Background: Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common pediatric brain tumor. Current treatment regimes consisting of primary surgery followed by radio- and chemotherapy, achieve 5-year overall survival rates of only about 60 %. Therapy-induced endocrine and neurocognitive deficits are common late adverse effects. Thus, improved antitumor strategies are urgently needed. In this study, we combined irradiation (IR) together with epigenetic modifiers and differentiation inducers in a multimodal approach to enhance the efficiency of tumor therapy in MB and also assessed possible late adverse effects on neurogenesis. Methods: In three human MB cell lines (DAOY, MEB-Med8a, D283-Med) short-time survival (trypan blue exclusion assay), apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle distribution, formation of gH2AX foci, and long-term reproductive survival (clonogenic assay) were analyzed after treatment with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-azadC), valproic acid (VPA), suberanilohydroxamic acid (SAHA), abacavir (ABC), all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and resveratrol (RES) alone or combined with 5-aza-dC and/or IR. Effects of combinatorial treatments on neurogenesis were evaluated in cultured murine hippocampal slices from transgenic nestin-CFPnuc C57BL/J6 mice. Life imaging of nestin-positive neural stem cells was conducted at distinct time points for up to 28 days after treatment start. Results: All tested drugs showed a radiosynergistic action on overall clonogenic survival at least in two-outof-three MB cell lines. This effect was pronounced in multimodal treatments combining IR, 5-aza-dC and a second drug. Hereby, ABC and RES induced the strongest reduction of clongenic survival in all three MB cell lines and led to the induction of apoptosis (RES, ABC) and/or autophagy (ABC). Additionally, 5-aza-dC, RES, and ABC increased the S phase cell fraction and induced the formation of gH2AX foci at least in oneout-of-three cell lines. Thereby, the multimodal treatment with 5-aza-dC, IR, and RES or ABC did not change the number of normal neural progenitor cells in murine slice cultures. Conclusions: In conclusion, the radiosensitizing capacities of epigenetic and differentiation-inducing drugs presented here suggest that their adjuvant administration might improve MB therapy. Thereby, the combination of 5-aza-dC/IR with ABC and RES seemed to be the most promising to enhance tumor control without affecting the normal neural precursor cells.

Linker histone H1 plays a key role in facilitating folding of higher order chromatin structure. Previous studies have shown that deletion of three somatic H1 subtypes together leads to embryonic lethality and that H1c/H1d/H1e triple knockout (TKO) embryonic stem cells (ESCs) display bulk chromatin decompaction. Following this initial work, we investigated the role of H1 and chromatin compaction in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, as well as the regulation of Hox genes expression. We find that H1 TKO ESCs are more resistant to spontaneous differentiation, impaired in embryoid body differentiation, and largely blocked in neural differentiation. We present evidence that H1 contributes to efficient repression of the expression of pluripotency factors, Oct4 and Nanog, and participates in establishment and maintenance of DNA methylation and histone modification necessary for silencing pluripotency genes during stem cell differentiation and embryogenesis. In addition, we find reduced expression of a distinct set of Hox genes in embryos and ESCs, respectively. Furthermore, by characterizing H1c−/−; H1d−/−; and H1e−/− single-H1 null ESCs established in this study, we showed that individual H1 subtypes regulated specific Hox genes in ESCs. Finally, we demonstrate that the levels of H3K4me3 were significantly diminished at the affected Hox genes in H1 TKO- and single-H1 KO- ESCs, whereas H3K27me3 occupancy is modestly increased at specific Hox genes. Our results suggest that marked reduction of H1 levels and decondensation of bulk chromatin affect the expression of pluripotency genes and Hox genes in embryos and ESCs, which may be in part mediated through establishment and maintenance of epigenetic marks.

L’incidence constante des maladies liées à l’âge reflète un réel enjeu dans nos sociétés actuelles, principalement lorsqu’il est question des cas de cancers, d’accidents cérébraux et de maladies neurodégénératives. Ces désordres sont liés à l’augmentation de l’espérance de vie et à un vieillissement de la population. Les coûts, estimés en milliards de dollars, représentent des sommes de plus en plus importantes. Bien que les efforts déployés soient importants, aucun traitement n’a encore été trouvé. Les maladies neurodégénératives, telles que la maladie d’Alzheimer, de Parkinson, d’Huntington ou la sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA), caractérisées par la dégénérescence d’un type neuronal spécifique à chaque pathologie, représentent un défi important. Les mécanismes de déclenchement de la pathologie sont encore nébuleux, de plus il est maintenant clair que certains de ces désordres impliquent de nombreux gènes impliqués dans diverses voies de signalisation induisant le dysfonctionnement de processus biologiques importants, tel que le métabolisme. Dans nos sociétés occidentales, une problématique, directement lié à notre style de vie s’ajoute. L’augmentation des quantités de sucre et de gras dans nos diètes a amené à un accroissement des cas de diabètes de type II, d’obésité et de maladies coronariennes. Néanmoins, le métabolisme du glucose, principale source énergétique du cerveau, est primordial à la survie de n’importe quel organisme. Lors de ces travaux, deux études effectuées à l’aide de l’organisme Caenorhabditis elegans ont porté sur un rôle protecteur du glucose dans un contexte de vieillissement pathologique et dans des conditions de stress cellulaire. Le vieillissement semble accéléré dans un environnement enrichi en glucose. Cependant, les sujets traités ont démontré une résistance importante à différents stress et aussi à la présence de protéines toxiques impliquées dans la SLA et la maladie de Huntington. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons démontré que ces effets peuvent aussi être transmis à la génération suivante. Un environnement enrichi en glucose a pour bénéfice de permettre une meilleure résistance de la progéniture, sans pour autant transmettre les effets néfastes dû au vieillissement accéléré. / The constant increase of the cases of age-related diseases, including cancers, cerebral accidents and neurodegenerative diseases raises a real problem in our current societies. These disorders are very strongly linked to the increase of life expectancy and to the ageing population. The costs, estimated in billion dollars, requiring vast medical resources and very few treatments exist today. Neuronal diseases, such as the Alzheimer's, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are characterized by the degeneration of various types of neurons. This represents an important challenge because besides the lack of understanding the underlying mechanisms related to their pathology, it is now clear that some of these disorders involve several genes and lead to the dysfunction of fundmental biological processes such as metabolism. In western societies lifestyle and dietary practices may contribute to disease. The increased quantities of sugar and fat in western diets are thought to contribute to the rise of metabolic disorders, including Type II diabetes, obesity and coronary diseases. Nevertheless, it is important to understand that the metabolism of glucose, the brain’s main energy source, is essential for survival. In this thesis, two studies using the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans investigated a potential protective role of the glucose in a context of pathological ageing and in conditions of cellular stress. Although ageing seems accelerated in a glucose enriched environment, the test subjects demonstrated an improved resistance to numerous stresses including against toxic proteins involved in the ALS and Huntington's disease. Secondly, it appeared that these effects can be heritably transmitted to successive generations of animals. Thus, a glucose enriched environment allows for increased stress resistance in the offspring, without transmitting the negative effects of accelerated ageing.

Les cellules, et tout particulièrement les cellules germinales, maintiennent l'intégrité de leur génome en prévenant d'éventuelles mutations comme celles dues à la mobilité des éléments transposables (ET). Dans la lignée germinale des animaux, une classe particulière de petits ARN régulateurs, les PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA), sont les acteurs majeurs du contrôle des ET. Chez Drosophila melanogaster, il existe des souches dites réactives, dépourvues de copies actives de l'élément I, ET exprimé dans la lignée germinale femelle. Les femelles de ces souches voient leur capacité à réprimer l'invasion de leur génome par l'élément I augmenter avec l'âge. Des données antérieures ont montré qu'une fois acquise, la capacité à réprimer l'élément I est transmise maternellement au travers des générations. Mes travaux de thèse ont permis de montrer que la transmission de la capacité à réprimer l'élément I n'est pas corrélée à des modifications de l'activité transcriptionnelle des loci producteurs de piRNA, mais semble uniquement véhiculée par les piRNA. En effet, les piRNA de l'élément I déposés dans l'embryon vont amorcer la production de piRNA complémentaires dans les ovaires de la descendance, ce qui induit une forte accumulation de piRNA antisens à l'élément I. Ainsi, les piRNA maternellement déposés assurent la transmission de la capacité à réprimer l'élément I, acquise suite au vieillissement des ascendants maternels. Mes résultats mettent en évidence le rôle des piRNA comme support moléculaire d'une composante non génétique de l'information héritable, indépendante de la chromatine et déterminante pour le maintien de l'intégrité du génome. / Cells, especially germinal stem cells, maintain genomic integrity by averting the propagation of mutations, generated as a consequence of DNA damage. In particular, they must avoid the deleterious activity of transposable elements (TEs). In animal germlines, one of the key players of the TE repression involves a specific class of small regulatory RNAs, the PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). In Drosophila melanogaster, there are reactive strains that are devoid of functional copies of the I element, a TE specifically expressed in the female germ line. When they get older, females of these strains can acquire a strong capacity to repress the I element invasion. Anterior works have shown that once acquired, this capacity to repress the I element is maternally transmitted over generations. The results obtained during my thesis revealed that the transmission of the capacity to repress the I element is not correlated with increased transcriptional activity of piRNA producer loci but seems only mediated by the piRNAs. Indeed, I element piRNAs deposition in the embryo after aging treatment correlates with the production of complementary piRNAs in the ovaries of the progeny. This results in a strong accumulation of antisense I element piRNAs. The maternally deposited piRNAs ensure the transmission of the capacity to repress the I element acquired after ancestor aging. My results highlight the molecular support of a DNA- and chromatin-independant component of heritable information essential for the maintenance of genome integrity.

Les voies de signalisation sont des moyens de communication intercellulaires très conservées au cours de l'évolution qui contrôlent tous les aspects du développement des organismes multicellulaires. La signalisation par les récepteurs Notch oriente les destins cellulaires au cours du développement embryonnaire et régule l'homéostasie des tissus. Dans les cellules normales, l'activation de la voie Notch est soumise à une régulation très stricte, ayant pour enjeu de maintenir un équilibre au sein des tissues entre prolifération et différenciation. Cependant des disfonctionnement de la voie Notch sont à l'origine de l'augmentation de la prolifération cellulaire, perturbant ainsi cet équilibre et aboutissant à la transformation maligne des cellules. Le rôle central de NOTCH1 dans l'oncogenèse humaine est soutenu par la présence de mutations activatrices de la voie dans plus de 50% des leucémies aigues lymphoblastiques T (LAL-T), ainsi qu'un large éventail de cancers hématopoïétiques et de tumeurs solides. Au cours des dernières décennies, d'importants progrès ont été réalisés dans la compréhension des mécanismes de transduction du signal Notch et l'identification des processus biologiques qui sont influencés par la voie Notch. Les fonctions physiologiques et pathologiques de NOTCH1 requièrent sa translocation dans le noyau, mais ses partenaires nucléaires et leurs rôles dans la tumorigénèse restent peu connus. De même, les mécanismes moléculaires par lesquelles Notch active la transcription des gènes cibles de la voie restent à élucider.Afin de comprendre les fonctions nucléaires de Notch dans un contexte tumoral, nous avons, par une approche protéomique, caractérisé les complexes protéiques associés à la forme oncogénique de NOTCH1 à partir d'extraits nucléaires de cellules leucémiques T humaines. Nos travaux, associant des approches biochimiques et fonctionnelles, mettent en évidence le rôle central de plusieurs enzymes et facteurs nucléaires dans le contrôle de l'activité transcriptionnelle et les fonctions oncogéniques de Notch.La perturbation de l'expression de plusieurs facteurs nouvellement identifiées induit un arrêt du cycle cellulaire et altère la prolifération in vitro des cellules cancéreuses portant des mutations de la voie Notch. De façon remarquable, l'inhibition des partenaires de NOTCH1 est capable de supprimer la croissance tumorale de cellules leucémiques humaines dans un modèle de xénogreffe murin. Ces travaux auront un impact important dans le développement des nouvelles stratégies capables d'interférer avec les fonctions oncogéniques de Notch et pourraient s'avérer utile dans le traitement des cancers humains. / Activating mutations in NOTCH1, an essential regulator of T-cell development, are frequently found in human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). However, the precise mechanisms by which Notch causes T-ALL are not fully understood. While several target genes regulated by Notch have been identified in thymocytes and T-ALLs, little is known about the identity of NOTCH1 interacting partners that are required for its oncogenic activity. Using an improved tandem affinity chromatography method, followed by mass spectrometry, we have purified the intracellular active form of NOTCH1 (ICN1) and its nuclear cofactors in human T-ALL cells. We identified and validated a large set of proteins associated with ICN1, including transcriptional activators, repressors and protein-modifying enzymes. Moreover, we found that NOTCH1 interacts with lineage-specifying transcription factors and components of other signaling pathways that could cooperate to confer a specific program of gene expression. This work represents the first comprehensive analysis of Notch partners in the nucleus and provides a framework to elucidate Notch functions and regulation.We subsequently used Notch nuclear interactome as resource to expand our understanding of how ICN1 orchestrates target gene activation. Biochemical and functional experiments demonstrated that Notch activation in T-ALL cells leads to the assembly of a large multisubunit complex in the nucleus containing ICN-CSL-MAML1 as a core subunit and several classes of transcriptional regulators that act at different steps of the transcriptional activation process. These include the transcriptional activator AF4p12, the histone demethylases LSD1 and PHF8, and the SWI/SNF nucleosome remodeling complex PBAF, all of which are required for expression of Notch-responsive genes. We found that PBAF recruitment to Notch-target enhancers facilitates transcription in a chromatin context, probably through the remodeling of nearby nucleosomal structures, while LSD1 and PHF8 act through their demethylase activity to promote local epigenetic modifications. In the presence of Notch, PHF8 demethylates the repressive dimethyl H3 lysine-27 (H3K27me2) mark and LSD1 removes the repressive H3K9me2 mark from Notch-responsive enhancers to promote gene expression. However, LSD1 is also associated with CSL corepressor complex in the absence of Notch and contributes to CSL-mediated repression of Notch targets by removing the activating H3K4me2 mark, suggesting that LSD1 plays a dual role in Notch signaling regulation. AF4p12 is a poorly-characterized protein that was first identified as one of the MLL translocation partners in leukemias. While its precise role awaits further investigation, our results indicate that AF4p12 is required for RNAPII recruitment at several Notch-target genes, therefore acting as a transcriptional coactivator of ICN1. Importantly, we found that Notch cofactors are recruited to Notch-responsive genes in primary developing T cells and are required for Notch-mediated tumor growth in a xenograft T-ALL model. Thus, this newly characterized Notch-activation complex controls both Notch developmental and oncogenic functions in immature T-cells.In addition, our preliminary data provide insights into regulation of ICN1 stability and identify several protein-modifying enzymes as potential regulators of Notch signaling. Moreover, we propose that non-canonical Notch activities, as well as extensive crosstalk with lineage-specifying transcription factors, might shape the repertoire of Notch regulated genes, therefore contribute to Notch oncogenic functions in T-ALL cells.The identification of Notch-associated proteins in T-ALL uncovered novel aspects of Notch signaling and provided a powerful tool for dissecting mechanisms of Notch function and regulation that could be translated into new therapeutic approaches.

Stress can induce prolonged deleterious effects on many characteristics in chickens (Gallus gallus). Particular interest has been paid to early life stress. Social isolation as an early life stressor results in increased plasma corticosterone levels. Moreover, it induces behavioural and physiological changes as well as gene expression modifications in the hypothalamus. In the first part of my study, I aim to inquire into social isolation impacts on the short and long-term. Short and long-term effects were assessed by immune system, behaviour and weight. 82 male chickens were assigned to three groups (stress, control and enrichment). The stress group was exposed to social isolation, the enrichment group was provided with enrichment substrates while the control group was left untreated. According to my knowledge, this is the first study that investigates the effects of social isolation on the interuleikn-6 levels as an indicator of immune system response. My findings suggest that social isolation induces short and long-term effects on immune response as well as on body weight. In the second part of my study, I aim to develop a method investigating effects of early stress on DNA methylation in blood and sperm. For this purpose, two methods GBS (Genotyping by sequencing) and MeDIP (Methylated DNA immuneprecipitation) were f using pooled DNA from all individuals for the first time. Moreover, I developed a protocol for extracting sperm DNA from frozen testis. Combining both methods has many advantages, such as cost effectiveness and the ability to evaluate epigenetic signatures in large number of individuals

La mucoviscidose (CF) est causée par des mutations sur le gène CFTR codant pour une protéine indispensable au maintien de l'homéostasie des transports hydro-électrolytiques au sein de l'épithélium des organes cibles de la pathologie, dérivés de l'endoderme (poumon, pancréas, appareil reproducteur). Entre ces différents tissus et au cours du développement fœtal, l'expression du gène varie, particulièrement dans le tissu pulmonaire où une répression est observée à l'âge adulte.Ce travail propose dans une première partie la caractérisation des modifications épigénétiques associées à la régulation spatio-temporelle physiologique de l'expression du gène CFTR dans les tissus humains sains adultes et fœtaux. Les résultats obtenus soulignent le rôle important des modifications post-traductionnelles des histones dans la régulation in vivo. Nous avons notamment observé i) un équilibre fin entre marques d'ouverture (acétylation) et de fermeture (H3K27Me3) de la chromatine sur la région promotrice du gène CFTR et ii) l'acétylation significative de régions cis-régulatrices intragéniques.La deuxième partie de ce travail consiste en l'évaluation des effets du SAHA, un inhibiteur d'histones déacétylases (HDACi) dans un modèle ex vivo d'épithélium nasal de patients atteints de mucoviscidose. Les résultats montrent que le SAHA ne restaure pas l'adressage membranaire de la protéine CFTR en contexte pathologique mucoviscidose (mutation p.(Phe508del)) dans des cellules CF différenciées en épithélium ex vivo. De plus, le SAHA induit une modification du profil inflammatoire des épithélia et une dé-différenciation épithéliale dans le modèle ex vivo montrant que les mécanismes d'action de cette molécule sont multiples et réversibles.Ce travail souligne la nécessité d'analyser in vivo les mécanismes physiopathologiques impliqués dans la mucoviscidose et d'évaluer l'impact des molécules thérapeutiques sur les protéines endogènes dans un modèle d'épithélium différencié. / Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene encoding for a protein essential to maintain the homeostasis of fluid and electrolyte transport in the epithelium of endoderm-derived organs (lung, pancreas, reproductive tract) that are affected in CF patients. CFTR expression greatly varies between these tissues and during fetal development, particularly in the lung where repression is observed in adulthood .In the first part of this work, we characterized epigenetic modifications associated with the spatio-temporal regulation of CFTR gene expression in healthy human adult and fetal tissues. Our results emphasize the important role of histone post-translational modifications in this regulation in vivo. Specifically, we observed i) a fine balance between active (acetylation) and repressive (H3K27Me3) marks in the promoter region and ii) significant acetylation in intragenic cis-regulatory regions.In the second part of this work, we evaluated the effects of SAHA, a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) in an ex vivo model of nasal epithelium of CF patients. Our results show that SAHA can not restore CFTR protein to the apical membrane in a p.(Phe508del)-CFTR context in ex vivo CF differentiated epithelial cells. In addition, SAHA induces a change in the inflammatory profile of epithelia and epithelial dedifferentiation in the ex vivo model showing that the mechanisms of action of this molecule are multiple and reversible.This work highlights the need to analyze in vivo the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in Cystic Fibrosis and to evaluate the impact of therapeutic molecules on the endogenous proteins in a differentiated epithelium model.

L’adaptation cellulaire au stress dépend en partie de changements dans l’expression de gènes de réponse au stress, souvent accompagnés par des modifications dans la structure chromatinienne. Des facteurs chromatiniens pourraient être à l’origine de ces modifications mais leurs mécanismes d’action restent mal connus au cours du développement. La réponse aux protéines malconformées (UPR) est une réponse à des conditions de stress physiologique qui ciblent le réticulum endoplasmique (RE) ; l’UPR a été impliquée dans de nombreuses maladies humaines incluant le cancer et différents composants de cette réponse pourraient être de potentielles cibles pharmaceutiques. Nous avons démontré que HPL-2, l’homologue de la protéine HP1 chez Caenorhabditis elegans, est nécessaire pour la réponse au stress du RE. L’inactivation d’HPL-2 montre une résistance accrue au stress du RE qui dépend d’une part de la voie XBP-1 de l’UPR et d’autre part d’un flux autophagique augmenté. La résistance accrue des vers dépourvu d’HPL-2 est associée avec une augmentation de l’activation d’XBP-1 et de chaperonnes du RE en conditions physiologiques. L’expression d’HPL-2 est ubiquitaire et nous avons déterminé qu’HPL-2 joue un rôle antagoniste dans les cellules neuronales et intestinales pour influencer la réponse au stress du RE. Nous avons également montré qu’une modulation de l’état de la chromatine par une inhibition chimique d’histones déacétylases donnait le même phénotype que l’absence d’HPL-2. De plus, l’augmentation ou la diminution de la méthylation de la lysine 4 de l’histone 3 (H3K4me) joue également un rôle dans la réponse au stress du RE. Ces travaux contribuent ainsi à une meilleure compréhension du lien entre l’UPR, le stress du RE et la structure chromatinienne aussi bien dans un processus normal que dans certaines pathologies. / Cellular adaptation to environmental changes and stress relies on a wide range of regulatory mechanisms which are tightly controlled at several levels, including transcription. Chromatin structure and chromatin binding proteins are important factors contributing to the transcriptional response to stress. However, it remains largely unknown to what extent specific chromatin factors influence these distinct responses in a developmental context. One of the best characterized stress response pathways is the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is activated by accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, we show that Caenorhabditis elegans HPL-2, the homologue of the HP1 chromatin associated protein, is required for the ER stress response. Inactivation of HPL-2 results in enhanced resistance to ER stress dependent on the XBP-1 branch of the UPR and the closely related process of autophagy. Increased resistance to ER stress in animals lacking HPL-2 is associated with increased basal levels of XBP-1 activation and ER chaperones under physiological conditions. Using tissue specific rescue experiments, we find that HPL-2 plays antagonistic roles in intestinal and neuronal cells to influence the ER stress response. We further show that chemical inhibition of histone deacetylase activity mimics the HPL-2 loss of function phenotype, and that increasing or decreasing histone H3 lysine 4 methylation (H3K4me) has antagonistic effects on animal survival in response to ER stress. Altogether our results point to an important function for specific chromatin factors and chromatin modifications in maintaining ER homeostasis in a developmental context.

During tissues development multipotent progenitor cells establish tissue-specific gene expression programmes, leading to differentiation into specialized cell types. It has been previously shown that the transcription factor p63, a master regulator of skin development, controls the expression of adhesion molecules and essential cytoskeleton components. It has also been shown that p63 plays an important role in establishing distinct three-dimensional conformations in the Epidermal Differentiation Complex (EDC) locus (Fessing et al., 2011). Here we show that in p63-null mice about 32% of keratinocytes showed altered nuclear morphology. Alterations in the nuclear shape were accompanied by decreased expression of nuclear lamins (Lamin A/C and Lamin B1), proteins of the LINC complex (Sun-1, nesprin-2/3) and Plectin. Plectin links components of the nuclear envelope (nesprin-3) with cytoskeleton and ChIP-qPCR assay with adult epidermal keratinocytes showed p63 binding to the consensus binding sequences on Plectin 1c, Sun-1 and Nesprin-3 promoters. As a possible consequence of the altered expression of nuclear lamins and nuclear envelope-associated proteins, changes in heterochromatin distribution as well as decrease of the expression of several polycomb proteins (Ezh2, Ring1B, Cbx4) has been observed in p63-null keratinocytes. Moreover, recent data in our lab have showed that p63 directly regulates Cbx4, a component of the polycomb PRC1 complex. Here we show that mice lacking Cbx4 displayed a skin phenotype, which partially resembles the one observed in p63-null mice with reduced epidermal thickness and keratinocyte proliferation. All together these data demonstrate that p63-regulated gene expression program in epidermal keratinocytes includes not only genes encoding adhesion molecules, cytoskeleton proteins (cytokeratins) and chromatin remodelling factors (Satb1, Brg1), but also polycomb proteins and components of the nuclear envelope, suggesting the existence of a functional link between cytoskeleton, nuclear architecture and three dimensional nuclear organization. Other proteins important for proper epidermal development and stratification, are cytokeratins. Here, we show that keratin genes play an essential role in spatial organization of other lineage-specific genes in keratinocytes during epidermal development. In fact, ablation of keratin type II locus from chromosome 15 in epidermal keratinocytes led to changes in the genomic organization with increased distance between the Loricrin gene located on chromosome 3 as well as between Satb1 gene located on chromosome 17 and keratin type II locus, resulting in a more peripheral localization of these genes in the nucleus. As a possible consequence of their peripheral localization, reduced expression of Loricrin and Satb1 has also been observed in keratins type II-deficient mice. These findings together with recent circularized chromosome conformation capture (4C) data, strongly suggest that keratin 5, Loricrin and Satb1 are part of the same interactome, which is required for the proper expression of these genes and proper epidermal development and epidermal barrier formation. Taken together these data suggest that higher order chromatin remodelling and spatial organization of genes in the nucleus are important for the establishment of lineage-specific differentiation programs in epidermal progenitor cells. These data provide an important background for further analyses of nuclear architecture in the alterations of epidermal differentiation, seen in pathological conditions, such as psoriasis and epithelial skin cancers.

No description available.