Apresentamos, nesta dissertação, a correspondência reunida do escritor e político José Martiniano de Alencar (1829-1877) em uma proposta de edição anotada. Trata-se do estudo e da organização de 279 cartas, acompanhadas de notas e de 61 fac-símiles de documentos conservados em diferentes instituições brasileiras (Academia Brasileira de Letras, Biblioteca Nacional, Fundação Casa de Rui Barbosa e Museu Imperial). Para melhor análise das missivas, objetivando abarcar por diferentes ângulos a trajetória biográfica da personalidade em questão, propomos a divisão do epistolário alencariano (ativo e passivo) em quatro categorias: cartas pessoais, jornalísticas, literárias e políticas. / We present here the correspondence gathered of the writer and politician José Martiniano de Alencar (1829-1877) in an annotated edition. It is a study and organization of 279 letters, accompanied by notes, and of 61 facsimiles of documents, stored in various Brazilian institutions (the Brazilian Academy of Letters, the National Library, the House of Rui Barbosa Foundation, and the Imperial Museum). For a better analysis of the letters, in order to cover various angles of the biography of the person in question, we have chosen to divide his correspondence (active and passive) into four categories of letters: personal, journalistic, literary, and political.

Apresentamos, nesta dissertação, a correspondência reunida do escritor e político José Martiniano de Alencar (1829-1877) em uma proposta de edição anotada. Trata-se do estudo e da organização de 279 cartas, acompanhadas de notas e de 61 fac-símiles de documentos conservados em diferentes instituições brasileiras (Academia Brasileira de Letras, Biblioteca Nacional, Fundação Casa de Rui Barbosa e Museu Imperial). Para melhor análise das missivas, objetivando abarcar por diferentes ângulos a trajetória biográfica da personalidade em questão, propomos a divisão do epistolário alencariano (ativo e passivo) em quatro categorias: cartas pessoais, jornalísticas, literárias e políticas. / We present here the correspondence gathered of the writer and politician José Martiniano de Alencar (1829-1877) in an annotated edition. It is a study and organization of 279 letters, accompanied by notes, and of 61 facsimiles of documents, stored in various Brazilian institutions (the Brazilian Academy of Letters, the National Library, the House of Rui Barbosa Foundation, and the Imperial Museum). For a better analysis of the letters, in order to cover various angles of the biography of the person in question, we have chosen to divide his correspondence (active and passive) into four categories of letters: personal, journalistic, literary, and political.

Cette thèse explore l'esthétique des écrits épistolaires de Woolf. Pour cet auteur, les lettres sont un vaste champ d'expérimentation de ses théories originales d'écriture, un espace où elle peut développer sa propre technique narrative et perfectionner son style moderne. Les lettres sont aussi un espace qui lui permet de trouver sa voix et sa position en tant qu'auteur ainsi que son moi. Dans les six volumes de lettres privées de Woolf, nous explorons d'abord la façon dont elles décrivent la vie quotidienne, riche et intense, de l'auteur. A travers des échanges fréquents avec ses destinataires, Woolf redéfinit le genre épistolaire. En dehors de leur fonction informative, les lettres offrent des descriptions artistiques de la vie et des gens qui sont composées d'une manière particulière, souvent irriguées par d'autres arts (peinture, cinéma, musique ou théâtre). Cette forme de représentation transforme le plus privé des genres en un genre public, dialogique et intermédial. L'intimité et le désir de se protéger en même temps que de s'exposer incitent Woolf à développer ce qu'elle nomme un style de « transparence centrale », méthode de représentation ou de suggestion qui lui permet d'exprimer l'émotion et de se représenter. / This dissertation means to explore the aesthetics of Woolf's epistolary writing. For Woolf, letters become a vast field, a free space for experimenting her original theories of writing, developing her unique techniques and perfecting her style of modern writing. They also provide a space for finding her authorial voice, position and self. Delving into the six volumes of Woolf's private letters, we first explore how they depict the author's daily life, its wealth and intensity. Through her exchanges with her numerous addressees, Woolf redefines the epistolary genre: apart from their informative function, letters offer artistic descriptions of life and people, which are composed by Woolf in a specific manner, often fuelled by various other arts—painting, cinema, music, or drama. Such a representation transforms the most private epistolary genre into a public, dialogical and inter-medial genre. Intimacy and self-protectiveness, together with a desire for self-exposure stimulate Woolf to develop a style of “central transparency”—her figurative or suggestive method that enables her to express emotion and represent herself.

Uma das mais influentes figuras da literatura irlandesa, o escritor W. B. Yeats conta com uma vasta obra em diversos gêneros (poesia, prosa ficcional, ensaios, teatro, autobiografias) e que se estende por uma longa carreira, do final dos anos 1880 até sua morte, em 1939. Durante todos esses anos de intensa atividade, Yeats acumulou uma profícua correspondência, da qual quase oito mil cartas sobrevivem. Parte de um esforço de décadas, vêm sendo publicados volumes das Collected Letters of W. B. Yeats, um projeto de edição crítica completa da correspondência ativa do autor sob edição-geral de John Kelly para a Oxford University Press. Partindo de uma análise do histórico de publicação das cartas do escritor até o presente momento da edição de John Kelly, esta tese contextualiza as diferentes formas como o rico material das cartas foi utilizado pela crítica do autor e propõe uma exploração das epístolas que Yeats envia a periódicos de língua inglesa para publicação nas seções de Cartas ao Editor, ao final do século XIX. O recorte proposto e a abordagem adotada baseiam-se em um entendimento da correspondência de escritores como um campo de estudo distinto, regido por preocupações que remetem a características específicas do gênero carta. Ancorando-se em diversos outros estudos sobre a escrita epistolar, sejam eles de cunho mais teórico (como DIAZ, 2002), sejam aplicados a escritores específicos (como STANLEY, 2011), a presente pesquisa explora a correspondência aberta do jovem Yeats para ressaltar os usos políticos que ele faz desse tipo de texto. Considerando-se diferentes temas e controvérsias nas quais ele se envolve, partese de uma contextualização do conteúdo referencial das cartas para uma análise das formas como o escritor busca engajar-se com o leitor com o intuito de convencêlo. O estudo revelou que o período escolhido é rico em material sobre a relação entre a literatura e a construção da identidade seja a identidade pessoal e artística do próprio poeta, que busca definir-se em relação à tradição, seja a identidade de toda uma literatura nacional. Para o poeta, definir o cânone nacional irlandês era uma condição essencial para a independência política, uma antiga reinvidicação de parcelas do povo irlandês e que volta a ter grande relevância com os movimentos nacionalistas dos séculos XIX e XX. A análise das estratégias utilizadas por Yeats nas cartas abertas revela uma crescente sofisticação de técnicas e no uso das potencialidades dialógicas e performativas da escrita epistolar e demonstra, concomitantemente, seu amadurecimento como escritor. / One of the most influential figures in Irish literature, the writer W. B. Yeats has produced a vast oeuvre spanning many genres (poetry, prose fiction, essays, theater, autobiographies) and extending over a long career, from the late 1880s until his death in 1939. During all these years of intense activity, Yeats accumulated a fruitful correspondence, of which nearly eight thousand letters survive. Part of an effort of decades that have been published as The Collected Letters of W. B. Yeats, an ongoing critical edition of the authors correspondence under the general editorship of John Kelly for the Oxford University Press. From an analysis of the history of publication of the writers correspondence until John Kellys edition, this thesis contextualizes the different ways in which this rich material has been used by Yeats criticism and proposes an exploration of the letters Yeats sends to periodicals for publication in the Letters to the Editor section during the end of the nineteenth century. The proposed focus and approach are based on an understanding of the writers correspondence as a distinct field of study, governed by concerns that refer back to the specific characteristics of the letter genre. Anchored by several other studies on epistolary writing, both from a more theoretical nature (as DIAZ, 2002) or applied to specific writers (as STANLEY, 2011), this research explores the open correspondence of the young Yeats to highlight the political uses of this kind of text. Considering different issues and controversies in which he engages, the study includes a contextualization of the content of the letters and an analysis of the ways in which the writer seeks to engage with readers in order to convince them. The research found that the chosen period is rich in material dealing with the relationship between literature and the construction of identity be it the personal and artistic identity of the poet, who tries to define himself in relation to tradition, or the identity of a national literature. For the poet, defining Irish national canon was an essential condition for political independence a centuries-long aspiration of the Irish people that once again achieves great relevance among the nationalist movements in the nineteenth and twentieth century. The analysis of the strategies used by Yeats in open letters reveals a growing sophistication in terms of the techniques and his use of the dialogical and performative potentials of the epistolary writing, concomitantly revealing how he matures as a writer.

Uma das mais influentes figuras da literatura irlandesa, o escritor W. B. Yeats conta com uma vasta obra em diversos gêneros (poesia, prosa ficcional, ensaios, teatro, autobiografias) e que se estende por uma longa carreira, do final dos anos 1880 até sua morte, em 1939. Durante todos esses anos de intensa atividade, Yeats acumulou uma profícua correspondência, da qual quase oito mil cartas sobrevivem. Parte de um esforço de décadas, vêm sendo publicados volumes das Collected Letters of W. B. Yeats, um projeto de edição crítica completa da correspondência ativa do autor sob edição-geral de John Kelly para a Oxford University Press. Partindo de uma análise do histórico de publicação das cartas do escritor até o presente momento da edição de John Kelly, esta tese contextualiza as diferentes formas como o rico material das cartas foi utilizado pela crítica do autor e propõe uma exploração das epístolas que Yeats envia a periódicos de língua inglesa para publicação nas seções de Cartas ao Editor, ao final do século XIX. O recorte proposto e a abordagem adotada baseiam-se em um entendimento da correspondência de escritores como um campo de estudo distinto, regido por preocupações que remetem a características específicas do gênero carta. Ancorando-se em diversos outros estudos sobre a escrita epistolar, sejam eles de cunho mais teórico (como DIAZ, 2002), sejam aplicados a escritores específicos (como STANLEY, 2011), a presente pesquisa explora a correspondência aberta do jovem Yeats para ressaltar os usos políticos que ele faz desse tipo de texto. Considerando-se diferentes temas e controvérsias nas quais ele se envolve, partese de uma contextualização do conteúdo referencial das cartas para uma análise das formas como o escritor busca engajar-se com o leitor com o intuito de convencêlo. O estudo revelou que o período escolhido é rico em material sobre a relação entre a literatura e a construção da identidade seja a identidade pessoal e artística do próprio poeta, que busca definir-se em relação à tradição, seja a identidade de toda uma literatura nacional. Para o poeta, definir o cânone nacional irlandês era uma condição essencial para a independência política, uma antiga reinvidicação de parcelas do povo irlandês e que volta a ter grande relevância com os movimentos nacionalistas dos séculos XIX e XX. A análise das estratégias utilizadas por Yeats nas cartas abertas revela uma crescente sofisticação de técnicas e no uso das potencialidades dialógicas e performativas da escrita epistolar e demonstra, concomitantemente, seu amadurecimento como escritor. / One of the most influential figures in Irish literature, the writer W. B. Yeats has produced a vast oeuvre spanning many genres (poetry, prose fiction, essays, theater, autobiographies) and extending over a long career, from the late 1880s until his death in 1939. During all these years of intense activity, Yeats accumulated a fruitful correspondence, of which nearly eight thousand letters survive. Part of an effort of decades that have been published as The Collected Letters of W. B. Yeats, an ongoing critical edition of the authors correspondence under the general editorship of John Kelly for the Oxford University Press. From an analysis of the history of publication of the writers correspondence until John Kellys edition, this thesis contextualizes the different ways in which this rich material has been used by Yeats criticism and proposes an exploration of the letters Yeats sends to periodicals for publication in the Letters to the Editor section during the end of the nineteenth century. The proposed focus and approach are based on an understanding of the writers correspondence as a distinct field of study, governed by concerns that refer back to the specific characteristics of the letter genre. Anchored by several other studies on epistolary writing, both from a more theoretical nature (as DIAZ, 2002) or applied to specific writers (as STANLEY, 2011), this research explores the open correspondence of the young Yeats to highlight the political uses of this kind of text. Considering different issues and controversies in which he engages, the study includes a contextualization of the content of the letters and an analysis of the ways in which the writer seeks to engage with readers in order to convince them. The research found that the chosen period is rich in material dealing with the relationship between literature and the construction of identity be it the personal and artistic identity of the poet, who tries to define himself in relation to tradition, or the identity of a national literature. For the poet, defining Irish national canon was an essential condition for political independence a centuries-long aspiration of the Irish people that once again achieves great relevance among the nationalist movements in the nineteenth and twentieth century. The analysis of the strategies used by Yeats in open letters reveals a growing sophistication in terms of the techniques and his use of the dialogical and performative potentials of the epistolary writing, concomitantly revealing how he matures as a writer.

Ce mémoire a pour toile de fond Philadelphia à la fin du dix-huitième siècle et couvre les périodes de la Révolution américaine et les débuts de la République. Trois thèmes s’y entrelacent: la culture matérielle, la sociabilité, et l’agentivité des femmes. Ces trois thèmes sont explorés au travers de Elizabeth Willing Powel, une femme éduquée faisant partie de l’élite de Philadelphie, et des moyens avec lesquels elle s’auto-projetait auprès de la société au travers l’environnement matériel de sa maison – la Powel House – and au travers de sa correspondance. Elizabeth Powel était reconnue pour son intelligence, son art de la conversation et ses qualités d’hôtesse. Ce projet explore les interactions entre une femme de l’élite et son environnement matériel durant les périodes révolutionnaires et postrévolutionnaires. Le but est d’observer comment la culture matérielle représentait des positions sociales, culturelles et politiques. Ce mémoire observe les interactions sociales et les façons dont Elizabeth Powel se représente en société par une analyse de sa correspondance, analyse qui porte une attention particulière aux discours de Elizabeth sur les questions du rôle des femmes en société, de l’éducation des femmes. Enfin, ce mémoire explore comment la culture matérielle et l’écriture épistolaire étaient des vecteurs d’agentivité pour Elizabeth, des moyens de participer aux important changements qui transformaient la société américaine de la fin du dix-huitième siècle. / Set in late eighteenth-century Philadelphia, covering the American revolutionary and the early republican eras, this thesis explores three major and interrelated themes: material culture, sociability, and female agency. It focuses on Elizabeth Willing Powel, a privileged and educated woman of Philadelphia, and on the ways she projected herself to society through the material environment of her house –Powel House - and through her correspondence. Elizabeth Powel was renown for her intellect, her conversations and her hostess qualities. This project explores the interaction between an elite woman and her material environment during the eventful revolutionary and post-revolutionary era, and how material culture conveyed a social, cultural and political stance. By a careful analysis of Elizabeth Powel's correspondence - with a particular attention to her discourse on women's social role, female education, politics, and goods - this thesis observes Elizabeth's social interactions and self-presentation to society. It also explores how material culture and epistolary activities provided Elizabeth with means of agency, and ways to participate to late eighteenth-century American society, then undergoing crucial transformations.

Contemporary scholarship has seen increasing interest in the study of elegy. The present work attempts to elevate and expand discussions of death and survival beyond the ambit of elegy to a more genre-inclusive and ethically sensitive survey of Romantic posthumous life writings. Combining an ethic of remembrance founded on mutual fulfilment and reciprocal care with the Romantic tendency to hybridise different genres of mourning and commemoration, the study re- conceives 'posthumous life' as the 'inexhaustible' product of endless collaboration between the dead, the dying and the living. This thesis looks to the philosophical meditations of Francis Bacon, John Locke and Emmanuel Levinas for an ethical framework of human protection, fulfilment and preservation. In an effort to locate the origin of posthumous life writing, the first chapter examines the philosophical context in which different genres and media of commemoration emerged in the eighteenth century. Accordingly, it will commence with a survey of Enlightenment attitudes toward posthumous sympathy and the threat of death. The second part of the chapter turns to the tangled histories of epitaph, biography, portraiture, sepulchre and elegy in the writings of Samuel Johnson, Henry Kett, Vicesimus Knox, William Godwin and William Wordsworth. The Romantic culture of mourning and commemoration inherits the intellectual and generic legacies of the Enlightenment. Hence, Chapter Two will try to uncover the complex generic and formal crossovers between epitaph, extempore, effusion, elegy and biography in Wordsworth's 'Extempore Effusion upon the Death of James Hogg' (1835-7) and his 'Epitaph' (1835-7) for Charles Lamb. However, the chapter also recognises the ethical repercussions of Wordsworth's inadequate, even mortifying, treatment of a fellow woman writer in his otherwise successful expression of ethical remembrance. To address the problem of gender in Romantic memorialisation, Chapter Three will take a close look at Letitia Elizabeth Landon' s reply to Wordsworth's incompetent defence of Felicia Hemans. Mediating the ambitions and anxieties of her subject, as well as her public image and private pain, 'Felicia Hemans' (1838) is an audacious composite of autograph, epitaph, elegy, corrective biography and visual portraiture. The two closing chapters respond to Thomas Carlyle's outspoken confidence in 'Portraits and Letters' as indispensable aids to biographies. Chapter Four identifies a tentative connection between the aesthetic of visual portraiture and the ethic of life writing. To demonstrate the convergence of both artistic and humane principles, this cross-media analysis will first evaluate Sir Joshua Reynolds's memoirs of his deceased friends. Then, it will compare Wordsworth's and Hemans's verse reflections on the commemorative power and limitation of iconography. The last chapter assesses the role of private correspondence in the continuation of familiar relation and reciprocal support. Landon's dramatic enactment of a 'feminine Robinson Crusoe' in her letters from Africa urges the unbroken offering of service and remembrance to a fallen friend through posthumous correspondence. The concluding section will consider the ethical implications for the belated memorials and services furnished by friends and colleagues in the wake of her death.

This thesis emphasizes the debate about the use of written correspondence as a source for the study of the History of Education and especially the history of Catholic religious education. The research focuses specifically on Chiara Lubich´s epistolary writing, an Italian Catholic school teacher who, in the 40s of the twentieth century, founded the Focolare Movement, a movement that emerged in the religious sphere, spread in over 180 countries and has ecumenical openness, as well as promoting inter-religious and intercultural dialogue. Chiara used letters as a privileged way to keep in touch with the people she was forming in the spirit of the Movement and it became a standard practice in her life and in the history of the Focolare. The thesis defended is that Chiara took letters as a training resource able to reach people and places where she could not be physically present and, throughout her life and mediated by the Focolare Movement, created an educational approach by epistolary means that, by its reputation in religious and social contexts, can be considered as a different perspective in Catholic pedagogy. The research aims to identify and analyze how Chiara´s teaching activity through epistolary medium was configured and, specifically, what formative approach is contained in these writings. The temporal cut of the analysis has been established according to various frameworks: Chiara´s educational performance as a primary school teacher, during the decades of the 30´s and 40´s of the twentieth century, the epistolary practice in those decades, and the production of messages for collegamenti (wide range connections among many), in the 80´s of the same century. This research has an historical approach and uses letters as an object and as a source. The main field of research consists of two sets of letters of Chiara: the first set contains letters between 1943 and 1949, and the second one, writings between 1981 and 1984. The analysis was carried out by reading and classification with preparation of thematic charts. The theoretical foundation of the research is based on the concepts of representation, ownership and materiality, by Roger Chartier; habitus, charisma, religious field, symbolic relations and cultural capital of Pierre Bourdieu; in addition, Michel de Certeau´s strategy and tactic were used. Studying Chiara´s epistolary writing helped to understand the life of a Catholic teacher in fascist Italy and also get to know the activities of a woman who, even outside the school walls, provided training, education and transmission of Catholic values to people from different parts of the world, through letters imbued with the principles of unity, mutual tolerance, communion, solidarity and fraternity. / Esta Tese enfatiza o debate acerca dos usos das correspondências como fonte para os estudos de História da Educação e, sobretudo, da História da Educação religiosa católica. A investigação se debruça de modo específico sobre a escrita epistolar de Chiara Lubich, uma professora católica italiana que, na década de 40 do século XX, fundou os Focolares, um Movimento nascido no âmbito religioso, foi difundido em mais de 180 países e possui abertura ecumênica, diálogo inter-religioso e intercultural. Chiara utilizava correspondências como um meio privilegiado para manter-se em contato com as pessoas e isso se tornou uma prática constante em sua vida e na história dos Focolares. Defende-se a Tese que Chiara adotou as cartas como um recurso de formação capaz de chegar a pessoas e lugares onde ela não poderia estar fisicamente e que, ao longo de sua vida e mediada pelo Movimento Focolarino, criou uma abordagem educativa por meio epistolar que, pela sua notoriedade em âmbito religioso e social, pode ser considerada uma perspectiva diferenciada de pedagogia católica. A investigação tem como objetivos identificar e analisar como se configurou a atividade docente de Chiara por meio epistolar e, especificamente, verificar qual a abordagem formativa contida nestes escritos. O recorte temporal da análise foi estabelecido em diferentes marcos: a atuação docente de Chiara como professora primária, durante as décadas de 30 e 40 do século XX; a prática epistolar nas referidas décadas e a produção das mensagens para os collegamentos, na década de 80 do século referendado. Esta investigação tem enfoque histórico e utiliza cartas como objeto e como fonte. O principal universo pesquisado é composto por dois epistolários de Chiara: o primeiro com correspondências entre os anos 1943 e 1949; e o segundo, com escritos entre 1981 e 1984. A análise foi realizada por meio de leitura e fichamento com elaboração de quadros temáticos. O suporte teórico da pesquisa está fundamentado nos conceitos de representação, apropriação e materialidade, de Roger Chartier; habitus, carisma, campo religioso, relações simbólicas e capital cultural de Pierre Bourdieu; além de estratégia e tática de Michel de Certeau. Estudar a escrita epistolar de Chiara possibilitou conhecer a vida de uma professora católica na Itália fascista e ainda acompanhar as atividades de uma mulher, que mesmo fora dos muros da escola, proporcionou, por meio de cartas (imbuídas nos princípios de unidade, tolerância mútua, comunhão, solidariedade e fraternidade), formação, instrução e transmissão de valores católicos a pessoas de diversas partes do mundo.