Les « sectes religieuses » en droit françaisEn général le syntagme « sectes religieuses » est peu employé en raison d'une association consubstantielle entre la « secte » et une dimension religieuse supposée. Or, il existe des « sectes » non religieuses qu'il est important de différencier des « sectes religieuses ». En effet, les « sectes religieuses » sont susceptibles de revendiquer des droits accordés aux confessions. Mais, si le droit français reconnait l'existence de « sectes religieuses », il opère par là même une distinction entre ces dernières et les Églises établies. En conséquence, outre les difficultés définitionnelles, la question se posait de savoir si le législateur français pouvait établir une telle distinction sans porter une atteinte grave et injustifiée à la liberté religieuse. La question se posait encore de savoir si cette distinction était nécessaire au regard des dérives « sectaires » dénoncées par plusieurs rapports d'enquête parlementaires et des associations antisectes. En définitive, nonobstant l'émergence d'une distinction jurisprudentielle entre les « sectes religieuses » et les Églises établies, une telle distinction ne saurait prospérer sans subir la condamnation de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme et des libertés fondamentales. De surcroît, l'efficacité du droit commun préventif et répressif conduit à conclure à l'inutilité de cette distinction. / « Religious sects » under French lawIn general the noun phrase « religious sects » is little used because of a consubstantial association between a sect and an assumed religious dimension. However, non-religious sects do exist and it is important to differentiate them from « religious sects ». Indeed, « religious sects » might claim rights granted to confessions. But if French law recognizes the existence of « religious sects » it makes at the same time a difference between these last ones and established churches. Consequently, apart from the difficulties in defining the former, the question arose, could French legislation establish such a distinction without causing serious and unjustifiable harm to religious freedom. Another question was if such a distinction was necessary because of « sectarian deviances » denounced by several parliamentary reports and anti-sects associations. Ultimately, notwithstanding the emergence of a jurisprudential distinction between religious sects and established churches, such a distinction could not prosper without being condemned by the European Court of Human Rights and Fundamental Liberties. In addition the effectiveness of preventive and repressive common law leads one to conclude that such a distinction would be of no use.

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Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a devastating disease that exhibits permanent lumen expansion typically in the infrarenal aorta. AAA is prevalent among aged population, especially in males. Despite the incidence in women is lower, studies indicate the tortuosity is more severe and aortic rupture risk is higher in women. In most patients, AAA remains asymptomatic until it ruptures leading to sudden and fatal hemorrhage. To date, there is no proven medical therapy that can prevent the expansion or rupture. Human observational studies implicate the presence of AAA is associated with both high plasma low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and low plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations. To examine the role of specific lipoproteins in development of AAA, angiotensin (Ang) II-induced AAA was firstly determined in apolipoprotein AI deficient (apoAI -/-) mice in both C57BL/6 and LDL receptor deficient (LDL receptor -/-) backgrounds. The deletion of apoAI led to a significant decrease of HDL-C concentrations. However, we were unable to define any exacerbation of AngII-induced AAA in either normo- or hyperlipidemic mice with apoAI deficiency. Next we compared AngII-induced AAA formation using multiple mouse strains with dietary manipulation to generate different severities of hypercholesterolemia. We demonstrated the apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins promoted the development of AngII-induced AAA. Moreover, ezetimibe administration significantly reduced both apoB-containing lipoproteins and AAA formation. Together, our studies demonstrate that elevated apoB-containing lipoproteins, contribute to the development of AngII-induced AAA. To investigate the role of apoB-containing lipoproteins on established AAA, male LDL receptors -/- mice fed a Western diet were infused with AngII for 4 weeks to induced AAA. Then mice with AAA were stratified into either a group maintained on western diet or switched to a normal diet. AngII infusion was continued for an additional 8 weeks. The diet switch resulted in significantly reduced plasma cholesterol concentrations, which was attributable to the decrease of apoB-containing lipoproteins. We found a profound inhibition of aneurysm progression in diet switched mice associated with attenuated macrophage accumulation and medial thickening. Collectively, our data demonstrate that apoB-containing lipoproteins promote the progression of established AAA.

This thesis examines the desire for inclusion in association football amongst minority ethnic communities in England. The thesis is based on two case studies informed by semi-structured qualitative interviews. These case studies focus on two minority ethnic groups, the Asian community in Bury and the black community in the City of Liverpool, and the relationship of these respective communities with local professional football clubs (specifically Bury FC and Everton FC). The thesis notes that despite, by most objective measures, football grounds being less dangerous places to visit nowadays, members of minority ethnic groups continue to reject live spectatorship. Such rejection exists despite evidence of engagement in football amongst the male members of these minority ethnic groups. Asian respondents expressed little civic pride in Bury or interest in Bury FC, and thus their rejection of spectatorship opportunities was unconscious. Data from black respondents identified widespread sense of belonging and identification with the City of Liverpool, but conscious rejection of spectatorship at Everton FC. Despite recognition of the clubs anti-racist work black respondents argued that the idea persists that Everton are institutionally racist with racist fans. While such a perception had also previously been ascribed to Liverpool FC (Everton s near neighbours), such perceptions had changed quicker at Liverpool FC, who appear more effective at attracting minority ethnic spectators. A number of factors emerged that contribute to the continued rejection of spectatorship amongst British minority ethnic groups at professional football clubs. One of these is the perception that football clubs are unwelcoming places and white spaces . Fear of racism and fear of violence were also often cited although these were found not to be absolute in nature for either minority ethnic group. Indeed, evidence from both groups found that they are developing their own we image rather than internalising their own group disgrace , though it is also argued that Elias and Scotson s notion of two groups, the established (white s) and the outsiders (blacks), is too simplistic and a more fluid conceptualisation is called for. Overall, the data illustrated that the identities of members of minority ethnic groups are complex, multifunctional, context specific and fragmented and thus so are their relationships with football.

Bakgrund: Övervikt och fetma är ett ökande problem i världen. Det finns idag flertalet faktorer som bidrar till att befolkningen blir överviktig, som bland annat en ökad tillgång till onyttig mat med hög fetthalt och en stillasittande livsstil. Övervikt och fetma är även en riskfaktor till flertalet sjukdomar som bland annat hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar. Syfte: Att belysa vedertagna metoder som kan främja viktnedgång bland vuxna individer med fetma och överviktsproblematik. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en litteraturöversikt där 15 artiklar har använts för att besvara studiens syfte och frågeställning. Sökningarna gjordes i databaserna Cinahl och PubMed. Resultat: Viktnedgång handlar till stor del om att ändra på levnadsvanor som kost och motion.Andra metoder som tycks främja viktnedgång är stresshantering och olika tekniska hjälpmedel som främjar individens egna förmåga. Även självövervakning i form av att skriva ner kaloriintaget varje dag och fysisk aktivitet i minuter hjälper individer till att gå ner i vikt. Motivation och utbildning om kost och motion är faktorer som främjar individernas egen förmåga till att gå ner i vikt. Slutsats: Det finns flertalet olika metoder som kan hjälpa individer att gå ner i vikt, att ändra kost och motionsvanor är en viktig grund. Trots att övervikt och fetma är ett växande problem världen över finns det lite forskning om vad sjuksköterskan kan göra för att hjälpa dessa individer och därför behövs mer forskning kring detta. / Background: Overweight and obesity is an increasing problem in the world. In today's society several factors contribute to the increase of overweight in the population, for instance an increase of fast food chains and a sedentary lifestyle. Overweight and obesity is a risk factor for several diseases such as cardiovascular diseases. Aim: To examine established methods that promote weight loss in overweight and obese adults. Method: The study was conducted as a literature review where 15 different articles were used to answer the purpose and research question of the study. The searches were made in the databases Cinahl and PubMed. Result: Weight loss is about changing lifestyle habits such as diet and physical activity. Other methods found to promote weight loss are stress management and technical tools which helped the individual to self-efficacy. Self-monitoring as writing down calorie intake and minutes of physical activity every day helped individuals to lose weight. Motivation and education about nutrition and exercise were factors which promoted individuals self-efficacy to lose weight. Conclusion: There are several methods that can help the individual to lose weight, to change lifestyle habits is an important basis. Even though overweight and obesity is a growing problem worldwide there is still little research about what the nurse can do to help those people and therefore more research is needed.

Film is a media genre that spreads around the whole world. In other words, it is a media genre that many people take part of. Something else that most people has experience about is being part of a group, and often groupings with a power configuration between itself and other groups. Previous research show that groups that is established in a specific social context has  a tendency to have an access to power over groups that are unestablished in that specific  social context. Previous research also show that the way films portrait different social phenomena can both influence the society and get influenced by the society where it is produced. It is therefore relevant to study how film portraits the social patterns that occur when an individual is in a, for the individual, new social context and make contact with a group that is already established in the specific social context. This study aims to analyze how this is portrayed in three Swedish films: Micke och Veronica (2014), Ondskan (2003) and Rallybrudar (2008). The methodological basis in this study has been a combination of comparative research, content analysis and critical discourse analysis. In the analysis of this study Erving Goffman’s (2014) dramaturgical analysis and Donald Broady’s (1998) notion of capital have been used to analyze the three films. Through the analysis of the three films it has shown that all of these films portraits a change in the relationship between the established and the unestablished groups. The unestablished are at first not accepted by the  established groups, but through integration and the unestablished symbolic assets the relationship transcends to an acceptance between the groups. / Film är en mediegenre som sprids över hela världen. Det är med andra ord en mediegenre som många tar del av. Någonting annat som de flesta människor har erfarenhet av är att vara en del av en grupp, och då ofta grupper där det råder ett maktförhållande mellan den egna och den andra gruppen. Tidigare forskning visar att grupper som är etablerade i ett specifikt socialt sammanhang tenderar att ha ett maktövertag över grupper som är icke-etablerade i det specifika sociala sammanhanget. Tidigare forskning visar även att hur film framställer olika sociala fenomen både påverkar och påverkas av samhället där de produceras. Det är därför relevant att undersöka hur film framställer de sociala mönster som uppstår då en individ befinner sig i ett för individen nytt socialt sammanhang och kommer i kontakt med en grupp som redan är etablerad i det specifika sociala sammanhanget. Denna undersökning syftar till att undersöka hur detta framställs i tre svenska filmer: Micke och Veronica (2014), Ondskan (2003) och Rallybrudar (2008). Den metodologiska utgångspunkten i undersökningen har  varit en kombination av komparativ metod, innehållsanalys och kritisk diskursanalys. I analysen i denna undersökning har Erving Goffmans (2014) dramaturgiska teori och Donald Broadys (1998) kapitalbegrepp använts för att analysera de tre filmerna. Genom analysen av de tre filmerna har det framgått att samtliga filmer skildrar en förändring i relationen mellan etablerade och icke-etablerade grupper. De icke-etablerade blir först inte accepterade av de etablerade grupperna, men genom integration och de icke-etablerades symboliska tillgångar övergår relationen till att innefatta acceptans mellan grupperna.

Introdução: A estratégia de tratamento baseado em metas tem sido extensamente estudada em pacientes com AR inicial. No entanto, estudos sobre os benefícios de longo prazo do controle de atividade de doença em pacientes com AR estabelecida ainda são escassos. Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade de longo prazo da estratégia de tratamento baseado em metas em pacientes com artrite reumatoide estabelecida na prática diária. Métodos: Pacientes com AR, previamente tratados de forma convencional, iniciaram estratégia de tratamento baseado em metas, sendo incluídos de março de 2005 a fevereiro de 2007 e acompanhados até dezembro de 2014. Os pacientes eram avaliados a cada 3 meses até remissão ou baixa atividade de doença serem alcançadas, e após a cada 6 meses. O tratamento seguiu um escalonamento de acordo com as recomendações vigentes. A atividade de doença foi mensurada através do DAS28 e do CDAI e a capacidade funcional, através do HAQ-DI. As informações foram extraídas pela revisão de formulários e de tabelas padronizadas. Variações na atividade de doença e na capacidade funcional foram comparadas pelo teste de Wilcoxon e Equações de Estimativas Generalizadas (GEE) A mortalidade foi avaliada através da curva de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: Duzentos e vinte e nove pacientes foram incluídos, com duração média de doença 10,6±7,4 anos. Dentre os pacientes em moderada e alta atividade de doença no início da coorte, houve significativa redução do DAS28 (4,6±0,1 vs. 3,1±0,1; p<0,001) e do CDAI (21,2±1,0 vs. 7,9±0,7; p<0,001). Também houve redução do HAQ-DI (1,3±0,05 vs 1,0±0,1; p<0,001). A proporção de pacientes em remissão ou em baixa atividade de doença aumentou de 20% para 62% pelo DAS28. Com a estratégia de tratamento baseado em metas, houve um aumento na proporção de pacientes em uso de biológico para 30%. A taxa de mortalidade foi de 24,2 por 1000 pacientes-ano, discretamente superior à descrita na literatura. Conclusão: A estratégia de tratamento baseado em metas com objetivo de remissão e de baixa atividade de doença é efetivo em pacientes com AR estabelecida. / Introduction: Treating RA to a target has become a landmark strategy to be pursued in every patient. Nonetheless, few studies have addressed the true long-term impact of a T2T strategy in a real-world setting with established RA patients. Objective. To examine the long-term effectiveness of a treat-to-target (T2T) strategy in patients with established rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in daily practice. Methods. Patients with RA who were previously given the standard of care were started on a T2T strategy between March 2005 and February 2007 and followed through December 2014. Participants were seen every 3 months until remission/low disease activity was achieved and every 6 months thereafter. Treatment escalation followed a step-up strategy, according to national recommendations. Disease activity was measured by the DAS28 score and Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI), and physical function by the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ). Data were extracted with standardized forms and a chart review. Changes in disease activity and physical function were compared using Wilcoxon’s test and generalized estimating equations. Mortality was analyzed using a Kaplan–Meier survival curve. Results. Two hundred and twenty-nine patients were included, with a mean (S.D.) disease duration of 10.6 (7.4) years. Significant reductions were observed in DAS28 (4.6±0.1 vs. 3.1±0.1; p<0.001), CDAI (21.2±1.0 vs. 7.9±0.7; p<0.001), and HAQ (1.3±0.05 vs 1.0±0.1; p<0.001) scores. The proportion of participants in remission/with low disease activity according to DAS28 increased from 20% to 62%. During implementation of the T2T strategy, a gradual increase in the proportion of participants using biologics was observed, to nearly 30%. The mortality rate was 24.2 per 1000 patient-years, slightly higher than that reported in other cohorts. Conclusion. A treat-to-target strategy aiming for remission or low disease activity is effective in patients with established RA.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how the socio-cultural forces, authenticity and transparency, have become integral parts of newly established fashion companies’ business model in Sweden. Previous researches have focused on how to redesign conventional fashion companies´ business models. From an academic approach, the problem discussion emphasize on lacking research in how newly established fashion companies have made authenticity and transparency integral parts in their business model. The purpose has been answered by asking the following questions; How have authenticity and transparency influenced the innovators of newly established fashion companies in Sweden? Which parts of the business model have been altered in order to demonstrate the company´s authenticity and transparency? Method: This study is based on qualitative research method with an abductive approach. The empirical data collection has been performed through seven interviews, five emails and two face-to-face deep interviews. The theoretical framework and literature review have primary been based on previous researches in the research area. Conclusions: This study shows that newly established fashion companies in Sweden have made authenticity and transparency integral parts in their business model. This is strongly influenced by the companies’ founder, their characteristics and ability to understand and translate socio- cultural forces and integrate them into their business model. The design of the clothes and fabric selection, production techniques and supply chain, marketing strategies and communication tools in the business model have been altered in order to demonstrate the company´s authenticity and transparency. These changes have been implemented in order to meet consumers’ newfound desire for authenticity and transparency. Cues of craftsmanship, traceability in the production techniques and supply chain, creating storytelling in the marketing strategies have been added in order to enhance the consumers’ experience of the company´s authentic and transparent attributes / Program: Textilt management, fashion management

During recent years, America’s attitude toward immigrants has become increasingly excluding. Previous research shows that it is common for illegal immigration and crime to be related to one another, although research shows that there is no relationship between them. The president of the United States, Donald Trump, is known for dividing the American people from the illegal immigrants. Therefore, this study analyses how Trump portraits the American people and the illegal immigrants. Further, the study analyses how he divides these groups from each other. The study is based on a qualitative content analysis where six speeches made by Trump is analysed. The results of the study show that Trump positively portrays the American people by saying they possess unique values. Unlike this, he portrays the illegal immigrants as people that commit crimes such as murder and sexual crimes. Trump also portraits the two groups by dividing them from each other. He does this by giving a positive picture of the American people at the same time as he gives a negative picture of the illegal immigrants. Further, he divides the groups by creating a feeling of unity between the American people through talking about shared culture, values, and an unique history. / Under de senaste åren har USA:s inställning blivit alltmer exkluderande gentemot immigranter. Tidigare forskning visar att det är vanligt att illegal immigration och brottslighet ställs i relation till varandra trots att forskning visar att det inte finns ett samband däremellan. Amerikas president Donald Trump omtalad för att skapa en uppdelning mellan det amerikanska folket och de illegala immigranterna. I relation till detta analyserar denna studie hur Trump framställer det amerikanska folket och de illegala immigranterna samt hur han separerar grupperna från varandra. Studien är baserad på en kvalitativ innehållsanalys där sex av Trumps tal analyseras. Studiens resultat har visat på att Trump ofta framställer det amerikanska folket på ett positivt sätt genom att säga att deras värderingar är unika. Till skillnad från detta framställs ofta de illegala immigranterna som mördare och sexualförbrytare. Han framställer grupperna även genom att separera dem från varandra genom att ge en positiv bild av det amerikanska folket samtidigt som han ger en negativ bild av de illegala immigranterna. Vidare separerar han grupperna genom att framkalla känslor av gemenskap hos det amerikanska folket genom att tala om att de delar en gemensam kultur, värderingar och historia som är unik.

<p>The purpose of this study is to map out and to analyze the spatial variation of female representation at the national level in established democracies. The aim is also to explain the variation in the female representation. The main questions that the paper tries to answer are:</p><p>1.How does women representation in established democratic parliaments vary?</p><p>2.Why does women representation in established democratic parliaments vary?</p><p>This study is a comparative and statistic study, i.e. a study that includes a bigger number of countries and where quantitative analysis methods are used in order to achieve comparative analyses. This study is both a descriptive and an explanatory study. The statistical method that is used in this study is mainly bivariat analysis and multivariat regression.</p><p>The results show that the variation in female representation in the established democracies is quite considerable. Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark and Netherlands feature high female representation at the national level during the period 1995-2005. The result also implies that the proportion of women in parliament increases during the current period. The result also shows that political institutions, socio-economic -and cultural factors, are important and necessary in order to explain the variation in female representation. The overall standards that can be discerned of the statistical analyses is that the proportion of women in parliament is higher in countries with a proportional electoral system, high number of parliament members, high socio-economic development (high HDI, GDI and GNP per capita) contemporary as the country introduced female suffrage in an early stage and have a more positive attitude toward female leadership.</p>