Le sujet de cette thèse analyse le droit qui encadre les mesures prises par l’Etat pour assurer la sécurité et, depuis peu, la sûreté dans les Etablissements Recevant du Public (ERP). En raison du rôle économique et social majeur que jouent les ERP particulièrement visés par des actes terroristes, les pouvoirs publics légifèrent pour assurer la sauvegarde des personnes et la protection des biens contre les risques d’incendie et les diverses menaces. Ce travail porte sur les textes réglementaires juridiquement imparfaits, alors que devant le juge administratif la responsabilité de l’Etat est engagée en cas de litige. Cette recherche diagnostique les domaines de ce droit administratif qui ont atteint leurs limites. Administrativement et techniquement, cette législation est devenue complexe et difficile à assumer aussi bien d’un point de vue institutionnel que financier et législatif. Une mission interministérielle a conclu qu’une grande réforme du droit opposable aux ERP n’est pas envisageable. Cependant, des changements s’opèrent depuis peu dans le droit français cette et cette étude prend en compte et propose une autre voie pour simplifier, moderniser et corriger le droit en vigueur. Celle-ci passe par la suppression des imperfections existantes, la mutualisation des moyens de sécurité-sûreté disponibles dans les ERP et la mutation du modèle actuel vers un droit plus libéral et jurisprudentiel. / The subject of this thesis is the analysis of the law governing the measures taken by the State to ensure security and, more recently, the safety in the Establishments Receiving the Public (ERP). Due to the major economic and social role of ERPs particularly targeted by terrorist acts, the Government has legislated for the safeguarding of persons and the protection of property against fire risks and threats. This work deals with legally imperfect regulatory texts, whereas before the administrative courts the liability of the State is incurred in the event of a dispute. This research diagnoses areas of this administrative law that have reached their limits. Administratively and technically, this legislation has become complex and difficult to assume from an institutional, financial and legislative point of view. An interministerial mission concluded that a major reform of the enforceable rights against ERPs is not feasible. However, since recently changes have been undertaken in the french law that this study takes into account and proposes another way to simplify, modernize and correct the existing law. This involves removing existing imperfections, pooling the security and safety resources available in the ERPs and changing the current model towards a more liberal and jurisprudential right.

Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of History, 2009. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-54).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2009. / Adviser: Ty Matejowsky. Includes bibliographical references (p. 34-39).

Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-07, Section: B, page: 4054. Adviser: Benjamin C. Amick. Includes bibliographical references.

The advert of social media has transformed the way in which tourism businesses operate especially in the marketing of tourism services. One major tourism sector which has been influenced by social media is the accommodation subsector. Hospitality businesses are now compelled to adopt social networks for marketing purposes to keep pace with changes in consumer behaviour. Previous research has indicated that, although social media is a new phenomenon in marketing, hospitality businesses such as accommodation facilities have embraced it for marketing purposes and the usage varies from one country to another. Prior studies have also shown that social networks are now considered a major source of information for tourists and influence their decision making process. Evidence from the literature shows that little work has been done to investigate the effectiveness of social networks in marketing accommodation services in Sub-Saharan Africa. Studies on adoption and usage of social networks in the accommodation sector in South Africa and Zimbabwe are limited. This study was done to address these knowledge gaps identified in literature. The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of social networks in the marketing of accommodation services in South Africa and Zimbabwe. To achieve this, two literature chapters provided an in-depth discussion on social media marketing as well as the influence of these networks on tourists‟ decision-making process. For the empirical survey, the study used an electronic questionnaire which was mailed to South African accommodation establishments. The same questionnaire was hand delivered by field workers in Zimbabwe from June 2013 to July 2014. A total of 129 and 134 were completed from South Africa and Zimbabwe respectively. Factor analysis was used to identify the dominant factors influencing usage of social networks and their effectiveness. The dominant factors were further tested using t-test, chi-square test and effect sizes calculation. The results from t-test and effect sizes computation revealed that there was a statistically significant difference in both the usage of social networks and the effectiveness of social networks in the two countries. Chi-square tests results further revealed that accommodation establishments in both countries were not extensively utilising social networks for marketing purposes and social networks were effective marketing tool in the accommodation sector. The major challenges highlighted by most accommodation establishments from both countries were, time constraints, lack knowledge on the use social networks for marketing and lack of commitment to sustain social media marketing efforts. Power cuts were also another challenge for the Zimbabwean accommodation establishments. This study did not only present theoretical contributions to accommodation establishments but practical recommendations were also made. Based on the results, this study made the following invaluable contributions: firstly a social media marketing framework was proposed. This framework contributes to the body of literature that could be used for future references in the field of social media marketing. The framework provides some necessary steps that can be followed when implementing social media marketing not only by accommodation establishments but with other similar businesses. Secondly, the study addresses the gap in literature by providing evidence from a developing country‟s perspective on the usage and effectiveness of social networks an area which has received little attention in hospitality research. Findings of this study can be used as a future reference by other researchers in the field of social media marketing on the African continent. Lastly, the study also shed light on how social networks can be utilised to influence tourists‟ decision-making process. / PhD (Tourism Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The advert of social media has transformed the way in which tourism businesses operate especially in the marketing of tourism services. One major tourism sector which has been influenced by social media is the accommodation subsector. Hospitality businesses are now compelled to adopt social networks for marketing purposes to keep pace with changes in consumer behaviour. Previous research has indicated that, although social media is a new phenomenon in marketing, hospitality businesses such as accommodation facilities have embraced it for marketing purposes and the usage varies from one country to another. Prior studies have also shown that social networks are now considered a major source of information for tourists and influence their decision making process. Evidence from the literature shows that little work has been done to investigate the effectiveness of social networks in marketing accommodation services in Sub-Saharan Africa. Studies on adoption and usage of social networks in the accommodation sector in South Africa and Zimbabwe are limited. This study was done to address these knowledge gaps identified in literature. The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of social networks in the marketing of accommodation services in South Africa and Zimbabwe. To achieve this, two literature chapters provided an in-depth discussion on social media marketing as well as the influence of these networks on tourists‟ decision-making process. For the empirical survey, the study used an electronic questionnaire which was mailed to South African accommodation establishments. The same questionnaire was hand delivered by field workers in Zimbabwe from June 2013 to July 2014. A total of 129 and 134 were completed from South Africa and Zimbabwe respectively. Factor analysis was used to identify the dominant factors influencing usage of social networks and their effectiveness. The dominant factors were further tested using t-test, chi-square test and effect sizes calculation. The results from t-test and effect sizes computation revealed that there was a statistically significant difference in both the usage of social networks and the effectiveness of social networks in the two countries. Chi-square tests results further revealed that accommodation establishments in both countries were not extensively utilising social networks for marketing purposes and social networks were effective marketing tool in the accommodation sector. The major challenges highlighted by most accommodation establishments from both countries were, time constraints, lack knowledge on the use social networks for marketing and lack of commitment to sustain social media marketing efforts. Power cuts were also another challenge for the Zimbabwean accommodation establishments. This study did not only present theoretical contributions to accommodation establishments but practical recommendations were also made. Based on the results, this study made the following invaluable contributions: firstly a social media marketing framework was proposed. This framework contributes to the body of literature that could be used for future references in the field of social media marketing. The framework provides some necessary steps that can be followed when implementing social media marketing not only by accommodation establishments but with other similar businesses. Secondly, the study addresses the gap in literature by providing evidence from a developing country‟s perspective on the usage and effectiveness of social networks an area which has received little attention in hospitality research. Findings of this study can be used as a future reference by other researchers in the field of social media marketing on the African continent. Lastly, the study also shed light on how social networks can be utilised to influence tourists‟ decision-making process. / PhD (Tourism Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The study aimed to investigate the food safety practices of HACCP and ISO2200 in food establishments in Tanzania, focused on knowledge (awareness) and management practices of food safety systems. The research randomly surveyed 200 food establishments from three regions in the country; only 113 managers completed the survey. Research conducted face-to-face by questioning knowledge (employees and managers), management practices (ISO 22000, HACCP and prerequisites programs, GMP and SSOP), and demographic information. Employees indicated to have more knowledge on the use of GMP (64.3 %) than HACCP (22.9%) and ISO22000 (15.4%) and training of employees was GMP (73.9 %), ISO22000 (19.2 %) and HACCP (27.1%). This knowledge was also measured by frequency of training results, which indicated inadequacy of twice per year almost 31.4 % for manager, and every 3 months (29.1%) employees. Management practices of food safety systems indicated HACCP practices were inadequately done by only 26.6 % of food establishments by validating quality assurance and monitoring systems. This also included the management pratices of barriers and benefits of food safety systems (ISO 22000 and HACCP). Barriers indicated poor confidence in suppliers to provide appropriate raw material (25.7 %), lack of government support (17.3 %) and the least 4% volume of paperwork. While, benefits indicated 68.6 % benefits as the highest with the lowest (22.7%) increase in product price. The improperbarrier implemenatation resulted into inadequate control of hazards under the HACCP program, only 40 % of the food establishments asserted all food in storage was protected from contamination. Prerequisite programs in food establishments were fairly managed, over 80 % had well-designed draining systems within their food establishments.The least (35.5%) had written sanitation standard operation procedure for cleaning and disinfectants. It is suggested that through job training, class training on food safety, and availability of resources, knowledge as well as management practices could be improved within food establishments. Further studies should focus on customer awareness, food vendors as well as single groups within the food industries.

In the 1990s, an educational reform changed the Swedish school market. The reform allows anyone with permission from the Swedish Schools Inspectorate to establish an independent school. The main objective of this paper is to examine how new establishments of independent upper-secondary schools affect the public school’s costs per student during the time period 2005 to 2014. Using application data, we can separate municipalities in which independent schools have been established and where they have not. This data allows us to estimate a Difference in Difference model where the treatment is a new establishment. The results reveal three key findings: first, on average, municipalities experience a cost decrease if new independent schools are established. Second, a common trend exists in the pre-period between the two types of municipalities. Third, decomposing the total public school cost per student, the establishment of new upper-secondary schools reduces teaching, equipment and healthcare costs. Further research should examine the political objectives on the municipality level for new establishments. In the future it may be important, from a policy perspective, that if municipalities are given a veto right in the establishment process, market competition will be determined based on political preferences.

Le régime de la tutelle sur les établissements publics, et les conditions de la coopération, appréhendées selon les critères classiques du droit administratif, ne permettent qu'une conduite imparfaite de la politique culturelle de l'État. Les établissements publics sont un objet : le ministère de la Culture établit avec ces personnes publiques dotées d'une autonomie des rapports inégaux qui ne peuvent fonder la mise en œuvre d'une politique publique cohérente.Les finances publiques enrichissent cependant le droit public et en modifient les instruments administratifs : la loi organique relative aux lois de finances crée de nouveaux rapports entre l'État et les entités en charge de l'exécution d'un service public. L'opérateur de l'État est le point d'entrée d'une gouvernance inédite et de l'introduction de la performance au sein des établissements publics nationaux. Par ailleurs, de nouvelles structures de coopération se mettent en place, qui enrichissent les critères de l'établissement public.La contractualisation de la performance, dont il convient d'étudier les possibilités de l'étendre aux structures de coopération, est un moyen de faire de l'établissement public un acteur de la gouvernance culturelle : de nouvelles connexions s'établissent, les gestionnaires des structures culturelles doivent rendre des comptes. En retour, la généralisation de cette dynamique de contractualisation serait un moyen pour l'État de mener une réflexion inédite sur la détermination et la conduite de la politique culturelle, à partir de ses modes de gestion. / The mode of supervision of public establishments, together with the cooperation conditions, understood on the basis of the classical criteria of administrative law, only allow for an imperfect conduct of the state's cultural policy. The public establishments are an object: The Ministry of Culture establishes relations with these public entities that are on unequal footing and cannot provide a basis for the implementation of a coherent public policy.However, public finances add to the wealth of public law and modify its administrative instruments : the loi organique relative aux lois de finances (Organic Law on Laws of Finance of August 1, 2001) establishes new relations between the state and the entities responsible for the implementation of a public service. The state operator represents the entrance point of a new governance that introduces the notion of performance within national public establishments. Further, new cooperation structures are being put into place that enrich the criteria of public establishments.The fact that performances are contractually defined – and the extension of this system to cooperation structure should be examined – can turn the public establishment into a player in the field of cultural governance: New connections are established, the managers of cultural structures are made accountable. In return, the wider application of this contracting dynamic would provide the state with a unique opportunity to reflect on how to determine and conduct a cultural policy based on these forms of managements.

[pt] O setor turístico tem apresentado grande importância econômica e impulsionado o crescimento dos estabelecimentos de hospedagem no Brasil. Esses estabelecimentos buscam se instalar em regiões reconhecidamente turísticas e com potencial para o turismo de negócios. Neste trabalho, os estabelecimentos de hospedagem do município Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, foram avaliados quanto a sua eficiência com uso da técnica de Análise por Envoltória de Dados (DEA) segundo a perspectiva dos clientes. Os valores dos outputs e inputs foram calculados a partir de observações contidas nas homepages dos estabelecimentos. Os modelos matemáticos CCR e BCC orientados a outputs foram resolvidos usando o pacote AIMMS para obter a eficiência de cada estabelecimento de hospedagem. Ao ordenar as unidades produtivas de acordo com o índice de eficiência, os estabelecimentos de pequeno porte e particulares tem a oportunidade de tomar como referência aqueles estabelecimentos que apresentaram eficiência máxima, e assim identificar e introduzir as melhorias necessárias de modo a não perderem mercado para os estabelecimentos de redes hoteleiras. Os resultados obtidos com DEA respondem ao grande questionamento desta pesquisa: os estabelecimentos de hospedagem de gestão familiar de Campos, RJ, precisam aprimorar seu desempenho, em relação aos serviços oferecidos a seus hóspedes, para se manterem competitivos no mercado diante do atual cenário em que se encontra o país? / [en] The tourism sector has shown great economic importance and stimulated the growth of lodging establishments in Brazil. These establishments seek to locate in regions with known potential for tourism and for business. In this work, the lodging establishments of the municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, are evaluated in respect to their efficiency from the perspective of customers, using the technique of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The input and output data were computed based on data collected from the establishments’ websites. The mathematical models CCR and BCC oriented to outputs were solve dusing the package AIMMS to get the efficiency of each facility hosting. By ordering the lodging establishments according to their efficiency scores, the small establishments, in general private, have the opportunity to refer to those establishments with maximum efficiency, and then identify and make the necessary improvements to stay competitive and to not lose market for the establishments of hotel chains. The results obtained with DEA respond to the great challenge of this research: the family-running lodging establishments of Campos, RJ, need to improve their performance, in relation to the service offered to their customers, in order to remain competitive in the market facing the current country scenario?