Face à l’érosion mondiale de la biodiversité causée par les activités humaines, la compensation écologique, et plus largement la séquence « Eviter Réduire Compenser » (ERC), s’est développée depuis les années 1970, avec l’ambition de concilier développement au niveau des projets d’aménagement et préservation de la biodiversité. L’objectif de cette séquence est d’atteindre « zéro perte nette » (No net Loss, NNL) de biodiversité. Un des enjeux clé pour y arriver consiste à démontrer l’équivalence écologique entre les gains apportés par la compensation et les pertes occasionnées par les impacts. Malgré les avancées règlementaires, le cadre français n’inclut pas de méthode à suivre pour déterminer l’équivalence et aucune n’est unanimement reconnue. Cela amène à des pratiques hétérogènes et une difficulté d’atteindre le NNL. Dans ce contexte, ces travaux de thèse visent à développer un cadre méthodologique standardisé (CMS) d’évaluation de l’équivalence, combinant à la fois opérationnalité, bases scientifiques et exhaustivité (prise en compte des quatre dimensions de l’équivalence : écologique, spatiale, temporelle et les incertitudes). Dans un premier temps, 13 méthodes utilisées à l’étranger sont analysées afin d’identifier des éléments structurant pour le développement du CMS adapté au contexte français. La construction du CMS est décomposée en trois étapes. La première consiste à sélectionner un lot organisé d’indicateurs sur lesquels baser l’évaluation de l’équivalence, permettant de répondre aux exigences règlementaires et reflétant la complexité de la biodiversité : évaluation à deux échelles spatiales (sur le site et dans un périmètre élargi) et à trois niveaux d’enjeu (général, habitat ou espèce). La deuxième étape porte sur la prédiction de l’évolution dans le temps des valeurs initiales des indicateurs, sous l’effet des impacts et de la compensation, en prenant en compte les incertitudes associées. La troisième étape conduit à la détermination de règles de calcul des pertes et des gains aboutissant à l’évaluation globale de l’équivalence. Le CMS ainsi construit est ensuite testé sur deux sites d’étude afin d’en démontrer la plus-value et d’en éprouver les limites. Des perspectives d’amélioration du CMS, et plus largement de l’évaluation de l’équivalence sont dégagées. En dernier lieu, l’ensemble de ces éléments nous permettent de questionner l’efficacité de la compensation écologique pour lutter contre l’érosion de la biodiversité. / In light of the global erosion of biodiversity caused by human activities, biodiversity offsets and, more broadly the Mitigation Hierarchy, are increasingly used since the 1970s, with the ambition of reconciling economic development and biodiversity conservation. Its objective is to achieve "No Net Loss" (NNL) of biodiversity. One of the key issues to achieve this goal is to demonstrate ecological equivalence between the gains from offsets and the losses caused by impacts. Despite regulatory improvements, the French law does not include a method for assessing equivalence, and no method is unanimously recognized. This leads to heterogeneous practices and difficulties in reaching the NNL objective. In this context, this thesis aims to develop a standardized methodological framework (SMF) for assessing equivalence, which combines operationality, scientific basis and comprehensiveness (taking into account the four dimensions of equivalence: ecological, spatial, temporal and uncertainties). First, 13 methods used abroad are analysed in order to identify structural elements for the development of a SMF adapted to the French context. The construction is decomposed into three steps. The first consists in selecting an organized set of indicators, on which equivalence assessment should be based in order to meet legislative requirements and reflect the complexity of biodiversity. The assessment is to be done at two spatial scales (on-site and within an expanded perimeter) and at three levels reflecting general or specific issues (habitat or species). The second step regards the prediction of the values of the indicators over time, consequently to the impacts and offsets, taking into account the implied uncertainties. The third step leads us to establish rules for calculating losses and gains, as well as for the overall assessment of equivalence. Finally, this SMF is tested on two study sites in order to demonstrate the added value and to identify its limits. Prospects for improving the SMF, and more broadly the evaluation of equivalence, are then suggested. Finally, all these elements make it possible to question the effectiveness of offsets in order to tackle biodiversity erosion.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:06:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 matoso_ao_me_botfca.pdf: 1914821 bytes, checksum: 1854519368b8e789507b3b794c6c6914 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A consorciação de culturas, que consiste no cultivo de duas ou mais culturas em uma mesma área, pelo menos parte do ciclo, visa o melhor aproveitamento dos recursos disponíveis na propriedade e a minimização dos riscos de quebra de produtividade. O cultivo do milho em consórcio com o feijão-caupi, que é relativamente mais tolerante à seca, devido, principalmente, ao ciclo mais curto, pode ser uma opção interessante para o período de safrinha. Contudo, são escassos e inconsistentes os resultados de pesquisas sobre cultivo consorciado de cultivares de milho e feijão-caupi em faixas, especialmente nas regiões Centro- Oeste e Sudeste. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o monocultivo e o cultivo consorciado em faixas de diferentes cultivares de feijão-caupi com uma variedade e um híbrido simples de milho, em Dourados-MS e Botucatu-SP. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. Para a cultura do feijão-caupi, foram considerados três sistemas de cultivo/cultivares de milho (consórcio com a variedade de milho (BR 473), consórcio com o híbrido de milho (BRS 1030 ou BRS 1010) e cultivo solteiro) nas parcelas e três cultivares de feijão-caupi (BRS Guariba, BRS Novaera e BRS Xiquexique) nas subparcelas. Para a cultura do milho, foram utilizadas duas cultivares de milho (BR 473 e BRS 1030 ou BRS 1010) nas parcelas e quatro sistemas de cultivo/cultivares de feijão-caupi (consórcio com BRS Guariba, consórcio com BRS Novaera, consórcio com BRS Xiquexique e cultivo solteiro) nas subparcelas. O sistema de consórcio (cultivo em faixas) foi constituído pela intercalação de faixas constituídas de quatro fileiras de feijão-caupi com faixas de quatro fileiras de milho. Ambas as culturas foram semeadas no espaçamento de 0,50 m entre fileiras. No cultivo consorciado, cada unidade experimental foi constituída... / Intercropping, which consists on growing of two or more crops at the same area at least in part of the cycle, focuses on the best use of available resources on property and minimizing the risk of yield loss. Maize growth intercropped with cowpea, which is relatively more tolerant to drought, mainly due to the shorter cycle, can be an interesting option as off-season crop. However, there are few and inconsistent research results on intercropping maize with cowpea, especially in the Midwest and Southeast of Brazil. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the cowpea as monoculture, and intercropping different cultivars of cowpea with a variety and a single cross hybrid of maize, in Dourados-MS and Botucatu-SP. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with split-plots arrangement and four replications. For the cowpea crop, were considered three cropping systems/cultivars of maize (intercropped with maize variety (BR 473), intercropped with maize hybrid (BRS 1030 or 1010) and cowpea sole crop) in the plots, and three cowpea cultivars (BRS Guariba, BRS Novaera and BRS Xiquexique) in the subplots. For the maize crop, were considered two maize cultivars (BRS 473 and BRS 1030 or BRS 1010) in the plots, and four cropping systems/cultivars of cowpea (intercropped with BRS Guariba, intercropped with BRS Novaera, intercropped with BRS Xiquexique and maize sole crop) in the subplots. Intercropping system was designed by intercalating strips constituted by four rows of cowpea with strips with four rows of maize. Both crops were sown at 0.50 m row spacing. In the intercropping system, each experimental unit consisted of eight rows with 6 m in length, in other words, four rows of maize and four rows of cowpea. In the sole crop, each experimental... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Gilberto De Nucci / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T00:45:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cavedal_LuizEduardo_M.pdf: 4045758 bytes, checksum: 5a5eef2831b79d1e23a2a7214378a9ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O objetivo foi o desenvolvimento de um método rápido, sensível e específico para quantificar clonazepam em plasma humano. Posteriormente esse método foi utilizado em um estudo de bioequivalência para comparar a biodisponibilidade entre duas formulações de clonazepam comprimidos de 2 mg em 40 voluntários saudáveis de ambos os sexos. Materiais e métodos: O estudo foi conduzido em dois períodos de confinamento dos voluntários, com 18 dias de intervalo entre o primeiro período e o segundo. Os plasmas dos voluntários, após a administração dos medicamentos, foram obtidos em diversos pontos de coleta dentro de um intervalo de 72 horas. As concentrações de clonazepam foram analisadas por cromatografia de fase reversa combinada e espectrometria de massas (LC-MS-MS) com eletrospray de ionização positiva usando o método de monitoramento de ion selecionado. Das curvas de concentração plasmática de Clonazepam vs tempo foram obtidos os seguintes parâmetros farmacocinéticos: Cmax e ASC0-72. Resultados: A média geométrica da relação Clonazepam/ Rivotril? 2 mg foi de 100.30% (90% CI=91.59-109.85%) para Cmax e 101.1% (90% CI=97.60-104.72%) para ASC0-72. Conclusão: Considerando que o CI de 90% (intervalo de confiança) para ambos Cmax e ASC0-72 obedeceram ao intervalo proposto pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) de 80-125%, foi concluído que Clonazepam 2 mg comprimido é bioequivalente ao Rivotril? 2 mg / Abstract: The objective was a development of a rapid, sensitive and specific method for clonazepam quantification in human plasma. This method was used in a bioequivalence study to compare the bioavailability of two clonazepam tablet 2 mg formulations in 40 health volunteers of both sexes. Material and methods: The study was conducted in two-period crossover design and an 18 days washout period. The volunteers plasma samples were obtained, after dose, over several times until 72-hour interval. Clonazepam concentrations were analysed by combined reversed phase liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) with positive ion electrospray ionisation using selected ion-monitoring method. From the Clonazepam plasma concentration vs time curves the following pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained: Cmax and ASClast. Results: Geometric mean of Clonazepam/ Rivotril? 2 mg individual percent ratio was 100.30% (90% CI=91.59-109.84%) for Cmax and 101.1% (90% CI=97.61-104.72%) for ASC0-72. Conclusion: Since the 90% CI (confidence interval) for both Cmax and ASClast were within the 80-125% interval proposed by the Agencia Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), it was concluded that Clonazepam 2 mg tablets was bioequivalent to Rivotril? 2 mg, according to both the rate and extent of absorption / Mestrado / Farmacologia / Mestre em Farmacologia

Orientador: Ronilson Agnaldo Moreno / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T19:06:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Boldrina_LucasWillianLeal_M.pdf: 4238858 bytes, checksum: f936f1b9588d396ee62a90e197d6665d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a bioequivalência de Fenoximetilpenicilina comprimido (500.000 UI) da Aché Laboratórios S/A, Meracilina formulação teste e Pen-Ve-Oral®, produzido por Eurofarma Laboratórios Ltda., Brasil, em voluntários sadios de ambos os sexos. O estudo foi do tipo aberto, randomizado, cruzado, com 2 tratamentos, 2 seqüências, 2 períodos, com uma semana de intervalo entre as doses, nos quais os voluntários receberam em cada período a formulação teste e a formulação de referência. Uma única dose de cada formulação foi administrada a 26 voluntários sadios. A seqüência de tratamento foi determinada por uma lista de randomização gerada automaticamente pelo sistema SCPCM (Sistema de Controle de Pesquisas Cínicas de Medicamentos). As amostras de plasma foram coletadas num intervalo de 36 horas. As concentrações de Fenoximetilpenicilina foram analisadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada a um detector UV-visível. A partir da curva da concentração de Fenoximetilpenicilina no plasma vs tempo foram obtidos os parâmetros farmacocinéticos: ASC0-t,, ASC0-inf, e Cmax. As médias geométricas da Meracilina e Pen-Ve-Oral® foram: 99.89% (90% CI = 94,62%; 105,46%) para ASC0-t 99.76 (90% CI = 94,09%; 105,78%) para ASC0-inf 101.11% (98.61% - 103.37% ) para Cmax,. Diante dos resultados encontrados de Cmax e ASC0-t e estando dentro do intervalo de confiança entre 80% e 125% proposto pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) e pelo Food and Drug Administration (FDA), conclui-se que a Meracilina - comprimidos (500.000 UI) é bioequivalente ao Pen-Ve-Oral®, de acordo com sua taxa de extensão e biodisponibilidade / Abstract: This study aimed to compare the bioequivalence between Phenoxymethylpenicillin tablets (500.000 UI), a test formulation Meracilina by Aché Laboratórios S/A, and the Pen-Ve-Oral® tablet formulation elaborated by Eurofarma Laboratórios Ltda., Brazil, in healthy human volunteers of both sexes. The study was carried out by using an open, randomized-crossover design, consisting of a two-period treatment, in which the volunteers received, in each period, the test formulation or the reference formulation, with a seven-day washout interval. A single dose of each formulation was administered to 26 healthy volunteers. The treatment sequence was determined by a randomization list, automatically produced by the Clinical Trial Medicine Control System. Plasma samples were obtained over a 36-hour period. Phenoxymethylpenicillin concentrations were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography and UV-visible detection (HPLC-UV). From the Phenoxymethylpenicillin plasma concentration vs. time curves, the following pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained: ASC0-t, ASC0-inf, and Cmax. The mean of Meracilina/Pen-Ve-Oral® 500.000 UI percent geometric mean was 99.89% for AUC0-t, 100.86% for AUC0-? and 101.11% for Cmax. The 90% confidence intervals were 94.62 - 105.46%, 95.22 - 106.83% and 98.61 - 103.87%, respectively. Considering the results of Cmax. and AUC0-t within the confidence interval between 80% and 125% proposed by the Brazilian National Agency for Sanitary Surveillance (Anvisa) and for the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), it was concluded that Meracilina tablet (500.000UI) by Eurofarma Laboratórios Ltda. is bioequivalent to Pen-Ve-Oral® tablet for both rate and extent of bioavailability / Mestrado / Farmacologia / Mestre em Farmacologia

Please read the abstract in the 00front part of this document / Thesis (PhD (Comparative Pedagogics))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted

Currently, clinical trials in patients are required by most regulatory authorities for the assessment of bioequivalence of topical products where the drug is not intended for systemic absorption. Hence there is a dire need for suitable methods for the assessment of bioavailability and bioequivalence of such products since clinical safety and efficacy studies are expensive, time-consuming and require very large numbers of patients. Except for topical corticosteroid products where the human skin blanching assay/vasoconstrictor assay has been approved by the US FDA for bioequivalence assessment of those products, no other method has been “officially” approved for use in those investigations. However, a few alternative methods such as tape stripping and microdialysis have been pursued and considered to have the potential for use in ioequivalence/bioavailability studies. The human skin blanching assay was used to assess the bioequivalence of commercially available topical products containing 0.05% clobetasol propionate. Both visual and chromameter data were obtained and a commercially available topical corticosteroid product, Dermovate® cream was used as both the “Test” and the “Reference” product. The results indicated that both visual and chromametric assessments were comparable to each other and that either could be used for the assessment of the bioequivalence of topical products containing clobetasol propionate. The screening procedure was optimized to identify potential “detectors” for inclusion in the bioequivalence studies. This resulted in fewer subjects being required in a bioequivalence pivotal study, still having the necessary power to confirm bioequivalence using the human skin blanching assay. Another objective of this research was to re-visit tape stripping and other possible alternative methods such as dermal microdialysis and to optimize these procedures for bioequivalence assessment of topical formulations where the drug is not intended for systemic absorption. In the past few decades, tape stripping has been used to investigate bioavailability/bioequivalence of various topical formulations. This technique involves the removal of the stratum corneum to assess drug penetration through the skin. A draft FDA guidance for tape stripping was initially published but was subsequently withdrawn due to high variability and poor reproducibility. This research project used an optimized tape stripping procedure to determine bioavailability and establish bioequivalence between three commercially available formulations containing 0.05 % m/m clobetasol propionate. Furthermore, tape stripping was validated by undertaking a study to assess the bioequivalence of a 0.05% topical cream formulation (Dermovate® cream) using the same cream as both the “Test” and “Reference” product, in which bioequivalence was confirmed. The findings highlight the potential of tape stripping as an alternative method for the assessment of bioequivalence of clobetasol propionate formulations and may possibly be extended for use in other topical products. Microdialysis is another useful technique that can assess the penetration of topically applied substances which diffuses through the stratum corneum and into the dermis. Microdialysis has previously been successfully used for in vivo bioavailability and bioequivalence assessments of topical formulations. However, the drugs which were under investigation were all hydrophilic in nature. A major problem with the use of microdialysis for the assessment of lipophilic substances is the binding/adherence of the substance to the membrane and other components of the microdialysis system. As a result, this necessitates the development of a microdialysis system which can be used to assess lipophilic drugs. Intralipid® 20% was investigated and successfully utilized as a perfusate to recover a lipophilic topical corticosteroid, clobetasol propionate, in microdialysis studies. Hence, the bioavailability of clobetasol propionate from an extemporaneous preparation was determined in healthy human volunteers using microdialysis. These findings indicate that in vivo microdialysis can be used to assess lipophilic drug penetration through the skin. A novel approach to investigate drug release from topical formulations containing 0.05% clobetasol propionate using in vitro microdialysis was also undertaken. The in vitro findings were found to be in agreement with the results obtained using tape stripping to assess bioequivalence of the same commercially available products, namely Dermovate® cream, Dovate® Cream and Dermovate® ointment. These results indicate the potential to correlate in vitro with in vivo data for bioequivalence assessment of such topical dosage forms.

No description available.

No description available.

Freshwater mussels are particularly susceptible to injury from exposure to hazardous substances due to their sessile nature and filter feeding biology. There have been various Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration (NRDAR) cases in the United States involving injury to freshwater mussels due to releases of hazardous substances into rivers and streams. Restoration of mussels in these cases typically involves propagation of mussels at a hatchery facility and their subsequent stocking or release at restoration sites. However, determination of the services lost due to injury to mussel populations and the appropriate level of restoration (and associated costs) to recover those losses has varied among NRDAR cases. Standardized methods would facilitate injury determination and restoration planning for future cases involving injury to mussels. The purpose of this research was to use two of the earliest and largest NRDAR cases (Certus, Inc. and Lone Mountain Processing, Inc. (LMPI)) involving injury to mussels to: 1) determine whether restoration for these cases was sufficient and 2) analyze restoration efforts for application in future NRDAR cases (i.e., lessons learned and development of standardized methods). This study represents the first evaluation of mussel restoration efforts in a NRDAR context. In general, 4.8% to 6.1% of juvenile mussels that excysted from host fishes in the hatchery survived to be eventually released at restoration sites. Further, based on expected survival and recruitment rates of released mussels, monitoring of restoration sites found 43% to 15% of the expected number of mussels. Understanding reasons for this discrepancy between expected and estimated survival is critical for determining the level of restoration success. If released mussels are either establishing and/or recruiting outside of monitoring area but otherwise alive and breeding, then they should count towards successful restoration. In contrast, if released mussels have either high mortality over time or are dying shortly after release, then expected gains from these mussels should not count towards successful restoration. I developed a mussel-specific Resource Equivalency Analysis (REA) for use in future NRDAR cases that compares the loss of services, using Discounted Mussel Years (DMYs) as units, to the expected gain in services from restoration. Applying this analysis to the Certus and LMPI NRDAR cases suggests that mussel restoration was successful (i.e., expected DMYs gained are greater than those lost), even when it was assumed that 75% of released mussels were dying after being released at restoration sites. Finally, a cost analysis of two mussel propagation facilities found that the yearly cost per mussel released at a restoration site ranged from $4.36 to $96.48. The suite of species propagated each year varied. As some species are more difficult to propagate than others, the cost per mussel varied widely. These data will facilitate the determination of restoration costs in future cases. Together, this information provides a starting point for consistently estimating restoration effort and costs for future NRDAR cases involving freshwater mussels. / Doctor of Philosophy / Freshwater mussels provide numerous ecosystem services. Most importantly, they purify large volumes of water, and provide habitat and food for other animals. However, they are highly vulnerable to chemical spills because they cannot move long distances quickly and they are directly exposed to toxic substances if they filter water. There have been many cases in past decades where vulnerable mussel populations were exposed to chemical spills. When these populations are injured, the services they provide are lost until the population can be restored to pre-spill conditions. Restoration of mussel populations usually involves raising juvenile mussels in hatchery facilities and then releasing them in areas where populations were injured. Determining the appropriate level of restoration needed to restore populations has varied widely among cases. A standardized approach would facilitate determination of restoration and restoration costs. I used data from two cases (Certus, Inc. and Lone Mountain Processing, Inc.) where mussel populations were injured due to a chemical spill to: 1) determine whether restoration for these two cases was successful and 2) develop tools and draw insights for use in future cases where mussels are injured. This study represents the first evaluation of restoration success of freshwater mussels in a NRDAR context. On average, 4.8% to 6.1% of juvenile mussels produced at two Virginia hatchery facilities survived to be released at restoration sites. Further, of the mussels released, only 43% to 15% of the expected mussels were found in later years. These "missing" mussels are either leaving and/or breeding outside of their release areas, or they are dying and failing to provide important ecosystem services. Further study is needed to determine the degree to which each of these is the case. I also developed a mussel-specific method of determining how much restoration is needed to provide the amount of ecosystem services as pre-spill conditions (called Resource Equivalency Analysis or REA). Application of REA to these two test cases (Certus, Inc. and Lone Mountain Processing, Inc.), I showed that restoration for these cases was successful, even if as much as 75% of released mussels are dying after being released at restoration sites. Finally, I found that the cost of successfully releasing a mussel ranged from $4.36 to $96.48 per mussel. This information is useful for estimating the cost of restoration plans in future chemical spills that injure freshwater mussels.

A aplicação de toxina botulínica A no lado não paralisado (LNP) é feita para tratar a assimetria resultante da paralisia facial (PF). As unidades de toxina onabotulinica A (Ona) e toxina abobotulinica A (Abo) não são equivalentes. Comparou-se a taxa de conversão de 1:3 em pacientes com PF. Cinquenta e cinco pacientes (idade entre 16 e 67 anos, 43 mulheres), com PF de longa duração foram tratados de forma aleatória com a aplicação de Ona (n = 25) ou Abo (n = 30) no LNP. Efeitos adversos, simetria facial, satisfação subjetiva e Índice de Incapacidade Facial (IIF) foram avaliados após 1 e 6 meses. Os resultados mostraram que a incidência de efeitos adversos foi maior com Abo (93,3% vs. 64,0%, p = 0,007). Avaliação Clínica do LNP diminuiu após 1 mês e aumentou novamente aos 6 meses, sem diferenças entre os grupos. A nota do lado paralisado (LP) foi menor no grupo Ona antes do tratamento, mas semelhante em ambos os grupos depois do tratamento. A nota do LP aumentou depois de 1 mês, e aos 6 meses foi ainda maior que a nota de prétratamento em ambos os grupos. A avaliação subjetiva melhorou em todos os momentos em comparação com a nota do pré-tratamento e diferiu entre os dois grupos apenas em 1 mês, quando o grupo Abo ficou um pouco mais paralisado. Índice de Função Física (IFF) e Índice de Bem-Estar Social (IBES), subescalas do Índice de Incapacidade Facial (IFF), entre os dois grupos não foram diferentes. Concluímos que ambas as toxinas reduziram a assimetria de forma eficiente em pacientes com FP. Os efeitos adversos foram maiores com Abo na equivalência de 1:3 / Botulinum toxin A injection into the nonparalyzed side (NPS) is used to treat asymmetry resulting from facial palsy (FP). OnabotulinumtoxinA (ONA) and abobotulinumtoxinA (ABO) units are not equivalent. We compared the conversion ratio of 1:3 in patients with FP. Fifty-five patients (aged 16-67 years, 43 women) with long-standing FP were randomly treated with either ONA (n = 25) or ABO (n = 30) injections into the NPS. Adverse effects, facial symmetry, subjective satisfaction, and Facial Disability Index (FDI) were assessed after 1 and 6 months. The results showed that the incidence of adverse effects was higher with ABO (93.3% vs. 64.0%, p = 0.007). Clinical scores of the NPS decreased after 1 month and increased again at 6 months, with no betweengroup differences. Scores of the paralyzed side were lower in the ONA group before treatment, but similar in both groups thereafter. The paralyzed side scores increased after 1 month, and at 6 months were still higher than the pretreatment scores in both groups. Subjective assessment improved at all time points compared to pretreatment score and differed between the two groups only at 1 month, when the ABO group was a bit too paralyzed. The Physical Function and Social/Well-Being Function subscales of the FDI did not differ between the two groups. We conclude that both toxins efficiently reduced asymmetry in patients with FP. Adverse effects were higher with ABO at an equivalence ratio of 1:3