence de cela, la population de marmottes alpines semble être actuellement en déclin. Cependant, l'impact du changement climatique semble avoir été en partie limité par une plus grande probabilité d'accéder à la dominance pour les subordonnés au cours des dernières années, ce qui démontre une influence complexe de la socialité sur la réponse de cette espèce. Enfin, j'ai comparé la démographie de la population de marmottes alpines avec celle d'une population de chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) soumise à des variations météorologiques similaires dans les Alpes. J'ai été en mesure de montrer que le mode de vie et la stratégie de reproduction de ces espèces ont façonné différemment leurs réponses démographiques aux variations environnementales, et ainsi au changement climatique / Understanding populations' response to environmental variation is a central issue of ecology, and has become a compelling goal in the last years due to climate change. In this broad context we could expect some species-specific ecological characteristics known to influence life history traits, such as lifestyle, to shape the demography of populations in variable environments as well as structure between-species differences in response to environmental change. Yet, the influence of species' lifestyle on population demographic responses to environmental variation is still poorly understood. During my PhD, I tried to fill this gap primarily through the analysis of an extensive data set of an Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) population in the Alps. Alpine marmots present a particular lifestyle. 1ndividuals live in family groups of variable size, typically composed of one dominant breeding pair, of sexually mature and immature subordinates and of pups of the year. Half the year, they hibernate together in burrows and practise cooperative breeding with male subordinates acting as helpers for the pups, increasing their survival probability during hibernation. I first investigated how the marmot's lifestyle (hibernation and sociality) mediated the effects of weather fluctuations on age-specific survival variation. I found that juvenile survival strongly decreased over the years because of inter-related effects of harsher winter weather conditions and social factors (i.e., decrease in helpers' presence). In a second step, I studied the adaptive value of cooperative breeding in this Alpine marmot population, and showed that the positive influence of helpers' presence on juvenile survival was vanishing with climate change. The Alpine marmot population is currently decreasing accordingly. However, in parallel to the latter changes, I found a better access to dominance for subordinate individuals over the years, compensating in part this decrease, and highlighting a complex influence of sociality on marmot response to climate change. Finally, I compared the demography of the Alpine marmot population with that of an Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) population, subjected to similar weather conditions in the Alps. I was able to show that the difference in lifestyle and reproductive tactic between these species shaped their demographic responses to environmental variation, providing them with differentresistance to current environmental change

Animal traits differ not only in mean, but also in variation around the mean. For instance, one sire’s daughter group may be very homogeneous, while another sire’s daughters are much more heterogeneous in performance. The difference in residual variance can partially be explained by genetic differences. Models for such genetic heterogeneity of environmental variance include genetic effects for the mean and residual variance, and a correlation between the genetic effects for the mean and residual variance to measure how the residual variance might vary with the mean. The aim of this thesis was to develop a method based on double hierarchical generalized linear models for estimating genetic heteroscedasticity, and to apply it on four traits in two domestic animal species; teat count and litter size in pigs, and milk production and somatic cell count in dairy cows. The method developed is fast and has been implemented in software that is widely used in animal breeding, which makes it convenient to use. It is based on an approximation of double hierarchical generalized linear models by normal distributions. When having repeated observations on individuals or genetic groups, the estimates were found to be unbiased. For the traits studied, the estimated heritability values for the mean and the residual variance, and the genetic coefficients of variation, were found in the usual ranges reported. The genetic correlation between mean and residual variance was estimated for the pig traits only, and was found to be favorable for litter size, but unfavorable for teat count.

Abstract Ecological research based on both species and their traits help us to understand the main mechanisms and environmental factors structuring biological communities. In general, variation in community composition is thought to be a consequence of both stochastic and deterministic factors. In stream ecology, the traditional view has been that the local habitat conditions pose a strong environmental filter that selects only species with the right functional traits into the local communities. However, recent studies on streams have also suggested that the responses of species to environmental gradients may be independent of those of other species due to stochastic factors, such as species dispersal, which then result in more continuous communities along environmental gradients. The aim of this thesis was to explore the relative importance of the deterministic and stochastic factors in the structuring of taxonomic and functional trait-based macroinvertebrate communities in streams in a high-latitude catchment by comparing the variation in these community facets along environmental and spatial gradients. Also, the relationship between environment and the functionally-defined communities was explored closely. The results indicated how the taxonomic composition of the communities may be more closely related to the stochastic and dispersal-related factors, whereas the functional composition of the communities may be more closely related to the deterministic environmental filtering processes. However, the overall structure of the communities seems to be strongly controlled by the variation in environment, although the heterogeneous and harsh conditions of the streams may preclude the formation of predictable community types. Nonetheless, some noticeable responses of different traits to different environmental factors were found, suggesting that definable functional trait-environment relationships may be discovered if key traits of the species can be identified. Overall, these findings underline the benefits of describing both taxonomic and functional-based communities when exploring the mechanisms behind the structuring of macroinvertebrate communities. The results also have applications for conservation practices. Conservation efforts should focus on varying environmental conditions in order to cover all aspects of macroinvertebrate community variation. / Tiivistelmä Lajeihin ja lajien toiminnallisiin lajiominaisuuksiin pohjautuva ekologinen tutkimus tuo uutta tietoa biologisten yhteisöjen taustalla vaikuttavista tekijöistä. Yleisesti yhteisöjen rakentumiseen vaikuttavat niin deterministiset kuin stokastiset ympäristössä vaikuttavat tekijät. Virtavesiyhteisöjen on perinteisesti ajateltu rakentuneen niin sanottujen ympäristösuodattimien mukaisesti, jolloin ympäristön vaihtelu suodattaa tietynlaisiin ympäristöihin vain lajit, joilla on tarvittavat ominaisuudet paikalla selviytyäkseen. Useat viimeaikaiset tutkimukset ovat kuitenkin osoittaneet virtavesiyhteisöissä elävien lajien esiintymisen vaihtelevan ympäristössä myös itsenäisesti erilaisista stokastisista, kuten lajien dispersaaliin vaikuttavista, tekijöistä johtuen. Tässä väitöstutkimuksessa tutkin näiden determinististen ja stokastisten ympäristötekijöiden suhteellisia vaikutuksia taksonomisesti ja toiminnallisesti luokiteltujen pohjaeläinyhteisöjen rakentumiseen pohjoisissa virtavesissä. Myös yksittäisten lajiominaisuuksien ja toiminnallisten yhteisöjen suhde pohjoisten virtavesien ympäristöolosuhteisiin oli tarkastelun alla. Tutkimuksen tulokset antoivat viitteitä siitä, että ympäristössä toimivat stokastiset ja lajien dispersaaliin liittyvät tekijät vaikuttaisivat voimakkaammin taksonomisesti luokiteltujen yhteisöjen vaihteluun, kun taas toiminnallisesti luokitellut yhteisöt vaikuttaisivat rakentuneen enemmän determinististen ympäristöprosessien mukaisesti. Kokonaisuudessaan yhteisöt vaikuttaisivat kuitenkin rakentuneen voimakkaasti vaihtelevien ympäristöolosuhteiden ohjaamana, ja tämä vaihtelu voi estää selkeästi ennustettavien yhteisörakenteiden synnyn. Muutamia selkeitä lajiominaisuusvasteita kuitenkin löytyi, mikä antaa viitteitä ennustettavissa olevien toiminnallisten yhteisöjen olemassaolosta, mikäli yhteisöjen menestymisen kannalta merkittävimmät lajiominaisuudet vain osataan määrittää. Nämä tulokset osoittavat, miten sekä taksonomisesti että toiminnallisesti luokiteltujen yhteisöjen käyttäminen rinnakkain yhteisöekologisissa tutkimuksissa voi auttaa selventämään yhteisöjen synnyn taustalla vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Tuloksilla on merkitystä myös virtavesiyhteisöjen suojelun kannalta. Suojelutoimenpiteet tulisi kohdistaa kattamaan ympäristöolosuhteita laajasti, jotta ympäristöolosuhteiden mukaan vaihtelevat yhteisöt tulisivat parhaalla mahdollisella tavalla katetuiksi.