Particulate matter is increasingly linked to health effects not only for what was previously thought to be just a respiratory problem, but also for the cardiovascular system. Literature not only supports that high particulate matter over long periods of time is correlated to morbidity and mortality due to both cardiovascular and respiratory means, but that high levels of particulate matter, even in short bursts of high concentrations, may be the triggering mechanism for the onset of such problems. Due to automobiles being a prime source of particulate matter, roadway concentrations are often higher than those measured at off-road measurement sites run by various parts of the United States Government. Furthermore, the government run sites are averaged over timescales at a minimum of an hour and at a maximum of a running three-day twenty-four hour length. These are both so long that mesoscale information about the particulate matter, such as short duration high intensity bursts, would be completely removed from the dataset. This study utilizes a real-time portable instrumentation package, which can effectively measure particulate matter concentrations on the roadways of metro Atlanta. Measurements are taken both inside the cabin of a vehicle, which does have an in-cabin filtration system, and on a bicycle ridden along the streets without any form of filtration. These instruments, specifically calibrated handheld particle counters, did indeed find some spikes of particulates above the government s one-hour averages inside the cabin of a vehicle. Arguably more importantly, while riding a bicycle these handheld particle counters also found spikes of particulates approaching six times the amount monitored by the government sites, and several roadway averages that were higher than the off-road averages for the same time.

O escopo principal desse projeto foi o de criar um conjunto de ações integradas que permitissem minimizar os impactos de sistemas de saneamento in situ nos recursos hídricos subterrâneo. Sendo as fossas sépticas, mesmo as bem construídas, pouco efetivas onde há alta densidade populacional, foi desenvolvido e aplicado no loteamento Jardim Santo Antônio (situado na APA de Capivari-Monos, Parelheiros) um novo conceito de saneamento in situ: uma fossa alternativa melhorada com uso de barreiras reativas, que possibilitasse a degradação mais eficiente de nitrato e de microorganismos patogênicos. Para a degradação de microorganismos, o material reativo utilizado correspondeu ao BOF (Basic Oxygen Furnace - resíduo de altos fornos de fundição em siderúrgicas) e para a desnitrificação, a serragem. A barreira reativa para remoção de nitrato foi alvo de estudos desse projeto. Desenvolveu-se um questionário de avaliação de risco sanitário para uma área onde foram cadastrados 178 lotes, em um total de 218 poços e 182 fossas. A partir da análise dos dados por Cluster foi possível selecionar um conjunto de perguntas que estivessem mais relacionadas a riscos de contaminação por bactérias e nitrato. Observou-se que a relação entre as características de construção e operação dos poços pouco pode prever a contaminação por nitrato, o que evidencia que sua presença é de caráter regional, fruto de uma ocupação desordenada e densa. Em contrapartida, as perguntas tiveram maior relação com o parâmetro bactérias, o que implica em uma característica local (do poço em si). Antes da implantação da fossa alternativa melhorada, foram realizados experimentos de colunas de sedimentos em laboratório para se testar a eficiência de serragem na degradação de nitrato. Montaram-se 3 colunas: uma só com sedimentos da área, que correspondeu ao branco, e as outras duas com sedimentos e 10cm e 20cm de espessura de uma mistura de serragem (Cedrinho) com areia, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram uma eficiência de degradação do nitrato de até 96,5% e 99,7% para as colunas de 10cm e 20cm. Foram instaladas duas fossas na área de estudo: a fossa alternativa melhorada com o uso de barreiras reativas (FA) e a fossa controle (FC), equivalente ao esgotamento usualmente empregado pela comunidade (ausência de materiais reativos). Na Fossa Alternativa, estruturada com as barreiras reativas contendo BOF (1m abaixo do tanque receptor do efluente) e serragem (abaixo do BOF, mas separada deste por 1m de pacote arenoso), é possível discriminar certos comportamentos ao longo de suas posições. O BOF que é rico em óxidos de cálcio e ferro confere ao efluente percolante uma condutividade elétrica mais acentuada e um pH muito básico, em torno de 12. Já a barreira com serragem caracterizou-se por concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido mais baixas e presença de C orgânico na forma dissolvida, condições necessárias para a ocorrência da desnitrificação do nitrato gerado perfil acima. No entanto, as concentrações de oxigênio não devem ter sido suficientemente baixas para uma maior eficiência na desnitrificação na barreira de serragem. Além disso, a eficiência pode ter sido comprometida pelo elevado pH que essa barreira foi submetida pelo efluente percolado antes no BOF, o que afetou a capacidade das bactérias desnitrificantes em suas reações metabólicas. Na Fossa Controle, os íons distribuíram-se ao longo do perfil de forma mais regular. A composição dessa fossa representa a fonte em si, com altas concentrações de N-amoniacal e de carbono orgânico dissolvido e baixas concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido. Para esse tipo de cenário, a nitrificação deve ocorrer na zona não-saturada abaixo da fossa, para que depois o nitrato possa alcançar o lençol freático. / The main purpose of this project was to create a set of integrated actions that could minimize impacts of septic systems on groundwater resources. Since the septic tanks, even the well-constructed ones, are not effective on areas where the population density is high, an alternative latrine improved with reactive barriers was developed and applied in Jardim Santo Antônio settlement (Parelheiros, São Paulo, SP). In order to degrade the microorganisms, the reactive material was BOF (Basic Oxygen Furnace) slag from steel producer facilities, and in order to enhance the denitrification, the material of the reactive barrier was sawdust. The sawdust barrier was the main issue in this project. A risk assessment questionnaire was developed and it was applied to an area where 178 residences were evaluated, totalizing 218 water wells and 182 latrines. A Cluster Analysis was used to select the questions that would be related to the risk of contamination by bacteria or nitrate. It was observed that the inapropriated construction and operation of the wells are poorly related to the level of nitrate contamination, what suggests that the nitrate contamination is a more regional problem. On the other hand, it was found a good relationship between the level of bacteria contaminations and the characteristics of construction and operation of the wells, what suggests that this contamination has a local factor. Before the installation of the enhanced septic tank, soil columns breakthrough experiments were conducted in laboratory to test the efficiency of sawdust in nitrate removal. Three soil columns were set up: one filled only with sediments of Jardim Santo Antonio settlement, and another two with the same kind of sediments and sawdust layers introduced with 10cm and 20cm thickness. The results showed an efficiency of sawdust to denitrification of 96,5% and 99,7%, respectively. Two septic tanks were installed in the study area: the alternative latrine enhanced with reactive barriers (AL), and the control latrine (CL), equivalent to the usual tanks founded on the area. In AL, structured with reactive barriers containing BOF (1m below the wastewater tank) and sawdust (under the BOF layer, but first separate from it by 1m of sand package), it\'s possible to discern few parameter behaviors. BOF, which is rich in calcium oxides and iron oxides, incrises the electrical conductivity and the pH of the effluent (~12). The sawdust barrier, in its turn, was characterized by low concentration of dissolved oxygen and by the presence of dissolved organic carbon, essential conditions denitrification ocurrence. The denitrification efficiency of the sawdust barrier was affected by the high pH observed in the effluent that crossed the BOF barrier, which perturbed the denitrifying bacteria performance. In CL, the vertical distribution of the ions was more regular. The samples from this system presented high levels of ammonium and DOC and low values for dissolved oxygen. For this case, the nitrification must happen in the unsaturated zone bellow the tank, so the nitrate formed can reach the groundwater.

Magister Legum - LLM / South Africa

Depuis 1988, l’Algérie a initié des réformes économiques profondes appuyées par un arsenal législatif et des accords internationaux. L’Etat Algérien a abandonné son rôle de protecteur sans maîtriser son rôle de régulateur. Le passage de l’économie planifiée basée sur le monopole de l’Etat à une économie de marché, est caractérisé par l’émergence du secteur privé et des changements radicaux sur le plan institutionnel en ce qui concerne l’Etat, et sur le plan organisationnel, stratégique et technologique concernant les EPA. Dans ce contexte incertain, ces EPA ne peuvent plus compter uniquement sur leurs capacités internes. Elles doivent s'ouvrir pour créer des partenariats avec leurs fournisseurs, les universités et même leurs concurrents. D’où nécessité de :- Mutation vers de nouvelles formes adaptées aux événements imprévus et résilientes pour faire face aux environnements incertains- Un Systèmes d’Information d’Intelligence Stratégique, capables d’orienter la décision en réduisant les risques dus aux incertitudes inhérents aux choix stratégiques- Rechercher les moyens de rendre réversibles les choix lorsque des événements inattendus surviennent.L'objectif de cette thèse est de montrer la complexité des environnements politique, juridique, social et économique où les EPA opèrent et pourquoi il est nécessaire de gérer les risques liés à cet environnement, à savoir : Inertie durant le processus de transformation organisationnelle, mauvaise compréhension des signaux captés et la mauvaise réaction du décideur face aux signaux et aux événements. Ici interviennent les concepts de KM, d’IE et de BI, à différents niveaux du management : du stratégique à l’opérationnel. / Since 1988, Algeria has initiated deeper economic reforms supported by significant legislation and international agreements. The algerian government has abandoned its protector role without providing a required regulatory role. The transition from a planned economy based on state monopole to a market economy based, is characterized by the emergence of local and foreign private sector implies radical changes both politically and institutionally (regarding Algerian State) on the organizational, strategic and technological plans for State-Owned Firms. In this uncertain environment, Algerian State-Owned Firm cannot rely only on their internal capabilities. They should, create partnerships, both with suppliers, subcontractors, universities and even competitors. There is a need for these firms to: - Transform their organization to a new form improved for unexpected events and enough resilience to adapt to uncertain environments- Build a Strategic Intelligence Information System able to facilitate decision-making and reduce risks inherent to the strategic choices- Find ways to reverse choice when unexpected events occur.The aim of this thesis is to show the complexity of the political, legal, social and economic environments where the Algerian State-Owned Firms operate. Also, we show why it's necessary to handle the following risks: inertia against the process of organizational transformation, wrong understanding of the received signals from the environment and poor reaction of the decision-maker to signals and events in the environment. Here, the concepts of KM, CI and BI operate at different levels of management: from strategic to operational.

Thesis (MA)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study applies a modified bureaucratic policy process model to analyse contemporary South African – Japanese relations, particularly in regards to a proposed Economic Partnership Agreement, and the experiences of Japanese agencies within South Africa. South Africa and Japan are major trade partners, and the Japanese government has a significant presence in the African aid scene via the Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD), and through the works of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). South African – Japanese relations have been documented in a modest but respectable fashion by a range of researchers, including Alden, Skidmore and Osada. The bureaucratic policy process model has been used in an array of studies on international relations and decision making, notably by Graham Allison. However, it has not been previously applied to South African – Japanese relations. As a result, there is a dearth of information on how bureaucratic dynamics affect Japanese – South African relations. In response to this, a modified bureaucratic policy process model is used to analyse contemporary South African – Japanese governmental relations. A literature review of primary and secondary sources is undertaken, consisting of a historical review of South African – Japanese relations. Following this, a brief overview of contemporary literature on South African – Japanese relations is performed. This includes both secondary sources and primary sources relating to government bureaucracies current priorities and strategies. Material on TICAD is included in this section. Interviews with government officials from both the Japanese and South African governments are carried out using a modified snowball sampling system. The interviews provide insights into the different bureaucratic organization’s priorities and programmes, as well as their relationships with other organizations. From this data, two emergent themes are addressed: the failure of a contemplated Free Trade Agreement / Economic Partnership Agreement and the way in which Japanese agencies, particularly JICA, operate within the South Africa context. It is found that the FTA failed due to welfare concerns from the South African Department of Trade and Industry, as well as greater complications relating to trade agreements in general. These greater complications stem from the involvement of regional bodies such as the South African Customs Union. Japanese agencies are found to be constrained within South Africa by a lack of resources as well as by the independent and somewhat sceptical attitude of South African government agencies towards Japanese aid efforts. It is proposed that the relevance of extra national bureaucracies to the decision making process surrounding the FTA has implications for deploying the bureaucratic policy process model, which has generally only considered national bureaucracies in discussing how decisions are made. It is further suggested that South African trade deals are complicated by the country’s location within the South African Customs Union and the South African Development Community, and the consequent need to consult and negotiate with third parties who are likely to be impacted by such deals. Finally, it is suggested that because both South Africa and Japan face significant, but different economic challenges, they should prioritise improving their economic relations. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het ’n aangepaste burokratiese beleidsprosesmodel gebruik om die hedendaagse betrekkinge tussen Suid-Afrika en Japan te ontleed, veral wat betref ’n voorgestelde ekonomiese vennootskapsooreenkoms tussen die twee lande en die ervarings van Japannese agentskappe in Suid-Afrika. Suid-Afrika en Japan is groot handelsvennote, en die Japannese regering handhaaf ’n beduidende teenwoordigheid op die Afrika-hulptoneel deur middel van die Tokiose Internasionale Konferensie oor Afrika-ontwikkeling (TICAD) en die werk van die Japannese Internasionale Samewerkingsagentskap (JICA). Verskeie navorsers, waaronder Alden, Skidmore en Osada, het die betrekkinge tussen Suid-Afrika en Japan al op beskeie dog aansienlike wyse beskryf. Die burokratiese beleidsprosesmodel is al in ’n rits studies oor internasionale betrekkinge en besluitneming gebruik, in die besonder deur Graham Allison. Tog is dit nog nooit voorheen op betrekkinge tussen Suid-Afrika en Japan toegepas nie. Dus bestaan daar weinig inligting oor hoe burokratiese dinamiek die betrekkinge tussen hierdie twee lande raak. In antwoord hierop is ’n aangepaste burokratiese beleidsprosesmodel dus gebruik om die hedendaagse staatsbetrekkinge tussen Suid-Afrika en Japan te ontleed. Eerstens is ’n literatuuroorsig van primêre en sekondêre bronne onderneem wat uit ’n historiese oorsig van betrekkinge tussen Suid-Afrika en Japan bestaan het. Daarná is ’n oorsig van kontemporêre literatuur oor die verhoudinge tussen die twee lande onderneem. Dít het sowel sekondêre as primêre bronne met betrekking tot die huidige prioriteite en strategieë van staatsburokrasieë ingesluit. Hierdie afdeling sluit ook materiaal oor TICAD in. Onderhoude met staatsamptenare van die Japannese sowel as die Suid-Afrikaanse regerings is met behulp van ’n aangepaste stelsel van sneeubalsteekproefneming gevoer. Die onderhoude bied insig in die verskillende burokratiese organisasies se prioriteite en programme, sowel as hul verhoudings met ander organisasies. Twee temas wat uit hierdie data na vore gekom het, is vervolgens bespreek: die mislukking van ’n beoogde vryehandel-/ekonomiese vennootskapsooreenkoms, en die funksionering van Japannese agentskappe, veral JICA, in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks. Daar word bevind dat die vryehandelsooreenkoms misluk het weens welsynsbesware van die Suid-Afrikaanse Departement van Handel en Nywerheid, sowel as groter komplikasies met betrekking tot handelsooreenkomste in die algemeen. Hierdie groter komplikasies hou verband met die betrokkenheid van streeksliggame soos die Suider-Afrikaanse Doeane-unie. Voorts blyk Japannese agentskappe in Suid-Afrika aan bande gelê te word deur ’n gebrek aan hulpbronne, sowel as Suid-Afrikaanse staatsagentskappe se onafhanklike en effens skeptiese houding jeens Japannese hulppogings. Die studie doen aan die hand dat die relevansie van bykomende nasionale burokrasieë in die besluitnemingsproses oor die vryehandelsooreenkoms bepaalde implikasies inhou vir die gebruik van die burokratiese beleidsprosesmodel, wat meestal slegs rekening hou met enkele nasionale burokrasieë se rol in besluitneming. Voorts blyk dit dat Suid-Afrikaanse handelstransaksies bemoeilik word deur die land se lidmaatskap van die Suider-Afrikaanse Doeane-unie en die Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap, en die gevolglike behoefte om oorleg te pleeg met derde partye wat waarskynlik deur sulke transaksies geraak sal word. Laastens word aangevoer dat aangesien Suid-Afrika en Japan met beduidende dog verskillende ekonomiese uitdagings te kampe het, die verbetering van ekonomiese betrekkinge tussen die twee lande nou voorrang behoort te geniet.

The purpose of this research is to examine the following research question: how has enforcement of Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) adapted to the Big Box business system innovation? Additionally, the study explored the possible nature of regulatory choke points that may emerge from the enforcement of RCRA in the Big Box retail system. This study used contingency theory to establish a foundation for analysis of the Big Box business system innovation through identification of structural elements, external influences, and their subsequent interactions associated with the Big Box retail system in terms of environmental compliance with the RCRA enforced by the United States (US) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This research employed an embedded comparative case study design using the comparison of two Big Box firms, Walmart Stores, Inc. and Target Corporation, nationally and for the following states with opposing enforcement strategies: Arizona, Kentucky, Missouri, and Texas. The data used was obtained from third-party federal or firm-maintained sources. Findings indicate Walmart adheres to the structural models developed using contingency theory principles and incurs more impacts from regulatory agencies due to the enforcement of RCRA. Furthermore, it was observed that inspections of the firms are not distributed throughout the organizational structural elements by all states. Additionally, the use of different enforcement strategies resulted in the emergence of regulatory choke points by Arizona, Kentucky, and Texas; however, Missouri appears to balance enforcement without causing a regulatory choke point. This research has identified that the enforcement of RCRA has not universally adapted to the demands of the Big Box business system innovation. Agency implications, firm implications, directions for further research, and continued development of a regulatory choke point theory are discussed.

Although products of coal combustion (PCCs) such as coal ash are currently exempted from classification as a hazardous waste in the United States under the 1976 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is now revising a proposed rule to modify disposal practices for these materials in order to prevent contamination of ground- and surface water sources by leached trace elements. This paper analyzes several aspects of EPA’s scientific reasoning for instating the rule, with the intent of answering the following questions: 1) Are EPA’s cited values for PCC production and disposal accurate estimates of annual totals?; 2) In what ways can EPA’s leaching risk modeling assessment be improved?; 3) What is the total quantity of trace elements contained within all PCCs disposed annually?; and 4) What would be the potential costs and feasibility of reclassifying PCCs not under RCRA, but under existing NRC regulations as low-level radioactive waste (LLRW)? Among the results of my calculations, I found that although EPA estimates for annual PCC disposal are 20% larger than industry statistics, these latter values appear to be closer to reality. Second, EPA appears to have significantly underestimated historical PCC disposal: my projections indicate that EPA’s maximum estimate for the quantity of fly ash landfilled within the past 90 years was likely met by production in the last 30 years alone, if not less. Finally, my analysis indicates that while PCCs may potentially meet the criteria for reclassification as low-level radioactive waste by NRC, the cost of such regulation would be many times that of the EPA June proposed disposal rule ($220-302 billion for PCCs disposed in 2008 alone, versus $1.47 billion per year for the Subtitle C option and $236-587 million for Subtitle D regulatory options). / text

Cette recherche analyse la dynamique santé/souffrance mentale vécue par des éducateurs sociaux de l'Escola de Ensino Fundamental Porto Alegre (École et Collège Porto Alegre [E.P.A.]) dans leur travail avec des adolescents en situation de rue. La psychodynamique du travail a servi de méthodologie pour explorer le rapport de plaisir et/ou souffrance de ces éducateurs sociaux au travail et pour identifier les stratégies individuelles et collectives qu'ils ont bâties pour faire face à leur travail quotidien. Elle a permis d'organiser un groupe de chercheurs et de fonctionnaires qui a pris la mesure de la dynamique vécue par les éducateurs sociaux. De fait, ces professionnels se sont formés dans un rapport direct aux transformations survenues historiquement dans les politiques publiques pour l'enfance et l'adolescence, au Brésil. Ces dernières les ont affectés et ont modifié leur façon de travailler, à partir de leur vécu pratique. Ces éducateurs sont mobilisés par la situation de vie du public dont ils s'occupent et par les relations établies avec leurs collègues et le réseau de services externe à l'établissement. Il y a évidement des liens de confiance et de coopération entre pairs qui empêche toute construction collective permettant de surmonter les difficultés rencontrées. Les changements de gestion survenus dans l'administration municipale et la discontinuité des programmes et projets ont eu une influence directe sur l'école et ses fonctionnaires. En même temps, le désir de transformer la réalité est toujours présent chez ces éducateurs, même s'il s'est émoussé. Tous les fonctionnaires de l'école reconnaissent l'importance d'entretenir un espace public de discussion pouvant qualifier leur travail, aussi bien en interne qu'en externe, et de construire des relations basées sur la confiance et la coopération pour transformer les situations de travail et créer de nouvelles manières de travailler et de promouvoir la santé. / Esta pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo a dinâmica saúde/sofrimento mental, vivida por educadores sociais, da Escola de Ensino Fundamental Porto Alegre (EPA), no trabalho com adolescentes em situação de rua. Foi utilizada a Metodologia em Psicodinâmica do Trabalho, para a investigação da relação de prazer e/ou sofrimento, no trabalho dos educadores sociais, além da identificação das estratégias individuais e coletivas, construídas por estes educadores, para o enfrentamento do cotidiano no trabalho. A utilização da Metodologia permitiu a organização de um grupo, entre pesquisadores e trabalhadores, que dimensionou a dinâmica vivida pelos educadores sociais. Verificou-se que esses profissionais são trabalhadores que tiveram sua formação construída em relação direta às transformações ocorridas, historicamente, nas políticas públicas para a infância e adolescência no país, sendo afetados por elas e transformando seu fazer, a partir da vivência prática no trabalho. Os educadores encontram-se mobilizados pela situação de vida do público atendido, assim como pelas relações estabelecidas com os colegas e a rede de serviços externa à escola. Há um esvaziamento dos vínculos de confiança e cooperação entre os pares, não possibilitando a construção coletiva de superação das dificuldades encontradas. As mudanças de gestão, ocorridas na administração municipal, bem como a descontinuidade dos programas e projetos, têm influenciado diretamente a escola e seus trabalhadores. Ao mesmo tempo, ainda permanece, nestes educadores, o desejo de transformação da realidade que, apesar de esmorecido, não foi totalmente abandonado. Para todos os trabalhadores da escola, é muito importante a manutenção de um espaço público de discussão, que possa qualificar seu trabalho, interna e externamente, e construir relações baseadas na confiança e cooperação. Isso é importante, no sentido de transformar as situações de trabalho, criando novos modos de trabalhar e de promover saúde. / The purpose of this research is to study the health/mental suffering dynamic experienced by social educators at the Porto Alegre School of Elementary Education (EPA) in their work with adolescents living on the streets. The psychodynamics at work method was used to investigate pleasure and/or suffering experienced during social educators' work, as well as to identify individual and collective strategies created by these educators to face everyday challenges at work. Using this method made it possible to organize a group including both researchers and workers that placed importance on the dynamic lived by these social educators. It was shown that these professionals are workers whose education has taken place as a direct result of transformations that have occurred in government policies on children and adolescents in Brazil, which affect them and transform their work through practical on-the-job experiences. These educators are emotionally moved by the living situation of the public they serve, as well as by the relationships they establish with their coworkers and the network of services surrounding the school. Bonds of trust and cooperation among peers are exhausted, thereby preventing them from collectively overcoming the difficulties they encounter. Changes in management occurring at the level of city administration, as well as the discontinuity of programs and projects directly affect the school and its workers. At the same time, these educators hold on to their desire to transform reality that although weakened has not been completely abandoned. For all of the school's workers, it is very important both to maintain a public space for discussion, where they can improve their work internally and externally, and to build relationships based on confidence and cooperation. This is important in that it transforms working situations, creating new ways of working and promoting health.

Cette recherche analyse la dynamique santé/souffrance mentale vécue par des éducateurs sociaux de l'Escola de Ensino Fundamental Porto Alegre (École et Collège Porto Alegre [E.P.A.]) dans leur travail avec des adolescents en situation de rue. La psychodynamique du travail a servi de méthodologie pour explorer le rapport de plaisir et/ou souffrance de ces éducateurs sociaux au travail et pour identifier les stratégies individuelles et collectives qu'ils ont bâties pour faire face à leur travail quotidien. Elle a permis d'organiser un groupe de chercheurs et de fonctionnaires qui a pris la mesure de la dynamique vécue par les éducateurs sociaux. De fait, ces professionnels se sont formés dans un rapport direct aux transformations survenues historiquement dans les politiques publiques pour l'enfance et l'adolescence, au Brésil. Ces dernières les ont affectés et ont modifié leur façon de travailler, à partir de leur vécu pratique. Ces éducateurs sont mobilisés par la situation de vie du public dont ils s'occupent et par les relations établies avec leurs collègues et le réseau de services externe à l'établissement. Il y a évidement des liens de confiance et de coopération entre pairs qui empêche toute construction collective permettant de surmonter les difficultés rencontrées. Les changements de gestion survenus dans l'administration municipale et la discontinuité des programmes et projets ont eu une influence directe sur l'école et ses fonctionnaires. En même temps, le désir de transformer la réalité est toujours présent chez ces éducateurs, même s'il s'est émoussé. Tous les fonctionnaires de l'école reconnaissent l'importance d'entretenir un espace public de discussion pouvant qualifier leur travail, aussi bien en interne qu'en externe, et de construire des relations basées sur la confiance et la coopération pour transformer les situations de travail et créer de nouvelles manières de travailler et de promouvoir la santé. / Esta pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo a dinâmica saúde/sofrimento mental, vivida por educadores sociais, da Escola de Ensino Fundamental Porto Alegre (EPA), no trabalho com adolescentes em situação de rua. Foi utilizada a Metodologia em Psicodinâmica do Trabalho, para a investigação da relação de prazer e/ou sofrimento, no trabalho dos educadores sociais, além da identificação das estratégias individuais e coletivas, construídas por estes educadores, para o enfrentamento do cotidiano no trabalho. A utilização da Metodologia permitiu a organização de um grupo, entre pesquisadores e trabalhadores, que dimensionou a dinâmica vivida pelos educadores sociais. Verificou-se que esses profissionais são trabalhadores que tiveram sua formação construída em relação direta às transformações ocorridas, historicamente, nas políticas públicas para a infância e adolescência no país, sendo afetados por elas e transformando seu fazer, a partir da vivência prática no trabalho. Os educadores encontram-se mobilizados pela situação de vida do público atendido, assim como pelas relações estabelecidas com os colegas e a rede de serviços externa à escola. Há um esvaziamento dos vínculos de confiança e cooperação entre os pares, não possibilitando a construção coletiva de superação das dificuldades encontradas. As mudanças de gestão, ocorridas na administração municipal, bem como a descontinuidade dos programas e projetos, têm influenciado diretamente a escola e seus trabalhadores. Ao mesmo tempo, ainda permanece, nestes educadores, o desejo de transformação da realidade que, apesar de esmorecido, não foi totalmente abandonado. Para todos os trabalhadores da escola, é muito importante a manutenção de um espaço público de discussão, que possa qualificar seu trabalho, interna e externamente, e construir relações baseadas na confiança e cooperação. Isso é importante, no sentido de transformar as situações de trabalho, criando novos modos de trabalhar e de promover saúde. / The purpose of this research is to study the health/mental suffering dynamic experienced by social educators at the Porto Alegre School of Elementary Education (EPA) in their work with adolescents living on the streets. The psychodynamics at work method was used to investigate pleasure and/or suffering experienced during social educators' work, as well as to identify individual and collective strategies created by these educators to face everyday challenges at work. Using this method made it possible to organize a group including both researchers and workers that placed importance on the dynamic lived by these social educators. It was shown that these professionals are workers whose education has taken place as a direct result of transformations that have occurred in government policies on children and adolescents in Brazil, which affect them and transform their work through practical on-the-job experiences. These educators are emotionally moved by the living situation of the public they serve, as well as by the relationships they establish with their coworkers and the network of services surrounding the school. Bonds of trust and cooperation among peers are exhausted, thereby preventing them from collectively overcoming the difficulties they encounter. Changes in management occurring at the level of city administration, as well as the discontinuity of programs and projects directly affect the school and its workers. At the same time, these educators hold on to their desire to transform reality that although weakened has not been completely abandoned. For all of the school's workers, it is very important both to maintain a public space for discussion, where they can improve their work internally and externally, and to build relationships based on confidence and cooperation. This is important in that it transforms working situations, creating new ways of working and promoting health.

Cette recherche analyse la dynamique santé/souffrance mentale vécue par des éducateurs sociaux de l'Escola de Ensino Fundamental Porto Alegre (École et Collège Porto Alegre [E.P.A.]) dans leur travail avec des adolescents en situation de rue. La psychodynamique du travail a servi de méthodologie pour explorer le rapport de plaisir et/ou souffrance de ces éducateurs sociaux au travail et pour identifier les stratégies individuelles et collectives qu'ils ont bâties pour faire face à leur travail quotidien. Elle a permis d'organiser un groupe de chercheurs et de fonctionnaires qui a pris la mesure de la dynamique vécue par les éducateurs sociaux. De fait, ces professionnels se sont formés dans un rapport direct aux transformations survenues historiquement dans les politiques publiques pour l'enfance et l'adolescence, au Brésil. Ces dernières les ont affectés et ont modifié leur façon de travailler, à partir de leur vécu pratique. Ces éducateurs sont mobilisés par la situation de vie du public dont ils s'occupent et par les relations établies avec leurs collègues et le réseau de services externe à l'établissement. Il y a évidement des liens de confiance et de coopération entre pairs qui empêche toute construction collective permettant de surmonter les difficultés rencontrées. Les changements de gestion survenus dans l'administration municipale et la discontinuité des programmes et projets ont eu une influence directe sur l'école et ses fonctionnaires. En même temps, le désir de transformer la réalité est toujours présent chez ces éducateurs, même s'il s'est émoussé. Tous les fonctionnaires de l'école reconnaissent l'importance d'entretenir un espace public de discussion pouvant qualifier leur travail, aussi bien en interne qu'en externe, et de construire des relations basées sur la confiance et la coopération pour transformer les situations de travail et créer de nouvelles manières de travailler et de promouvoir la santé. / Esta pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo a dinâmica saúde/sofrimento mental, vivida por educadores sociais, da Escola de Ensino Fundamental Porto Alegre (EPA), no trabalho com adolescentes em situação de rua. Foi utilizada a Metodologia em Psicodinâmica do Trabalho, para a investigação da relação de prazer e/ou sofrimento, no trabalho dos educadores sociais, além da identificação das estratégias individuais e coletivas, construídas por estes educadores, para o enfrentamento do cotidiano no trabalho. A utilização da Metodologia permitiu a organização de um grupo, entre pesquisadores e trabalhadores, que dimensionou a dinâmica vivida pelos educadores sociais. Verificou-se que esses profissionais são trabalhadores que tiveram sua formação construída em relação direta às transformações ocorridas, historicamente, nas políticas públicas para a infância e adolescência no país, sendo afetados por elas e transformando seu fazer, a partir da vivência prática no trabalho. Os educadores encontram-se mobilizados pela situação de vida do público atendido, assim como pelas relações estabelecidas com os colegas e a rede de serviços externa à escola. Há um esvaziamento dos vínculos de confiança e cooperação entre os pares, não possibilitando a construção coletiva de superação das dificuldades encontradas. As mudanças de gestão, ocorridas na administração municipal, bem como a descontinuidade dos programas e projetos, têm influenciado diretamente a escola e seus trabalhadores. Ao mesmo tempo, ainda permanece, nestes educadores, o desejo de transformação da realidade que, apesar de esmorecido, não foi totalmente abandonado. Para todos os trabalhadores da escola, é muito importante a manutenção de um espaço público de discussão, que possa qualificar seu trabalho, interna e externamente, e construir relações baseadas na confiança e cooperação. Isso é importante, no sentido de transformar as situações de trabalho, criando novos modos de trabalhar e de promover saúde. / The purpose of this research is to study the health/mental suffering dynamic experienced by social educators at the Porto Alegre School of Elementary Education (EPA) in their work with adolescents living on the streets. The psychodynamics at work method was used to investigate pleasure and/or suffering experienced during social educators' work, as well as to identify individual and collective strategies created by these educators to face everyday challenges at work. Using this method made it possible to organize a group including both researchers and workers that placed importance on the dynamic lived by these social educators. It was shown that these professionals are workers whose education has taken place as a direct result of transformations that have occurred in government policies on children and adolescents in Brazil, which affect them and transform their work through practical on-the-job experiences. These educators are emotionally moved by the living situation of the public they serve, as well as by the relationships they establish with their coworkers and the network of services surrounding the school. Bonds of trust and cooperation among peers are exhausted, thereby preventing them from collectively overcoming the difficulties they encounter. Changes in management occurring at the level of city administration, as well as the discontinuity of programs and projects directly affect the school and its workers. At the same time, these educators hold on to their desire to transform reality that although weakened has not been completely abandoned. For all of the school's workers, it is very important both to maintain a public space for discussion, where they can improve their work internally and externally, and to build relationships based on confidence and cooperation. This is important in that it transforms working situations, creating new ways of working and promoting health.