The presented diploma thesis deals with the description of verbal epistemic parentheses such as (ich) glaub(e) or (ich) mein(e) in German and myslím in Czech. These types usually do not belong among the means of expressing epistemic modality and are often neglected in current dictionaries and grammars, although they have a different meaning than the verb they originated from. The diploma thesis analyzes parentheses (ich) glaub(e) in German and myslím in Czech via spoken language corpora. The German data were acquired from FOLK (Forschungs- und Lehrkorpus gesprochenes Deutsch) which is a part of IDS Mannheim corpora. The Czech data come from ORAL v1 (Český národní korpus). The overall aim was to describe their syntactic behaviour, their semantics, and in some cases their prosodic features. The theoretical part focuses on distinguishing between discourse markers and particles. Such distinction forms a foundation for the analysis. The differentiation between grammaticalization and pragmaticalization is also commented on. Both parentheses were examined with relation to their syntactic position, syntactic integration, and their potential function as fillers. Based on the analysis, both constructions evince an advanced level of particularization and have features of particles and/or discourse markers....

This thesis is concerned with philosophical perspectives on the stigma of mental illness, with each chapter exploring different philosophical issues. Chapter one delineates the central concept around which the rest of the work revolves: the stigma of mental illness. It provides an outline of the stigma mechanism, how it applies to mental illness, why it is such a large public health concern and what has been done so far to combat it. Chapter two is concerned with the application of recent literature in the philosophy of implicit bias to the topic of mental illness. It suggests that we have hitherto been preoccupied with explicit formulations of the stigma mechanism, but argues that there are distinctive issues involved in combatting forms of discrimination in which the participants are not cognisant of their attitudes or actions, and that anti-stigma initiatives for mental illness should take note. Chapter three applies the philosophical literature concerning the ethics of our epistemic practices to the stigma of mental illness. It contains an analysis of how epistemic injustice- primarily in the forms of testimonial injustice and stereotype threat- affects those with mental illnesses. The fourth chapter brings in issues in the philosophy of science (particularly the philosophy of psychiatry) to explore the possibility of intervening on the stigma process to halt the stigma of mental illness. The first candidate (preventing labelling) is discounted, and the second (combatting stereotype) is tentatively endorsed. The fifth chapter is concerned with how language facilitates the stigma of mental illness. It suggests that using generics to talk about mental illness (whether the knowledge structure conveyed is inaccurate or accurate) is deeply problematic. In the former, it conveys insidious forms of social stereotyping. In the latter, it propagates misinformation by presenting the category as a quintessential one.

[pt] Cada dia que passa descobrimos novas formas de utilizar a computação em diversos domínios e com os mais variados objetivos: entretenimento, medicina, educação, comunicação e etc. A produção de hardware em larga escala tem tornado computadores e dispositivos móveis (por exemplo, celulares, PDAs e Tablets PCs) mais acessíveis a um número cada vez maior de usuários. O amplo uso da computação exige o desenvolvimento de software não somente com alta qualidade interna e funcional, mas também com alta qualidade de uso. Diante desta necessidade, pesquisadores da área de Interação Humano-Computador (IHC) têm investigado formas de projetar interfaces com alta qualidade de uso. Em especial, alguns pesquisadores propõem que o projeto de interfaces seja baseado em modelos. Paula (Paula, 2003) propôs a linguagem MoLIC (Modeling Language for Interaction as Conversation) para modelar a interação humanocomputador, fundamentada na teoria da engenharia semiótica (de Souza, 2005). Desde sua proposta, a MoLIC tem sido utilizada em estudos de caso de diferentes domínios e plataformas. Estes estudos levantaram questões quanto ao uso da linguagem que tinham ficado pendentes ou que ainda não tinham sido endereçadas na primeira edição da linguagem. Algumas destas questões deram origem a propostas de extensão à MoLIC. Como ainda existem questões em aberto levantadas por estes estudos de caso e as propostas de extensão não tiveram o rigor necessário para serem incorporadas definitivamente à MoLIC, surgiu a necessidade de um trabalho que enderece essas questões e organize as extensões, tanto as propostas quanto outras que se façam necessárias, com o cuidado de manter a consistência da linguagem com os seus fundamentos teóricos. Assim, este trabalho apresenta uma revisão da primeira edição da MoLIC, apontando e respondendo questões ainda em aberto. Como resultado desta revisão, ele define a segunda edição da MoLIC, que incorpora diversas propostas de extensão. E, por fim, conclui levantando outras questões para futuras edições da MoLIC. / [en] Day after day, we discover new ways to use computation in various domains and for a variety of purposes: entertainment, medicine, education, communication, etc. Large-scale hardware production has made computers and mobile devices (for example, cell phones, PDAs and Tablet PCs) more accessible to an increasing number of users. The wide use of computation requires software to be developed not just with high internal and functional quality, but also with high quality of use. In face of this need, Human Computer-Interaction (HCI) researchers have researched ways to design user interface with high quality of use. In particular, some HCI researchers propose model-based user interface design. Paula (Paula, 2003) proposed the MoLIC language (Modeling Language for Interaction as Conversation) to model the human-computer interaction, grounded on semiotic engineering (de Souza, 2005). Since its proposal, MoLIC has been used in case studies in different domains and platforms. These studies have raised questions about the use of the language that have remained unsuitable or that still had not been addressed in the first edition of the language. Some of these questions gave rise to extension proposals to MoLIC. As there are still opened questions raised from these case studies and the extension proposals were not sufficiently sound to be definitely incorporated into MoLIC, there was the need of a work to address those questions and to organize the extensions, as well as additional proposals that may be found necessary, with the concern of keeping the language consistent with its theoretical grounding. Therefore, this work presents a revision of the first edition of MoLIC, pointing out and answering open issues. As a result of the revision, it defines the second edition of MoLIC, which incorporates several extension proposals. And, finally, it concludes by raising additional questions to be addressed in future MoLIC editions.

The thesis deals with the epistemic modality, its types and modes of expression in specialized Spanish and Czech texts. The aim of this thesis is to perform a comparative analysis which is based on a statistical analysis of linguistic texts. The introduction primarily concentrates on the different typologies of Czech and foreign authors, the classification of modal attitudes, and the lexical and grammatical means of expressing modality. The result of this thesis is the comparison of the frequency that can be observed between the aforementioned languages.

A tese da equivalência afirma que as condicionais indicativas e a condicional material possuem condições de verdade equivalentes, i.e., elas são falsas quando possuem a antecedente verdadeira e a consequente falsa, mas são verdadeiras nas demais circunstâncias. Essa tese tem algumas consequências contra-intuitivas. Por exemplo, ela implica que qualquer condicional com uma antecedente falsa é verdadeira. Isso é estranho, pois não é intuitivo pensar que a condicional “Se a lua é feita de queijo, então 2 +2 = 4” é verdadeira somente porque a lua não é feita de queijo. Antes, pensamos que a constituição da lua não tem qualquer relação com as verdades da aritmética. Essa perplexidade é um dos paradoxos da condicional material. No primeiro e segundo capítulos apresento as duas tentativas mais influentes de defender a tese da equivalência face aos paradoxos, as propostas de Paul Grice e Frank Jackson. Argumento que elas são incapazes de eliminar os paradoxos, pois tentam explicar a sua origem em práticas linguísticas. No terceiro capítulo eu argumento que a real causa dos aspectos paradoxais da condicional material são intuições epistêmicas e metafísicas que devem ser recusadas, pois resultam de erros de raciocínio. / The equivalence thesis states that indicative conditionals and the material conditional have the same truth conditions i.e., they are false when they have a truth antecedent and a false consequent, but true in any other circumstances. This thesis has some counterintuitive consequences. For instance, it implies that any conditional with a false antecedent is true. This is odd, for it is not intuitive to think that the conditional “If the moon is made of cheese, then 2 + 2 = 4” is true solely in virtue of the moon not being made of cheese. We would rather think that the moon’s composition and arithmetic truths aren’t related to each other. This perplexity is one of the paradoxes of the material conditional. In the first and second chapters, I present the two most influential attempts of defending the equivalence thesis from the paradoxes: the proposals of Paul Grice and Frank Jackson. I argue that the attempts are nonetheless unable of dismissing the paradoxes, because they attempt to explain their origins as stemming from linguistic practices. In the third chapter, I argue that the real cause of the paradoxical aspects of the material conditional are epistemic and metaphysical intuitions that must be refused, for they result from flawed reasoning.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:11:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 latansio_vd_me_mar.pdf: 516683 bytes, checksum: a410bdf045a55a179490ab163724fc62 (MD5) / No presente trabalho de Dissertação, propusemo-nos à analisar a noção de significação segundo a Epistemologia Genética. Tal noção (significação) foi escolhida devido à sua relevância dentro da Teoria de Piaget, visto ela estar relacionada diretamente com a concepção de consciência em Piaget, bem como, por ela percorrer toda a construção da teoria piagetiana, o que nos permitiu, entender a proposta da Epistemologia Genética de maneira mais clara e trazer tal noção para um cenário mais sintetizado dentro da teoria de Piaget. A dissertação foi norteada pela concepção de Piaget de que dar significação a um quadro sensorial ou a um objeto é inseri-lo num sistema de esquemas ou, por outras palavras, assimilá-lo a um sistema de esquemas, e que, em especial, o conhecimento é o resultado do processo de ação do sujeito sobre o objeto, que leva o sujeito a inserí-lo em um sistema de esquema de ação e de operações sobre representação, por meio da assimilação, bem como a modificar, por meio da acomodação, esse sistema de esquemas, especificando, então, o processo de conhecimento como prolongamento do processo de adaptação segundo Piaget. No desenvolvimento deste trabalho foi feita uma caracterização sucinta da proposta piagetiana de uma Epistemologia Genética e, a partir dela, percorremos os conceitos basais da teoria piagetiana como: ação, esquemas de ação, sistema de esquemas de ação, assimilação, acomodação, adaptação, função semiótica, significado, significante, símbolo, signo e indice, bem como inserimos novos conceitos que auxiliaram na compreensão da passagem do Período Pré-Operatório ao Período Operatório Concreto, como transfiguração, esquemas de transfiguração e sistema de esquemas de transfiguração. Em especial, neste desenvolvimento, apresentamos e discutimos uma definição explicita de significação, dada por Piaget... / In this work, we proposed to analyze the notion of signification according to Genetic Epistemology. This concept (signification) was chosen due to its relevance to Piaget‟s Theory, once it is directly related to the conception of consciousness in Piaget, as well as due its long-range through the entire construction of Piaget‟s theory, which allowed us to understand the Genetic Epistemology proposal more clearly and to bring this concept to a more synthesized scenario within the Piaget‟s theory. The work was guided by the Piaget‟s conception, which says that to give signification to a sensory tableaux or to an object is to insert it into a schemes system or, in another words, to assimilate it on a schemes system, and, specially that the knowledge is a result of action of the subject on the object, which leads the subject to insert it into a schemes system of actions and operations on representation by means of assimilation, as well as modify, through accommodation, this schemes system, specifying the knowledge process as a continuation of the adaptation process acoording to Piaget‟s definition. During this work , we made a brief characterization of Piaget‟s proposal of a Genetic Epistemology, and from it, we went through the basal concepts of Piaget‟s theory: action, action schemes, action schemes system, assimilation, accommodation, adaptation, function semiotics, meaning, signifier, symbol, sign and index, and also we insert new concepts that helped on understanding the transition from Preoperative Period to Operative Concrete Period, like transfiguration, transfiguration schemes , transfiguration schemes system . In this development we particularly present and discuss an explicit definition of signification, given by Piaget, and we contextualize its in the first four stages of The Origin of Intelligence in the Child as well as in the initial experiment of The Notion of Time... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-01-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:53:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_rr_me_mar.pdf: 589195 bytes, checksum: b1c3270d0124bdc93ee5bfe744d40631 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo da Dissertação é investigar, na perspectiva da Epistemologia Genética, proposta por Jean Piaget, uma questão que elaboramos a partir de nossos estudos sobre o Ensaio de Lógica Operatória escrito por Piaget, a saber: como o sujeito epistêmico usa e se torna capaz de usar funções proposicionais na estruturação lógico-matemática que ele faz da realidade? Tomando esta questão como fio condutor de nossas pesquisas, procuramos compreender como se constituem as funções proposicionais, um dos elementos fundamentais da Lógica, e quais são suas relações com as operações lógicas do pensamento “natural” realizadas pelo sujeito. Para isso, fizemos, inicialmente, uma breve apresentação do pensamento piagetiano, mostrando, em paralelo, algumas das heranças centrais da história das ideias no pensamento deste autor. Em seguida, situamos o Ensaio no contexto da Epistemologia Genética e apresentamos o que Piaget entende por Lógica, quais são seus objetos e métodos em relação aos outros domínios de estudo, em especial a Epistemologia e a Psicologia. Mostramos que, segundo sua concepção de Lógica, é possível uma coordenação entre Lógica e Psicologia do ponto de vista da Epistemologia Genética, sem que isso implique, necessariamente, em um psicologismo do conhecimento, em especial, um psicologismo do conhecimento lógicomatemático. Com vistas a buscar as condições necessárias ao uso da função proposicional pelo sujeito, centramos nossa análise em uma das passagens psicológicas cruciais à construção humana do pensamento lógico-matemático, que é a passagem da ação sobre a experiência sensível às primeiras estruturações lógico-matemáticas realizadas pelo sujeito. Visando uma contribuição à Epistemologia e à Teoria do Conhecimento, procuramos explicitar, portanto, como a Lógica Operatória... / The aim of the dissertation is to investigate, by Genetic Epistemology, proposed by Jean Piaget, an issue that we developed from our studies of Operating Logic written by Piaget namely: how the epistemic subject uses and becomes capable of using propositional functions in logical-mathematical structuring that he make of reality? Taking this question as our guiding principle of our researches, we seek to comprehend how does the propositional functions constitutes, one of the fundamental elements of Logic, and which are their relations with the operations logic of natural thought performed by the subject. Starting up, we made a brief presentation of Piagetian thoughts, showing, simultaneously, some of the central heritages the history of Piaget ideas. Following, we placed the Essay in Genetic Epistemology context and presented what Piaget mean by Logic, what are their objects and methods in relation to other fields of study, particularly in Epistemology and Psychology. We show that, according to his conception of logic, it's possible a coordination between Logic and Psychology from the genetic epistemology standpoint, however it does not necessarily implicate in a psychologism of the knowledge, in especial, a psychologism of the logicalmathematical knowledge. In an eager to seek the necessary conditions for the subject use of the propositional function, we focused our analysis on one of the crucial passages psychological human construction of logical-mathematical thinking which is the way of action on sensory experience to the first logical-mathematical structuring undertaken by the subject. Aiming the contribution to Epistemology and the Theory of Knowledge, we hope to explain, therefore, as the Operating Logic (the logic of operations natural thought of the subject), proposed by Piaget in the Treaty and in the Essay, can be used in the particular case of the propositional function... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

L'analyse des systèmes de grande taille est confrontée à des difficultés d'ordre syntaxique et sémantique : comment observer un million d'entités distribuées et asynchrones ? Comment interpréter le désordre résultant de l'observation microscopique de ces entités ? Comment produire et manipuler des abstractions pertinentes pour l'analyse macroscopique des systèmes ? Face à l'échec de l'approche analytique, le concept d'émergence épistémique - relatif à la nature de la connaissance - nous permet de définir une stratégie d'analyse alternative, motivée par le constat suivant : l'activité scientifique repose sur des processus d'abstraction fournissant des éléments de description macroscopique pour aborder la complexité des systèmes. Cette thèse s'intéresse plus particulièrement à la production d'abstractions spatiales et temporelles par agrégation de données. Afin d'engendrer des représentations exploitables lors du passage à l'échelle, il apparaît nécessaire de contrôler deux aspects essentiels du processus d'abstraction. Premièrement, la complexité et le contenu informationnel des représentations macroscopiques doivent être conjointement optimisés afin de préserver les détails pertinents pour l'observateur, tout en minimisant le coût de l'analyse. Nous proposons des mesures de qualité (critères internes) permettant d'évaluer, de comparer et de sélectionner les représentations en fonction du contexte et des objectifs de l'analyse. Deuxièmement, afin de conserver leur pouvoir explicatif, les abstractions engendrées doivent être cohérentes avec les connaissances mobilisées par l'observateur lors de l'analyse. Nous proposons d'utiliser les propriétés organisationnelles, structurelles et topologiques du système (critères externes) pour contraindre le processus d'agrégation et pour engendrer des représentations viables sur les plans syntaxique et sémantique. Par conséquent, l'automatisation du processus d'agrégation nécessite de résoudre un problème d'optimisation sous contraintes. Nous proposons dans cette thèse un algorithme de résolution générique, s'adaptant aux critères formulés par l'observateur. De plus, nous montrons que la complexité de ce problème d'optimisation dépend directement de ces critères. L'approche macroscopique défendue dans cette thèse est évaluée sur deux classes de systèmes. Premièrement, le processus d'agrégation est appliqué à la visualisation d'applications parallèles de grande taille pour l'analyse de performance. Il permet de détecter les anomalies présentes à plusieurs niveaux de granularité dans les traces d'exécution et d'expliquer ces anomalies à partir des propriétés syntaxiques du système. Deuxièmement, le processus est appliqué à l'agrégation de données médiatiques pour l'analyse des relations internationales. L'agrégation géographique et temporelle de l'attention médiatique permet de définir des évènements macroscopiques pertinents sur le plan sémantique pour l'analyse du système international. Pour autant, nous pensons que l'approche et les outils présentés dans cette thèse peuvent être généralisés à de nombreux autres domaines d'application. / The analysis of large-scale systems faces syntactic and semantic difficulties: How to observe millions of distributed and asynchronous entities? How to interpret the disorder that results from the microscopic observation of such entities? How to produce and handle relevant abstractions for the systems' macroscopic analysis? Faced with the failure of the analytic approach, the concept of epistemic emergence - related to the nature of knowledge - allows us to define an alternative strategy. This strategy is motivated by the observation that scientific activity relies on abstraction processes that provide macroscopic descriptions to broach the systems' complexity. This thesis is more specifically interested in the production of spatial and temporal abstractions through data aggregation. In order to generate scalable representations, the control of two essential aspects of the aggregation process is necessary. Firstly, the complexity and the information content of macroscopic representations should be jointly optimized in order to preserve the relevant details for the observer, while minimizing the cost of the analysis. We propose several measures of quality (internal criteria) to evaluate, compare and select the representations depending on the context and the objectives of the analysis. Secondly, in order to preserve their explanatory power, the generated abstractions should be consistent with the background knowledge exploited by the observer for the analysis. We propose to exploit the systems' organisational, structural and topological properties (external criteria) to constrain the aggregation process and to generate syntactically and semantically consistent representations. Consequently, the automation of the aggregation process requires solving a constrained optimization problem. We propose a generic algorithm that adapts to the criteria expressed by the observer. Furthermore, we show that the complexity of this optimization problem directly depend on these criteria. The macroscopic approach supported by this thesis is evaluated on two classes of systems. Firstly, the aggregation process is applied to the visualisation of large-scale distributed applications for performance analysis. It allows the detection of anomalies at several scales in the execution traces and the explanation of these anomalies according to the system syntactic properties. Secondly, the process is applied to the aggregation of news for the analysis of international relations. The geographical and temporal aggregation of media attention allows the definition of semantically consistent macroscopic events for the analysis of the international system. Furthermore, we believe that the approach and the tools presented in this thesis can be extended to a wider class of application domains.

Les travaux de cette thèse s'inscrivent dans l'objectif général de fournir des recommandations sur la façon d'intégrer les effets du site dans l'évaluation probabiliste des risques sismiques, mieux connue sous le nom de PSHA, une méthodologie connue et utilisée à l'échelle mondiale pour estimer l'aléa et le risque sismiques à l'échelle régionale et locale. Nous passons donc en revue les méthodes disponibles dans la littérature pour obtenir la courbe d'aléa sismique en surface d'un site non-rocheux, en commençant par les méthodes les plus simples et plus génériques (partiellement probabiliste), jusqu'aux méthodes site-spécifiques (partiellement et entièrement probabilistes) qui nécessitent une caractérisation du site de plus en plus poussée, rarement disponible sauf cas exceptionnel comme par exemple le site test d'Euroseistest. C'est justement sur l'exemple de ce site que sont donc comparées un certain nombre de ces méthodes, ainsi qu'une nouvelle.La spécificité et la difficulté de ces études PSHA "site-spécifiques" vient du caractère non-linéaire de la réponse des sites peu rigides, ainsi que du fait que le rocher de référence contrôlant cette réponse est souvent très rigide. Les aspects "ajustement rocher dur" et "convolution" de l'aléa sismique au rocher avec la fonction d'amplification ou la fonction transfert (empirique ou numérique) d’un site font donc l'objet d'une attention particulière dans ces études comparatives. Un cadre général est présenté sur la façon de prendre en compte simultanément les caractéristiques spécifiques au site, la variabilité aléatoire complète ou réduite ("single station sigma"), les ajustements hôte-cible et le comportement linéaire / non linéaire d'un site, où nous expliquons toutes les étapes, corrections, avantages et difficultés que nous avons trouvés dans le processus et les différentes façons de les mettre en oeuvre.Cette étude comparative est divisée en deux parties: la première porte sur les méthodes non site-spécifiques et les méthodes hybrides site-spécifique (évaluation probabiliste de l'aléa au rocher et déterministe de la réponse de site), la seconde porte sur deux approches prenant en compte la convolution aléa rocher / réponse de site de façon probabiliste. Un des résultats majeurs de la première est l'augmentation de l'incertitude épistémique sur l'aléa en site meuble comparé à l'aléa au rocher, en raison du cumul des incertitudes associées à chaque étape. Un autre résultat majeur commun aux deux études est l'impact très important de la non-linéarité du sol dans les sites souples, ainsi que de la façon de les prendre en compte: la variabilité liée à l'utilisation de différents codes de simulation NL apparaît plus importante que la variabilité liée à différentes méthodes de convolution 100% probabilistes. Nous soulignons l'importance d'améliorer la manier d’inclure les effets du site dans les méthodes de l’estimation de l’aléa sismique probabiliste ou PSHA, et nous soulignons aussi l'importance d'instrumenter des sites actifs avec des sédiments meubles, comme l'Euroseistest, afin de tester et valider les modèles numériques.Finalement, on présente un résumé des résultats, des conclusions générales, de la discussion sur les principaux problèmes méthodologiques et des perspectives d'amélioration et de travail futur.Mots-clés: Effets du site, incertitude épistémique, PSHA, single station sigma, ajustements hôte-cible, effets linéaires et non linéaires, réponse de site / The overall goal of this research work is of provide recommendations on how to integrate site effects into Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment, better known as PSHA, a well-known and widely used methodology. Globally used to estimate seismic hazard and risk at regional and local scales. We therefore review the methods available in the literature to obtain the seismic hazard curve at the surface of a soft soil site, starting with the simplest and most generic methods (partially probabilistic), up to the full site-specific methods (partially and fully probabilistic), requiring an excellent site-specific characterization, rarely available except exceptional cases such as the case of Euroseistest site. It is precisely on the example of this site that are compared a number of these methods, as well as a new one. And it is precisely at the Euroseistest that we performed an example of application of the different methods as well as a new one that we propose as a result of this work.The specificity and difficulty of these "site-specific" PSHA studies comes from the non-linear nature of the response of the soft sites, as well as from the fact that the reference rock controlling this response is often very rigid. The "rock to hard rock adjustment" and "convolution" aspects of the rock seismic hazard, together with the amplification function or the transfer function (empirical or numerical) of a site are therefore the subject of particular attention in these studies. comparative studies. A general framework is presented on how to simultaneously take into account the site-specific characteristics, such as the complete or reduced random variability ("single station sigma"), host-to -target adjustments and the linear / nonlinear behavior of a site, where we explain all the followed steps, the different corrections performed, the benefits and difficulties that we found in the process and the ways we sort them and discussing them when the answer was not straight forward.This comparative study is divided into two parts: the first deals with non-site-specific methods and site-specific hybrid methods (probabilistic evaluation of rock hazard and deterministic of the site response). The second deals with two approaches taking into account the convolution of rock hazard and the site response in a probabilistically way. One of the major results of the first is the increase of the epistemic uncertainty on the soft site hazard compared to the rock hazard, due to acumulation of uncertainties associated to each step. Another major common result to both studies is the very important impact of non-linearity on soft sites, as well as the complexity on how to account for them: the variability associated with the use of different non-linear simulation codes appears to be greater than the method-to-method variability associated with the two different full convolution probabilistic methods. We emphasize on the importance of improving the way in which the site effects are included into probabilistic seismic hazard methods, PSHA. And we also emphasize on the importance of instrumenting active sites with soft sediments, such as the Euroseistest, to test and validate numerical models.Finally, a summary of the results, the general conclusions, discussion of key methodological issues, and perspectives for improvement and future work are presented.Keywords: Site Effects, Epistemic Uncertainty, PSHA, single station sigma, host to target adjustments, linear and nonlinear site effects, soil site response.

Les relations internationales ont mis en évidence le rôle intégrateur du dialogue politique dans la promotion des objectifs, des intérêts nationaux, des engagements et des perceptions de l'État, et des organisations non gouvernementales. Les études consacrées à la relation entre l'UE et le Mexique concluent à une véritable transformation de la relation politique en raison de la signature de l'Accord global. Dès les premières années, les analyses se sont attachées à décrire les perceptions des négociations, le règlement ainsi que la perspective qui a complété les nouvelles composantes de la relation: le dialogue politique et la coopération. D'une façon générale, l'opinion commune semble faciliter le dialogue et les différentes propositions qui définissent la coopération, malgré l'ambiguïté de la situation qui résulte de la complexité de la communication entre les partenaires. L'objectif de cette recherche est d'analyser les interactions au sein du dialogue politique destiné à un approfondissement de la relation bilatérale, mais aussi d'analyser les éléments qui le composent et les formes de dialogue constituées par les autorités mexicaines et européennes. Deuxièmement, étant donné la nécessité de maintenir un programme commun bilatéral, il est important de réviser la coopération. Pour le cas de l'Allemagne et le Mexique, l'étude vise à présenter les effets de la relation dans des termes différents. Autrement dit, il y a de nouvelles formes de collaborations distinguées par l'action consensuelle afin de bénéficier d'une participation plus large. A ce processus il faut ajouter d'autres organisations non gouvernementales liées aux différents niveaux de gouvernement et des institutions qui mettent en évidence l'action des communautés épistémiques transnationales à travers les coalitions et les réseaux qui apparaissent entre les acteurs. / International relations have highlighted the integrating role of political dialogue in promoting objectives of national interests, commitments and perceptions of the State, and non-governmental organizations. Studies on the relationship between the EU and Mexico have established that there has been a genuine transformation of the political relationship because of the signing of the Global Agreement. From the early years, those studies focused on describing the perceptions of negotiation, the legal-normative framework, and the perspective that has complemented the new features of the relationship: namely, political dialogue and cooperation. In general, the common opinion seems to facilitate dialogue and different proposals that define cooperation, despite the ambiguity of the situation resulting from the complexity of communication between partners. The objective of this research is to analyze the interactions within the political dialogue aimed at deepening the bilateral relationship but also to analyze its components and forms of dialogue established by the Mexican and European authorities. Second, given the need for maintaining a joint bilateral agreement, it is important to review the nature of cooperation. This study highlights the special case of collaboration between Germany and Mexico, with the aim of presenting the effects of the relationship in different terms. In other words, there are new forms of collaboration distinguished by consensual action in order to benefit from wider participation. In this process one cannot leave out non-governmental organizations that have ties with different levels of government and institutions, which highlights the activities of transnational epistemic communities through coalitions and networks that emerge between the actors.