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There have been concerns about low educational achievement of ethnic minority students in China. Previous studies have explored this area, especially in regard to the relationship between economic backwardness and achievement. However, a new field of study examines ethnic identity being considered as a cause of low achievement. This study is to use meta-analysis to determine the aggregate results of current research on the effects of self-identity on ethnic minority students and their achievement in China. The literature has been collected through searching library holdings, and online electronic resource search. Different levels of identity construction are discussed. This thesis concludes that there is a significant relationship between ethnic identity and student achievement. The findings show that the issue of identity is especially significant to ethnic groups. However, current focus is still on monetary inputs of education and its relationship with achievement. Some recommendations are provided for future research.

Immigration to Sweden has increased in recent decades with low employment records of foreign-born, especially among females. It is a political challenge to integrate immigrants into the labour market and in the ongoing debate, an integration factor that has been put forward is immigrant’s adaption of the majority identity in the host country. Using data from the European Social Survey, this thesis investigates the female native-immigrant employment gap in Sweden and contributes to the debate about the relationship between ethnic identity and labour market-outcomes. The results indicate that it exists an interethnic employment gap and being an immigrant leads to an employment penalty of 10%. Further, ethnic identity is negatively correlated with employment probabilities. Having a strong identity being an immigrant decreases the probability of employment by 6%.

Rooted in adult identity development and social identity theories, this dissertation investigated the experiences of discrimination, ethnic and national identity, and psychological distress amongst immigrant adults (ages 40-64) in Canada. A mixed methodological approach was used to quantitatively investigate the links among discrimination, ethnic identity, and psychological distress as well as the links between social identity and identity management strategies. Open-ended questions and thematic analysis were used to identify the ways in which discrimination affects participants’ sense of belonging and connection to their ethnic group and Canadian society. The findings of this dissertation highlight the major protective function of (ethnic and national) identity affirmation, both in buffering discrimination-related stress and guiding the selection of adaptive identity management strategies. Equally, the qualitative work provides insight into the myriad of ways that individuals protect their sense of self when faced with discrimination. A major contribution of this work is an evaluation of the applicability of existing identity theories to adults in midlife and the integration of a number of disparate areas of identity theory. Clinical and policy implications as well as future directions for research are discussed. / Graduate

L’Afrique de l’Ouest est marquée par une urbanisation littorale croissante, née en plein contexte d’extraversion économique sous la colonisation. Partout dans le monde, on constate désormais une similitude des activités humaines ayant une influence sur cet espace littoral : à des activités identiques, pourtant, des réponses diverses sont observées. L’objet de cette thèse est d’étudier la gestion du littoral dakarois, en partant des interactions entre ses différents acteurs - professionnels de la pêche artisanale, acteurs publics locaux, experts, usagers du littoral et résidents. Les injonctions à faire de la « bonne gouvernance », les cadres juridiques qui sont en train de se mettre en place au Sénégal en matière d'appropriation et de protection du littoral, les débats sur la gestion locale et participative, représentent autant de figures imposées, de normes véhiculées à l'échelle mondiale qui tendent à désigner un contexte de gestion littorale locale difficile dans ce pays. Le terrain d’étude est construit à l’échelle de quelques quartiers, correspondant aux anciens villages lébous. Ces lieux sont avant tout ceux de dépositaires de l'histoire locale, emblématiques de la fabrique populaire des villes africaines. Les pratiques observées sur ces territoires nous orientent vers les débats relatifs à l'autochtonie et aux identités ethniques. Cette recherche est composée d’un travail écrit, et d’un webdocumentaire, l’un venant compléter l’autre. / West Africa is marked by increasing urbanisation in its coastal areas, a phenomenon born out of the expansion of international trade in the colonial era. From this point onwards, we can note a likeness in the human activities that have an influence on coastal zones everywhere on the planet, although diverse responses to identical activities can also be observed. The subject of this thesis is the organisation of Dakar’s coastline, and it takes the interactions that go on between the city’s different stakeholders as its starting point, be they professionals of traditional fishing practices, local authorities active in the public sphere, technical and development experts, people who use the coastal area or residents. Pushes to impose ‘good governance’, the introduction of judicial frameworks that manage the appropriation and protection of coastal spaces and debates around local and participative control of such areas are developments that represent norms driven on a global scale which are then imposed on a local level. Such phenomena have tended to create a context of coastal management that is tenuous in Senegal. The field of study is built around several neighbourhoods that correspond to former Lebou villages, sites that belong above all to the custodians of local history and that are emblematic of the way the working classes have participated in the fabrication of African cities. The practices observed in these territories lead us into debates regarding indigenous sovereignty and ethnic identity. This piece of research includes a written thesis and a web documentary that together form a complete work

Research Report submitted for the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Migration African School of Migration and Society (ACMS) University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2018 / This research report examines the everyday effects of Israeli policies and state practices (relating to rights to live in the city) on the lives of Palestinians in Jerusalem. It engages with state policy and practice across three main scales; the larger scale level of rights to the city itself, the closer-to-home scale of bureaucratic threats against the family home, as well as the micro-scale questions of the everyday. In this report I examine empirical evidence – a case study of a house demolition, and ethnographic material from a Palestinian neighbourhood targeted for settlement projects - alongside the policy data that relates to each of these instances- including policy on land-zoning, tenancy, residency and social security. I argue that the cumulative effect of these policies and practices create the unstable conditions, which I refer to as a ‘coercive environment’, which works to indirectly displace Palestinians from Jerusalem. This report shows that the daily uncertainties that Palestinians experience as a result of these policies intensify the precarious conditions of everyday life, and further finds uncertainty as one of the multiple forms of violence present in the coercive environment. Themes including everyday anxiety, security and fear, punishment and criminalization, procedural bare life and emotional violence, arise from the empirical data observed and collected, and are examined for how they create uncertainty and form part of this coercive environment. / XL2019

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Research on bilingualism in a number of social science disciplines has reported an association between bilingualism, ethnic identity, and ethnic attitudes - causality has often been attributed to bilingualism. This research has been criticized on methodological grounds. There is a dearth of information concerning the relationship between bilingualism, ethnic identity, and ethnic attitudes in specific communities, regions, or societies since there have been very few studies of the social psychological aspects of bilingualism based on survey research methods. Yet another critique of previous research is that the theoretical framework in which reported findings have been couched has remained untested or that they have remained implicit. These theoretical underpinnings are explored and assessed. The data for the thesis came from a sample survey of greater Montreal conducted in 1973, from a survey of the Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area conducted by the York Survey Research Center in late 1974 and early 1975, and from a secondary analysis of the Ethnic Relations Study, carried out for the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism in 1965. The analytic methods used are crosstabulation and partial correlation. It was found in the analysis of all three surveys, which were carried out at different points in time and which used slightly different measures of the independent and dependent variable, that the association between bilingualism and ethnic identity is not strong, and that it varies from one mother tongue group to the other. This indicates that causality cannot be attributed to bilingualism. The analysis of the Ethnic Relations Study revealed that with intergroup contact and demographic context held constant, the relationship between bilingualism and ethnic identity is extremely weak. Bilinguals, it emerged, tend to identify with both language groups mainly where they are in contact with the other group and in contexts where the other group constitutes the demographic majority. With regard to the relationship between bilingualism and ethnic attitudes, it was found that there were weak associations between bilingualism and social distance, and bilingualism and ethnic prejudice. However, these all but disappeared when intergroup contact and demographic context were controlled. The theoretical debate, which has continued over the past several decades, concerning whether or not causality of these relationships can be attributed to bilingualism may still continue; however, the evidence presented in the dissertation indicates that' causality cannot be attributed to bilingualism. Further, unicausal social psychological theories attributing such findings to the effects of the internalization of a second linguistic system would seem to be manifestly inadequate. Future theoretical efforts in this area of research ought to be of the kind which span disciplinary boundaries, assume multicausality, and lend themselves to operationalization. It ·is suggested that group membership theory may provide a fruitful point of departure. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This meta-analysis provided a synthesis of the research examining the relationship between the construct of ethnic identity and global well-being, variously measured. The aims of this systematic review were to ascertain the overall magnitude of the association between ethnic identity and well-being, as well as to explore the impact of moderating variables on the association. A total of 184 studies were analyzed, resulting in an omnibus effect size of r = .17, suggesting a modest but statistically significant relationship between these two constructs. Younger participants demonstrated a stronger relationship between ethnic identity and well-being. Participants in the low acculturation category demonstrated a markedly weaker relationship. Self-esteem and other well-being measures were correlated with ethnic identity, while measures of mental health symptoms were not. Therapists may benefit by recognizing the salience of ethnic identity for some clients, especially those in the adolescent age range where identity development is a critical task. However, therapists might also consider that ethnic identity is but one component of both identity and well-being; many other factors also contribute to these characteristics.

This study examined whether Finnish immigrants show evidence of assimilation or if they have maintained their ethnic culture in the United States. More specifically, the purpose was to examine how the ethnic culture has been maintained and the ways that ethnic identity manifests itself in their life stories. Ten qualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted with Finnish immigrants and children of Finnish immigrants, and emerging themes were identified in the data. The results indicate a strong ethnic identity among Finnish immigrants, yet it appears to be a very much taken for granted experience for them. The immigrants' lives were influenced by their ethnicity in that they lived in predominantly Finnish areas, preferred Finnish as their daily language, participated in Finnish activities, especially the Lutheran church, followed customs, and kept regular contact with friends and family in Finland. One of the major differences between the immigrants and children of immigrants was their language use. The norms and policies have been that ethnic groups will assimilate; yet this cohort of Finnish immigrants demonstrates a high level of maintenance of their ancestral culture, thus providing support for Cultural Pluralism. Future studies should address the specific organizations, mainly the Lutheran church, and its influence on the maintenance of Finnish culture, and future studies should address the meaning of language in more detail.