<p>Ergonomi innebär läran om människan i arbete, det vill säga samspelet mellan människa och arbetsredskap. Med detta som bakgrund kan man konstatera att det ställs höga krav på att arbetsstolen skall komplettera brukaren för att uppnå ett optimalt ergonomiskt sittande.</p><p>Syftet med denna rapport är att ge en inblick i sittergonomi och utformningen av arbetsstolar. För att uppnå ett ergonomiskt sittande menar ergonomer att man skall sitta med en öppen höftvinkel, vilket leder till ett dynamiskt sittande. Det dynamiska sittandet gör att brukaren har ett rörligt och aktivt sittande. Detta kan till viss del uppnås genom ett sittande enligt principen för balansstolen. För att ytterligare uppnå ett bra sittande finns det arbetsmiljölagar som reglerar sittandet på arbetsplatser.</p> / <p>The science of ergonomic means the human in work, which also can be defined as the combination between the human and the working tools. With this as a background it proves that there are high demands on the chairs that are meant for work. The chair is supposed to complement the user to reach an optimal ergonomic sitting.</p><p>The purpose of this report is to give an insight in the ergonomic sitting and how workchairs are designed. Ergonomics means that one way to reach an ergonomic sitting is with an open hip angle, which brings out a dynamic sitting. The dynamic sitting gives the user an active sitting. This can partly be achieved through a sitting like the principle for the balance chair. To further achieve a good sitting there are laws that contents the work environment, which controls the sitting on workplaces.</p>

Αντικείμενο της παρούσας διατριβής είναι ο σχεδιασμός και η πιλοτική υλοποίηση μιας μεθοδολογίας προσομοίωσης διαδικασιών συναρμολόγησης, για τον έλεγχο εργονομικών αποτελεσμάτων, με χρήση τεχνικών Εικονικής Πραγματικότητας. Το σύστημα που αναπτύχθηκε επιτρέπει: • Την εκτέλεση διαδικασιών συναρμολόγησης σε εικονικό περιβάλλον, υπό συνθήκες που επιτρέπουν μια ρεαλιστική εποπτεία του περιβάλλοντος και της διαδικασίας, ανάλογες των πραγματικών • Την ποιοτική εκτίμηση παραμέτρων που αφορούν στον ανθρώπινο παράγοντα, όπως η αντίληψη του περιβάλλοντος εργασίας, η δυνατότητα πρόσβασης και χειρισμού των εξαρτημάτων και εργαλείων • Την ποσοτική εκτίμηση χαρακτηριστικών που έχουν σχέση με τον ανθρώπινο παράγοντα, και θεωρούνται κρίσιμα για την εκτέλεση της διαδικασίας, όπως η ικανότητα ανύψωσης φορτίων, η καταναλισκόμενη ενέργεια και ο συνολικός χρόνος της διαδικασίας. Αρχικά, γίνεται μία εισαγωγή στα προβλήματα και τη σπουδαιότητα του εργονομικού σχεδιασμού και ελέγχου παραγωγικών διαδικασιών, στον οποίο εστιάζει η εργασία, και περιγράφεται το αντικείμενό της και η ερευνητική συμβολή της στην αντιμετώπιση των προβλημάτων αυτών. Στη συνέχεια, γίνεται η ανασκόπηση της διεθνούς βιβλιογραφίας, με αναφορά στην τεχνολογία Εικονικής Πραγματικότητας, τις μεθόδους, τα λογισμικά συστήματα και τις εφαρμογές που έχουν αναπτυχθεί και χρησιμοποιούνται τα τελευταία χρόνια για την προσομοίωση και τον εργονομικό έλεγχο παραγωγικών διαδικασιών. Ακολουθεί η παρουσίαση της προτεινόμενης μεθοδολογίας με την οποία προσεγγίζεται το πρόβλημα σχεδιασμού και ελέγχου εργονομίας σε διαδικασίες συναρμολόγησης. Γίνεται η ανάλυση των επιμέρους χαρακτηριστικών της, που περιλαμβάνουν τα χαρακτηριστικά αναπαράστασης, αλληλεπίδρασης και προσομοίωσης. Στη συνέχεια περιγράφονται τα εργαλεία ανάπτυξης και η λογική υλοποίησης του περιβάλλοντος προσομοίωσης, το οποίο αποτελεί την πιλοτική υλοποίηση της προτεινόμενης μεθοδολογίας. Η χρήση της νέας προσέγγισης, η παρουσίαση και η αξιολόγηση των εργονομικών αποτελεσμάτων παρουσιάζεται μέσα από μια σειρά πειραμάτων εκτέλεσης της πιλοτικής εφαρμογής. Τέλος, εξάγονται βασικά συμπεράσματα από τα αποτελέσματα της εργασίας, παρουσιάζονται τα πεδία εφαρμογής της προτεινόμενης προσέγγισης, καθώς και οι προοπτικές μελλοντικής εξέλιξής της. / The objective of the thesis is the development and the pilot implementation of a methodology for the simulation of assembly processes, in order to support the verification of human related factors, using Virtual Reality techniques. The developed system enables: • The virtual execution of assembly processes, under conditions that allow a realistic monitoring of environment and process, • The qualitative evaluation of human-process related factors, such as the perception of the working environment, the reachability of mounting locations, and the handlability of product components and tools, • The quantitative estimation of human-process characteristics related to critical performance issues, such as lifting capacity, energy expenditure and process cycle time. As an introduction, the industrial problems and the importance of confrontation of ergonomic design and verification of manufacturing processes, on which this work focuses, are presented. The objectives of the research work and the innovation aspects of the proposed approach are then described. In the sequel, state-of-the-art VR technology is reporting, including presentation of the basic methods, software tools and applications that have been developed and used during the last years for the simulation and the ergonomic control of manufacturing processes. The presentation of the proposed methodology, with which the problem of ergonomic design and verification of assembly processes is approached, follows. The proposed methodology is described through its Virtual Reality based features, namely representation, simulation, immersion and interaction. The development tools and the simulation concept of the virtual environment are then described. The assembly/ergonomic virtual environment is an integrated simulation environment developed in the context of this research work, as the pilot implementation of the proposed methodology. The use of the new approach, the presentation and the evaluation of the ergonomic results are illustrated through a set of experiments based on the pilot application. Finally, important conclusions are exported from the above results, while application fields and future work prospects are presented.

Einleitung: Arbeitsbedingte Erkrankungen des Muskel-Skelett-Systems sind unter Physiotherapeuten sehr häufig. Die präventive Forschung hat diese Berufsgruppe bisher kaum untersucht. In diesem Zusammenhang stellt die Veränderung des Arbeitsumfeldes einen vielversprechenden Ansatz für die Verhinderung arbeitsbedingter Erkrankungen dar. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Erstellung einer Checkliste zur Bewertung des Arbeitsplatzes eines Physiotherapeuten zu erstellen. Material und Methoden: Es wurde im September 2011 eine Literatursuche mit folgenden Datenbanken und Suchmaschinen durchgeführt: „CEBP“, „Cochrane“, „Ebsco“, „GoogleScholar“, „Medpilot“, „PeDro“, „Pubmed“ und dem Online-Katalog der württembergischen Landesbibliothek. Nach systematischem Aussortieren verblieben 13 Studien und zwei Bücher, zu denen durch unsystematische Suche weitere zwei Bücher hinzukamen. Aus den Suchergebnissen wurden Daten erhoben, die für die Erstellung einer Checkliste relevant sind. Ergebnisse: Es entstand eine literaturgestützte Checkliste, die sowohl direkt angewendet, als auch als Hilfe zur Entwicklung einer individuellen Arbeitsplatzumgestaltung verwendet werden kann. Diskussion: Eine literaturgestützte Checkliste zur Beurteilung des Arbeitsplatzes eines Physiotherapeuten ist, nach Wissensstand des Autors, in dieser Form einzigartig. Jeder einzelne Punkt der Checkliste wird näher und von verschiedenen Blickwinkeln beleuchtet. / Introduction: Work related musculoskeletal disorders are common among physiotherapists. Preventive research examined this profession rarely until today. In this background changing working environment could be an important way to prevent work related illnesses. The aim of this study is the creation of a checklist for assessing the workplace of a physiotherapist. Material and Methods: A search for literature took place in September 2011 in following databases and search engines: “CEBP“, “Cochrane“, “Ebsco“, “GoogleScholar“, “Medpilot“, “PeDro“, “Pubmed“ and the online-catalogue of the “württembergische Landesbibliothek”. After a systematic sort out remained 13 studies and two books to which another two books from an unsystematic search were added. From the results of the searches relevant data to create a checklist were extracted. Results: A literature-based checklist was developed, which can be used directly or as a help to develop an individual workplace change program. Discussion: In the knowledge of the author a literature-based checklist for assessing the workplace of a physiotherapist is unique. Each checklist item is described more closely and discussed separately.

The purpose of this research is twofold: 1) to apply a user-centred approach to examine the usability and acceptability of an on-body ergonomic aid called the Personal Lift Assistive Device (PLAD) in a variety of industrial work environments and 2) to utilize subjective user acceptability data on discomfort, pain and overall PLAD assessment by participants to identify design features that need improvement in the next PLAD iteration. Case studies took place in four different industrial work environments: two distribution centre environments, one retail store environment and one automotive assembly plant environment. These environments were selected to represent different industrial work environments. In total, 20 industrial workers were selected to wear the PLAD and provide their feedback. Results were obtained using subjective questionnaires through verbal and written comments as well as through direct observation of the participants. Three major design changes occurred to the original PLAD iteration tested at the first industrial location. These included: 1) using different stiffness levels of springs for different sizes of individuals in an attempt to decrease discomfort and optimize the effectiveness of the PLAD, 2) an increase in pelvic spacer size and surface area contacting the user’s body to reduce discomfort and 3) modification to the shoulder harness including; shape, dimensions and amount of cushioning to reduce discomfort. Currently, three major design changes were identified and still need to be addressed. These include: 1) reduction of thermal discomfort caused by wearing the PLAD, 2) validation of selecting the appropriate spring stiffness for small, medium and large users of the PLAD (male and female) under various working postures and 3) simplification of the donning and doffing process. Additionally, a simple PLAD spring stiffness sizing chart was created to aid potential manufacturers of the PLAD to select the appropriate spring stiffness for various users of the PLAD. This sizing chart was designed to maintain an average lumbar moment reduction of 15%, while taking discomfort of the shoulders caused by the spring stiffness and overall cost into consideration. / Thesis (Master, Kinesiology & Health Studies) -- Queen's University, 2011-09-28 09:03:01.463

<p><font face="Arial"> <p align="left">The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of and risk factors contributing to work-related musculoskeletal injuries amongst underground mine workers in Kitwe, Zambia.</p> </font></p>

Submitted by PATRICIA ADRIANA MARQUES DE ANDRADE null (patricia_pama@hotmail.com) on 2017-12-20T02:43:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final_Patrícia Andrade.pdf: 2854246 bytes, checksum: 2d97a7581577e615b3d7fedfa32defab (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Lucia Martins Frederico null (mlucia@fca.unesp.br) on 2017-12-20T15:18:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 andrade_pam_me_bot.pdf: 2854246 bytes, checksum: 2d97a7581577e615b3d7fedfa32defab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-20T15:18:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 andrade_pam_me_bot.pdf: 2854246 bytes, checksum: 2d97a7581577e615b3d7fedfa32defab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O surgimento de máquinas e implementos utilizados na agricultura mudou definitivamente as técnicas de produção em todo o mundo, de forma que o aumento da produtividade deste setor levou o homem a ser substituído pelas máquinas possibilitou o acesso a novas práticas na agricultura. A realização de uma operação segura com trator agrícola é essencial, sendo necessário que o operador tenha o conhecimento de medidas de segurança. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de analisar ruído, temperatura e iluminação como risco físico no interior da cabine de um trator, considerando os limites de tolerância permitidos pelas Normas Regulamentadoras 15 (Atividades e Operações Insalubres) e 17 (Ergonomia) evitando danos à saúde do operador. O experimento foi conduzido em duas pistas: de concreto comum e solo firme. A pista de concreto comum tem 100 metros de comprimento e 4 metros de largura, e a de solo firme 100 metros de comprimento e 6 metros de largura. Foi utilizado um trator agrícola 4x2 tração dianteira auxiliar com cabine e com potência de 88cv. O delineamento foi feito com a combinação de quatro marchas e três rotações. Para cada uma das combinações foi medido o ruído interno e externo, a temperatura e a taxa de luminosidade. O ruído interno foi obtido por meio de um decibelímetro alocado na altura do ouvido do operador. O ruído externo da cabine foi obtido por meio de um decibelímetro alocado no retrovisor na parte externa do trator. A temperatura foi obtida por meio de um registrador de temperatura com datalogger fixado próximo ao assento do operador, e a luminosidade foi obtida por um luxímetro posicionado no centro da cabine. Para o delineamento dos dados, utilizou-se um fatorial incompleto 5X4, sendo o primeiro fator a combinação de marchas (Estático, GI-4, GII-2, GII-3 e GII-4) e o segundo a rotação (máxima, 2300, 2000 e 1700). Os resultados obtidos em relação ao ruído mostraram que tanto o ruído externo quanto interno apresentaram em algumas combinações valores superiores aos 85dB(A), sendo um valor limite de tolerância para a exposição diária por 8 horas sem a utilização de EPI, delimitado pela norma como nível de tolerância de exposição ao ruído nos dois ensaios realizados. Os resultados ainda mostraram que esses valores, em sua grande maioria, se encontram nos valores obtidos do ruído externo. Os resultados obtidos para a temperatura no interior da cabine mostraram que a temperatura se manteve dentro do valor delimitado pelas normas, sendo necessário em certos períodos do dia um tempo de descanso no próprio local de trabalho de acordo com as horas já trabalhadas. Os resultados obtidos para a iluminação nos mostram em como a falta de uma norma específica para a iluminação no interior de cabines de máquinas agrícolas ligado a uma má iluminação pode ocasionar a fadiga visual, provocando no operador a tensão e o desconforto. / The emergence of machines and implements used in agriculture has definitely changed production techniques of production in the whole world, so that increasing productivity in this sector has led man to be replaced by machines made access to new practices in agriculture. The accomplishment of a safe operation with an agricultural tractor is essential, and the operator must be aware of safety measures. This work was carried out with the objective of analyzing noise, temperature and illumination as a physical risk inside the cabin of a tractor, considering the limits of tolerance allowed by Regulators Norms 15 (Activities and Unhealthy Operations) and 17 (Ergonomics) avoiding damages to health the operator. The experiment was conducted on two tracks: common concrete and firm soil. The common concrete runway are 100 meters long and 4 meters wide, and the ground floor is 100 meters long and 6 meters wide. An agricultural tractor was used 4x2 auxiliary front wheel drive with cabin and with power of 88cv. The design was made with the combination of four gears and three rotations. For each of the combinations, internal and external noise, temperature and brightness were measured. The internal noise was obtained by means of a decibel meter allocated at the height of the operator's ear. The external noise of the cab was obtained by means of a decibel meter allocated in the rear view mirror on the outside of the tractor. The temperature was obtained by means of a datalogger temperature recorder fixed close to the operator's seat, and the luminosity was obtained by a luxmeter positioned in the center of the cabin. For the data design, an incomplete 5X4 factorial was used, the first factor being the combination of gears (Static, GI-4, GII-2, GII-3 and GII-4) and the second one the rotation (maximum, 2300, 2000 and 1700). The results obtained in relation 2to noise showed that both external and internal noise presented in some combinations values higher than 85dB (A), being a limit value of tolerance for the daily exposure for 8 hours without the use of EPI, delimited by the standard as Level of noise exposure tolerance in the two tests performed. The results showed that these values, for the most part, are found in the values obtained from external noise. The results obtained for the temperature inside the cabin showed that the temperature remained within the value delimited by the norms, being necessary in certain periods of the day a time of rest in the own place of work according to the hours already worked. The results obtained for the illumination show us how the lack of a specific standard for the illumination inside cabins of agricultural machines connected to a bad illumination can cause the visual fatigue, provoking in the operator the tension and the discomfort.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-01-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:19:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mazetto_fr_dr_botfca.pdf: 2623321 bytes, checksum: 75cb530dbf650174a199592c6dd505fe (MD5) / A colheita é uma das atividades mais importantes na agricultura devido ao seu alto valor agregado, compreendendo operações custosas do processo produtivo, devido a alta demanda energética. Sua boa execução contribui para o retorno dos investimentos realizados em todo o ciclo produtivo de uma cultura. Informações dos desempenhos operacional, energético e ergonômico são de grande importância no gerenciamento de sistemas mecanizados agrícolas, auxiliando nas decisões a serem tomadas, visando a racionalização operacional. O objetivo do presente estudo consistiu na avaliação de três colhedoras de soja, sendo a primeira com plataforma de 7,62 m, motor de 176,4 kW e tanque graneleiro de 7.200 L, a segunda com plataforma de 7,01 m, motor de 161,7 kW e tanque graneleiro de 6.700 L e a terceira com plataforma de 6,71 m, motor de 165,4 kW e tanque granaleiro de 6.000 L com seus respectivos mecanismos atuadores, para identificar os sistemas mais eficientes quanto à racionalização da demanda energética, ergonomia e desempenho operacional relativos a perdas quantitativas e qualitativas de soja, em área de plantio direto na palha. O experimento foi realizado no campo de produção da fazenda Igreja Velha, Município de Tibagi/PR e as análises laboratoriais no Núcleo de Ensaio de Máquinas e Pneus Agroflorestais (NEMPA) da FCA-UNESP, Campus de Botucatu/SP e no laboratório de Análise de Sementes do Departamento de Fitotecnia da FEIS-UNESP, Campus de Ilha Solteira/SP. A avaliação do consumo energético foi realizada através da utilização de um fluxômetro, em condições normais de operação da colhedora, e para o desempenho operacional foram obtidos todos os tempos de operação das máquinas. Para a análise das perdas de grãos foram determinadas as perdas de pré-colheita; na plataforma; na trilha, separação e limpeza; e as totais...

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar as condições ergonômicas da situação de trabalho dos Auxiliares de Enfermagem em uma unidade de clínica geral de um hospital privado na cidade de Curitiba, Paraná, bem como sugerir melhorias a partir da situação caracterizada. Com a aplicação do método da Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho (AET), pôde-se verificar a realidade desses profissionais, caracterizando suas tarefas, registrando a existência de distanciamento entre tarefa prescrita e real. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram problemas no âmbito organizacional como a montagem inadequada da escala de divisão de pacientes, o quadro de pessoal abaixo da exigência mínima estabelecida pelo Conselho Federal de Enfermagem (COFEN), a falta e a má conservação de materiais e equipamentos e, em relação ao posto de trabalho, o dimensionamento inadequado dos espaços para trânsito de pessoas e equipamentos. Concluiu-se que os problemas de maior relevância são de origem organizacional e que os mesmos favorecem e, até mesmo, intensificam os relativos ao posto de trabalho, contribuindo para o elevado índice de atestados e insatisfação entre os Auxiliares de Enfermagem. O estudo é finalizado com sugestões de melhorias, entre elas, o redimensionamento do número de leitos nas enfermarias e quadro de pessoal, promoção de rodízio dos Auxiliares de Enfermagem entre postos de diferentes níveis de exigência, escalonamento apropriado na distribuição de pacientes de acordo com a gravidade do quadro clínico, formação de comitês com reuniões periódicas para discussão de problemas existentes e outras possíveis soluções. / The objective of the present study was to investigate the ergonomic conditions of the Nursing Aids' working situation within a unit of general practice in a private hospital in the city of Curitiba-Paraná State, as well as suggest improvement of the featured situation. Through the Ergonomic Work Analysis (AET) method, it was possible to analysing these professionals' reality, by featuring their duties, registering the existence of embarassment and distortions between the prescribed and real duty. The obtained results showed problems in the organizational level such as, improper set up of escale of patients' division, the number of staff members is below the minimum requirement settled by the Federal Nursing Council (COFEN), lack and bad maintenance of material and equipment and, regarding the work position, the inadequate dimensions of space for people and equipment's flow. It is concluded that the most relevant problems are organizational and that they favor and even intensify the ones related to the work positions, contributing to the high rate of prescribed leaves and work insatisfaction among the Nursing Assistants. The study is concluded with improvement suggestions, among them, the redimensioning of bed number in the infirmaries and staff, Nursing Assistant 's shift between positions of different requirement levels, appropriate division in the patients' distribution according to the seriousness of the patologies, settlement of comittees with periodical meetings for discussing the existent problems and other possible solutions.

The thesis "The Problems in Writing of Left-handed Pupils" is focused on the dificulties in the first steps of writing of left-handed children in primary schools. The thesis is divided into two parts. In the theoretic part we deal with the laterality and the left-handness in general. Further we deal with the development of left-handness in the history and nowadays and first of all with the development of motor skills of the left-handed children in the preschool age. The next aim is to chart the difficulties in the preschool period and the potencional problems in writing. The main part of our thesis is focused on the correct methodological help with writing in the first class in primary schools. The other part of our thesis is practical part. In this part we focus on the analysis of the writing edacation for the left-handed pupils in the first classes in the schools in Central Bohemian Region. We studied the quantity of the left-handed boys and the left-handed girls, the correct holding of writing tools, the slope of paper, the slope of letters, the correct sitting, the using of ergonomic tools and the using of pens or pencils.

Esta pesquisa analisou o trabalho dos controladores de tráfego aéreo em diferentes cenários reais, no controle de Aproximação (APP) de tráfego aéreo de Porto Alegre (APP PA). Com base em entrevistas, questionário e filmagens de cenas reais, foram analisadas as percepções de 14 controladores quanto às demandas da profissão; quanto aos fatores cognitivos (conhecimento, estratégia, dinâmica atencional) utilizados para o desempenho da atividade; e quanto à carga de trabalho com base no questionário adaptado do NASA TLX. Os resultados mostram que, entre outras variáveis, a complexidade da tarefa depende das condições meteorológicas, do número e tipo de aeronovaves em observação, sendo que os controladores percebem as cenas de forma semelhante, independente do tempo de profissão e de controle no APP PA. Os controladores tomam as decisões de forma coordenada, sendo que a condução de um tráfego aéreo seguro depende da coordenação bem executada. / This research analyzed the job of the air traffic controllers in different real scenes, at the Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) of the air traffic in Porto Alegre (TRACON PA). Based on interviews, a questionnaire and shootings of real scenes, the perception of 14 controllers were analysed in relation to the demands of their job, in relation to the cognitive factors (knowledge, strategy, attencional dynamic) used for the performance of the activity; and related to the workload based on the adapted questionnaire of NASA TLX. The results show that, among other varieties, the complexity of the task depends on the meteorological conditions and on the number and type of aircrafts observed. The controllers understand the scenes in a similar way, not related on how much time they have working on the job nor working controlling time at TRACON PA. The controllers take the decisions in a coordinated way, because the conduction of the safe air traffic depends on a well done coordination.