Cette thèse porte sur la chapelle cimétériale du monastère de Bačkovo (Bulgarie), étudiée dans le contexte des églises sépulcrales du monde byzantin médiéval. Parmi les rares monuments de ce type architectural, cette chapelle se singularise notamment par son décor peint datant de l’époque médiobyzantine. Conservant certains thèmes iconographiques à caractère exceptionnel, son importance résulte également de la cohérence parfaite entre le décor, la fonction de l’édifice et le rite célébré. À la lumière des données d’une sélection de typika byzantins, complétées par des sources liturgiques, nous nous attachons, d’une part, à clarifier le contexte de fondation de la chapelle cimétériale, et, d’autre part, à réévaluer sa place unique dans la vie monastique d’antan. Notre investigation vise aussi à réexaminer la classification architecturale à laquelle le monument fut longtemps rattaché, celle des « églises sépulcrales bulgares », avancée par André Grabar. De plus, nous proposons une analyse iconographique détaillée de l’intégralité de son décor peint. Une attention particulière est portée aux représentations à forte connotation eschatologique, envisagées par le biais des spécificités fonctionnelles de l’édifice, liées à la célébration d’offices funèbres et commémoratifs. En outre, nous développons une analyse comparative avec les programmes iconographiques des principaux monuments sépulcraux médio- et tardodyzantins. L’apport de cette thèse consiste ainsi en la recontextualisation de la chapelle cimétériale bačkovienne, sur les plans à la fois architectural, iconographique et liturgique. / The subject of this thesis is the cemetery chapel of the Bačkovo monastery considered in the context of the sepulchral buildings of the Byzantine medieval world. Among the rare monuments of this architectural type, it stands out by its decoration dating from the middle byzantine period. Conserving some exceptional iconographic topics, its importance ensues also from the perfect coherence between decoration, function and ritual. With reference to a selection of byzantine typika, completed by liturgical sources, I try to clarify the context of foundation of the Bačkovo cemetery chapel and to reassess its place in the monastic life of yesteryear. The purpose of this investigation is also to reconsider the architectural classification of this building which has been refered to as the “églises sépulcrales bulgares” for a long time as mentioned by André Grabar. Furthermore I offer a detailed iconographic study of its entire fresco programme focusing especially on the representations with strong eschatological connotation, examined in the light of the functional particularities of the edifice, related to the celebration of funeral and commemoration services. In addition I give a comparative analysis of the monument following the iconographic programmes of the most significant sepulchral monuments from the middle and late byzantine period. The contribution of this thesis thus consists in the recontextualization of the Bačkovo cemetery chapel in terms of architecture, iconography and liturgy.

On its surface, Cormac McCarthy's No Country for Old Men appears to be a thoroughly grim and even fatalistic novel, but read in conjunction with W.B. Yeats' "The Second Coming"—a work with which the novel has a number of intertextual connection—it becomes clear that there is a distinct optimism at the heart of the novel. Approaching McCarthy's novel as an intertext with Yeats' poem illuminates an apparent critique of eschatological panic present in No Country for Old Men, provided mainly through Sheriff Bell's reflections on the state of society.

This study conducts a critical analysis and defnse of John Hick's philosohpy of religious pluralism. Contrary to his critics, Hick's theory is shown to be philosophically plausible and logically coherent. However, while the pluralist hypothesis can be defended philosophically, there are theological or religious problems with it. Both the strengths and weaknesses of the hypothesis are drawn out in this study, which is conducted under four main categories - epistemology, ontology, truth calims, and eschatology. Major criticisms of the hypothesis are debunked. Important concepts of Hick's overall philosophy of religion, such as experiencing-as, soul-making, and the Kantian connection, are explored in relation to the hypothesis, as are Hick's influences from the various religions.

How people think about the end of the world greatly affects how they live in the present. This thesis examines how popular American thought about “the end of the world” has been greatly affected by Hal Lindsey’s 1970 popular prophecy book The Late, Great Planet Earth. LGPE sold more copies than any other non-fiction book in the 1970s and greatly aided the mainstreaming of “end-times” ideas like the Antichrist, nuclear holocaust, the Rapture, and various other concepts connected with popular end-times thought. These ideas stem from a specific strain of late-nineteenth century Biblical interpretation known as dispensational premillennialism, which has manifested in various schools of premillennial thought over the last 150 years. However, Lindsey translated this complicated system into modern language and connected it with contemporary geopolitics in powerful ways which helped make LGPE incredibly popular and influential in the 1970s and beyond. This paper includes an introduction to some essential concepts and terms related to popular premillennialism followed by a brief history of popular prophecy in America. The second half of this thesis examines the social, religious, and political climate of the 1970s and how Lindsey’s success connects to the culture of the Seventies, specifically conservative reactions to the various social movements of the 1960s. The last major section discusses Lindsey’s malleable theology and the power of interpreting the Bible “literally.” In the 1970s, conservative theologians and denominations won the battle to define certain concepts within Christianity including terms like “literal,” “inerrant,” and related terms, and Lindsey’s treatment of “the end times” reflects these definitions and how they affect Biblical interpretation. Finally, the conclusion fleshes out the appeal of popular premillennialism in the 1970s and into the present day.

I have structured my master's thesis in terms of an opposition between Kojeve's existentialist, Marxist philosophical formulation of Hegel's Phenomenology and Levinas's post-Heideggerian, anti-Hegelian phenomenology in Totality and Infinity. While Levinas's project is explicitly anti-totalitarian, Kojeve's reading of the Phenomenology emphasizes the End of History in Hegel's philosophy without shrinking from its totalizing aspects. While the philosophical project of each thinker is generally antithetical to the other, it is my contention that the universal and homogeneous state, conceived by Kojeve to be the rational realization of the end of history, is a legitimate moral project for Levinasian ethics. This thesis provides both an exegesis of Kojeve's reading of Hegel's master/slave dialectic in the Phenomenology and an interpretation of the tragedy of the slave understood in terms of Holderlin's theory of the tragic. It is through the master/slave dialectic that history consummates in the end of history. Later in the thesis, I outline Levinas's project as an ethics as first philosophy in opposition to the Eleatic traditions in Western philosophy. We can trace Levinas's project in his unconventional reading of the cogito and the idea of infinity. Whereas Descartes represents a philosophical return home for Hegel, Levinas's reading of Descartes represents a philosophical sojourn away from home in the second movement of the Meditations. With these notions, we have a formal basis in accounting for the conflict in Levinas's thought between the moral necessity of universal rights and the dangers of assimilation. Finally, I argue for why the universal and homogeneous state is an ethically worthy goal from a Levinasian perspective. On this question, I engage the thought of a number of thinkers of the left: Kojeve, Derrida, Horkheimer, Adorno and Zizek. I conclude that Levinas's thought on universalism and eschatology can serve as a moral basis for the left-Hegelian project of realizing a universal and homogeneous state. Because such a state is distinguishable from a totalizing End of History, the eschatological concern for one's singularity within history is compatible with the prophetic call to strive for political universality. Ultimately, it is the responsibility to this prophetic call that guarantees one's singularity.

[pt] O presente trabalho procura desenvolver mais um diálogo entre teologia e literatura. Tomando como referenciais a escatologia cristã e Orfeu da Conceição de Vinícius de Moraes, a pesquisa discorrerá sobre temas como sofrimento, morte e luto, correspondentes entre si nestas suas fontes principais, visando encontrar contribuições para uma teologia mais relevante e acessível. Num primeiro momento, serão levantadas as informações a respeito do poeta e sua obra especificando informações relativas à peça teatral com vistas a demonstrar como nela é expresso, da parte do poeta, opiniões sobre os temas do sofrimento, da morte e do luto. Para isso serão examinadas: as questões relativas à violência presente nas brigas descritas pelo poeta; as duas mortes ocorridas na narrativa; e, os lutos vividos pelas personagens da peça. Num segundo momento, serão apresentados pareceres teóricos da teologia relativos aos temas do sofrimento, em suas causas e em sua presença incontestável na realidade humana; da morte, entendida como parte constitutiva da vida e como expressão limite da existência; e do luto, enquanto expressão de amor do enlutado por aqueles que se foram. Essas proposições têm por objetivo acrescer à pesquisa a chave de leitura da peça teatral, a fim de desenvolver sustentação teológica para o diálogo pretendido. Num terceiro momento, a pesquisa realizará a síntese entre os dos campos do saber, a literatura e a teologia, demonstrando suas correspondências entre os temas do sofrimento, da morte e do luto em ambas e contribuições por elas oferecidas para o campo teológico. / [en] The present work seeks to develop another dialogue between theology and literature. Taking as reference the Christian eschatology and Orfeu da Conceição from Vinícius de Moraes, the research will speak about subjects such as suffering, death and mourning, related to each other in these main sources, with the intention to find contributions for a more relevant and accessible theology. At a first moment, information about the poet and his work will be taken into consideration, specifying information related to the piece theatrical with a view to demonstrate how it is expressed, and the poet s opinions about the subjects suffering, death and mourning. This will be examined: the issues related to violence present in the fights described by the poet; the two deaths occurred in the narrative; and, the mourning experienced by the characters in the play. At a second moment, theology theory related to the subjects suffering, in its causes and in its undeniable presence in human reality; death, understood as a constitutive part of life and as the limiting expression of existence; and mourning, as an expression of love of the mourner for those who are gone. These propositions are aimed at, for purposes of adding to the research the key of reading the play, seeking the development of theological support for the intended dialogue. At a third moment, the research will synthesize the fields of knowledge, literature and theology, demonstrating their correlations , between the themes of suffering, death and mourning in both, and contributions contributions they offer to the theological field.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:20:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Abstract.pdf: 7400 bytes, checksum: 36ed188a7e60b85b72107ac427523338 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-10-18 / O pentecostalismo brasileiro, em suas diferentes expressões, vem sendo intensamente investigado, por diferentes pesquisadores, devido ao seu expressivo crescimento no número de adeptos e à sua visibilidade em diferentes áreas. Tem sido demonstrado tanto seus aspectos positivos quanto suas incoerências, tanto sua dinâmica interna quanto seu relacionamento com a sociedade em geral, através de análises profundas e esclarecedoras. Porém, sobre a relação entre pentecostalismo e escatologia, somente tem sido apontada, indiretamente, sua importância nas origens do movimento pentecostal. Esta investigação buscou compreender a mentalidade dos pentecostais da Assembléia de Deus de Belo Horizonte (MG) relacionada à escatologia, nas três últimas décadas do século passado, por intermédio da análise de suas crenças apocalípticas e dos sentimentos e representações ligadas ao imaginário da suposta iminente volta de Cristo. Foram pesquisados depoimentos orais e fontes escritas.(AU)

Le paradis constitue un des aspects essentiels de chacune des deux religions. Imaginé comme un lieu de bonheur et de perfection, il est décrit à partir des réalités terrestres. C’est un lieu dont les textes bibliques et coraniques, les écrits des Pères de l’Église, les hadîths et la littérature ont fourni différentes présentations. Un lieu dont les visionnaires ont donné de surprenantes descriptions. Un lieu de beauté que les artistes n’ont cessé d’illustrer pendant des siècles. Le faire découvrir, comprendre ses multiples éléments a nécessité non seulement de l’insérer dans un contexte historique mais aussi de le situer dans un cadre eschatologique, en examinant les autres lieux de l’au-delà. Notre recherche a tenté une étude comparative de ces textes scripturaires dans le christianisme et dans l’islam. Il s’agit de confronter les données exégétiques, dogmatiques et iconographiques dans l’espoir de découvrir les approches respectives et les principales différences entre les visions du paradis et du monde de l’au-delà dans le christianisme et dans l’islam. À travers cette réflexion, il apparaît que l’imaginaire du paradis dans ces deux religions dépend dans une large mesure de la manière de concevoir les textes de référence et de les interpréter. Mais il reste toujours la question de savoir comment ce terme est utilisé aujourd’hui, surtout dans le monde islamique. L’aspect militant de cette thèse est une mise en question, voire une réfutation des promesses paradisiaques faites aux musulmans exerçant de nouvelles formes de violence qui suscitent une foule de candidats au meurtre. / Paradise is an essential aspect of both religions, for which earthly realities have been used to imagine a place of happiness and perfection. Its concepts are to be found in the Bible as well as the Quran, the writings of the Fathers of the Church, the hadiths and more general literature. Visionaries have reported stunning descriptions of it, and its beauties have never ceased to be illustrated by artists over the centuries. In order to discover, know, understand its multiple aspects, it has been necessary, not only to insert it into the context of history, but also to situate it in the realm of eschatology and to examine the other places of the great Beyond. Our research attempts to elaborate a comparative study between the Holy Scriptures of Christianity and Islam. We have confronted exegetic, dogmatic and iconographic data so as to find out the coherence inherent to each religion, hoping thereby to discover their specific approaches and the main differences between their own visions of Paradise and afterlife. Our reflection has led us to conclude that the images of Paradise in Christianity and Islam are derived from the way the texts are considered and interpreted. But the remaining question is the use of the word nowadays, particularly in the context of Islam. This dissertation thus questions, even refutes the promises of Paradise made to Muslims under the guise of new forms of violence calling forth crowds of candidates to murder.

Depuis que son statut scientifique a été établi à la fin du XVIIIème siècle, l'archéologie funéraire se trouve au centre des recherches sur les sociétés italiotes de Grande Grèce. Suscitant comme les vases l’admiration des élites culturelles, les marqueurs de tombe des nécropoles d’Italie du Sud se sont très tôt retrouvés dans les collections européennes et ont d'abord été étudiés par les historiens de l’art. En prenant en compte les questions de terminologie (bien qu'il soit moderne, le mot marqueur est pertinent) et sur la base d'un corpus d'environ 800 marqueurs patiemment réunis, cette recherche démontre qu'une étude minutieuse et méthodique des marqueurs enrichit la connaissance historique et ouvre de nouvelles perspectives. Ces édifices et objets avaient pour fonctions de signaler les tombes, définir le nouveau statut du mort et lui rendre hommage ainsi que de célébrer sa famille aux yeux des vivants. Ils donnent donc à voir des pans entiers et mal connus des sociétés italiotes et de leur genèse. Du Vème siècle avant J.-C., quand territoires grecs et indigènes commencent à échanger au sein d’une koinè italiote, au IIIème siècle avant J.-C., quand les Romains prennent pied dans la région, ils apportent des informations précieuses sur l’évolution des sociétés locales. Une étude confrontant l’ensemble des sources disponibles permet d’aborder des aspects importants des sociétés : mutations sociales, hiérarchisation des communautés et affirmation de pouvoir, relations entre Grecs et autochtones, phénomènes d’acculturation, rites funéraires et croyances eschatologiques. La thèse se présente en deux volumes destinés à être simultanément et complémentairement lus et consultés. L’un contient les fiches extraites de la base de données conçue pour l’étude du corpus : près de 800 marqueurs ou fragments de marqueurs. L’autre développe les analyses archéologiques et historiques. Après un état de la question historiographique, étymologique et méthodologique, l’étude examine le matériel du corpus dans une perspective principalement archéologique, en mettant l’accent sur les questions de contexte et en opérant éventuellement des confrontations avec les sources iconographiques et textuelles. Après avoir élaboré une typologie aussi méthodique et nuancée que possible des marqueurs, elle en exploite les acquis en deux synthèses. L’une est consacrée au concept même de marqueur de tombe (pourquoi et selon quels critères les Grecs marquent-ils leurs tombes ?), l’autre étudie les influences de la koinè méditerranéenne et du creuset italiote sur les marqueurs de Grande Grèce, afin de mieux comprendre les processus d’acculturation et de diffusion. / Since the scientific value of funerary archaeology has been acknowledged at the end of the XVIIIth century, it has been at the heart of research on Magna Graecia italiot societies. Because they aroused the cultural elite’s admiration, as much as the vases, grave markers from Southern Italia have been at a very early stage brought in European collections and first studied by art historians.Taking into account terminology issues (however modern, the term “marker” remains relevant) and based on a corpus of around 800 markers patiently put together, this study seeks to demonstrate that a methodical and meticulous analysis of the markers helps us to expand our historical knowledge and open new perspectives. These monuments and objects were there to indicate tombs, define the deceased’s new status and pay tribute to him, as well as praise his family in the eyes of the livings. They allow us to see, then, entire parts, which are little known, of the italiot societies and their origins. From the Vth century, when the interactions between Greek and indigenous territories start within the italiot koine, to the IIIrd century B.-C., when the Romans started to settle down in the region, these monuments give useful information about the evolution of local societies. Bringing together the whole range of the available evidence allows us to study important features of the societies: social mutations, communities hierarchy, power claims, relationships between Greek and native people, acculturation process, funerary rites and eschatological beliefs.This dissertation is divided into two volumes, which are to be read in a simultaneous and complementary way. One volume consists of the forms from the database designed for the corpus analysis: nearly 800 entire or fragmentary markers. The other one holds the archaeological and historical analyses. After stating the current status in historiography, etymology and methodology, this study looks into the corpus material, mainly from an archaeological point of view, focusing on contextualization, and sometimes comparing it with iconographic and textual evidence. In two overviews, the analysis then draws conclusions from a typology of the markers, made as methodical and critical as possible. The first one questions the concept of grave marker (why and according to which criteria do the Greeks mark their tombs?), the second one studies how the Mediterranean koinè and italiot melting-pot influenced the Magna Graecia markers, in order to have a better understanding of the acculturation and circulation processes.

[pt] O horizonte teológico, assim como a realidade humana, é um desafio a enfrentar na atualidade Para os cristãos, Jesus Cristo, suas palavras e ações se tornam a perspectiva por meio da qual se avalia a realidade. A dissertação tem como objeto o princípio cristológico na relação entre Criação e Salvação. Para tal, primeiramente, foi feita uma revisão dos textos bíblicos e da tradição sobre a criação do homem e sua relação com Deus, para evidenciar o direcionamento da criação para a salvação em Cristo. A Constituição Gaudium et Spes declarou que o fundamento do ser humano e do seu destino último só pode ser compreendido a partir do mistério de Cristo. A partir do princípio cristológico buscou-se apresentar o ministério de Jesus e a importância do tema do seguimento para evidenciar como o ser humano adquire sua identidade em Cristo. Por fim, através da discussão do significado teológico da ressurreição foi possível demonstrar que a esperança permanece radicada na vitória de Cristo, e, portanto, que já pode ser experimentada na perspectiva da produção de sentido para a vida humana, recuperando sua fonte mais genuína em Cristo. Concluiu-se que o ser humano é criado em Cristo, e traz em si a imagem de Deus que é Cristo, pois na encarnação o ser humano visualiza Aquele do qual foi criado imagem, Cristo, e o seu caminho no seguimento de Jesus participando do Reino de Deus. Por isso, Cristo é a identidade e a esperança do ser humano. / [en] The theological horizon, as well as the human reality, is a challenge today. For Christians, words and actions of Jesus Christ become the perspective through which one evaluates the reality. The Christological principle in the relationship between Creation and Salvation is the subject of this dissertation. To address this issue, first, a review of the biblical texts and the tradition on the creation of man and his relationship with God was made to show that the guidance of creation to salvation in Christ. In the Constituição Gaudium et Spes in order to find the essence of the human being and his destiny can only be understood through the mystery of Christ. The dissertation sought to present the Ministry of Jesus and the importance of the topic to highlight how the human being acquires his identity in Christ. Finally, by discussing the theological significance of the resurrection it was possible to demonstrate that hope remains rooted in Christ s victory and, therefore, may already be experienced in human life by recovering its most genuine source in Christ. Thus, it can be concluded that the human being is created in Christ and that he brings within the image of God, which is Christ, because in the human incarnation the human being sees Him from whom his image was created, Christ. The human being also sees his path in following Jesus participating in the Reign of God. Christ is the identity and human hope.