Ticks are the most common external parasites of economic importance in the livestock farming sector of Southern Africa. They are vectors of tick-borne diseases and are commonly controlled using conventional acaricides, which are expensive and not readily available to resource-limited farmers. As a result many resource-limited farmers resort to use of alternative materials to control ticks on their livestock. Tick resistance to acaricide is an increasing problem in Southern Africa and poses a real economic threat to livestock and veterinary pharmaceutical industries. The objective of this study was to document and validate the ethno-veterinary remedies used as alternative methods of controlling cattle ticks by resource-limited farmers. A questionnaire survey was conducted in May 2007, at Qolora by-Sea and Nontshinga in Centane district, to determine tick control methods used by resource limited farmers in the Amathole District Municipality of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo experiments were done to validate the acaricidal properties of ethnoveterinary remedies used by resource-limited farmers. Ticks were reported to be a major problem, transmitting diseases like anaplasmosis (89.8%), babesiosis (55.9%) and ehrlichiosis (16.9%), they also cause wounds that predispose cattle to screwworm infestation, tick worry and teat damage. All farmers used acaricides and dipping tanks provided by the government to control ticks, as the main tick control method. However, the majority (94.9%) were of the opinion that the dip wash was not effective in controlling ticks. As a result, farmers complemented the government dipping service with use of own initiatives like spraying with conventional acaricides (22%), household disinfectants such as Jeyes fluid (18.6%), used engine oil (10.2%), chickens feeding on ticks (5.1%), manual iv removal (5.1%), and pouricides (1.7%). In addition, some farmers also use plants (6.8%), mainly the leaf of Aloe ferox and the bark of Ptaeroxylon obliquum. The in vitro repellency models showed Jeyes fluid (76.8 and 100% concentrations) and P. obliquum (40%) had repellent properties that lasted 6 hours and 40 minutes respectively while that of, Tabard (35% diethyltoluamide) positive control, lasted for 4 hours when applied against nymphal stages of Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks. In the contact bio-assay, undiluted used engine oil, T. minuta oil (50%), Ektoban® (Cymiazol 17.5% and cypermethrin 2.5%) and Jeyes fluid (76.8%) caused higher tick mortality of more than 86%. Other materials (A. ferox, Lantana camara and Tagetes minuta) had no repellence and acaricidal properties. In the in vivo study, Jeyes fluid at a concentration of 76.8% and used engine oil displayed efficacy of 71 and 76.4% respectively which was similar to that of the positive control Ektoban® at 97.8% tick load reduction. Among plant materials L. camara at 40% concentrations had an efficacy of 57% while A. ferox, P. obliquum and T. minuta were not effective at all. The remedies used by resource-limited farmers to control ticks vary in efficacy. Their ability to reduce tick load on cattle appears to be promising and a welcome development as their use could probably reduce tick burdens in cattle with less expenditure. However, further investigations need to be done before they are recommended for use. Despite being effective some of the materials have potential toxic effects in animals and also cause environmental contamination and I recommend used engine oil, Jeyes fluid and L. camara for further testing as they showed some efficacy compared to other remedies.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-11T12:27:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Luiz Borba do Nascimento.pdf: 978431 bytes, checksum: 49c2180e9ca028c507651f91729bc424 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-11T12:27:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Luiz Borba do Nascimento.pdf: 978431 bytes, checksum: 49c2180e9ca028c507651f91729bc424 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-29 / Plants and animals are used as important medicinal resources by rural communities worldwide. Its uses can result in impact to biodiversity. However studies that seek to understand the interaction between these two resources in the same local medical system are nonexistent. An important tool for this type of research is the utilitarian redundancy model, because it allows us to evaluate how the richness of medicinal resources is distributed among the different therapeutic targets, indicating possible overlapping of use between plants and animals and revealing species that could suffer a higher use pressure. This model also involves issues related to resilience, predicting that therapeutic targets with a smaller arsenal of species would be more vulnerable to changes in local medical systems. In this context, this study aims to investigate the relationships between the use of medicinal plants and animals and the traditional medical system of Horizonte, which is an extractive community located in the Environmental Protection Area of FLONA Araripe - Apodi in the semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil. We found that most of the therapeutic targets treated by animal substances are overlapped, i.e., are also treated by plant substances, and these targets concentrate most of medicinal resources. They are perceived as very usual, although considered a little dangerous. This similar behavior of people using medicinal plants and animals reflect in the formation of a common core of knowledge, shared by most of the community. Furthermore, the population considers plants and animals equally effective in curing overlapped therapeutic targets. However, plants are used mostly due to their greater availability. The data also indicates that women have more knowledge about medicinal resources closer to their residential area; a space where they spend more time due to their responsibilities in taking care of the families. On the other hand men know more about medicinal resources related to forests; spaces often more visited by them. This occur because they are responsible for supporting their families, fact that leads them to frequently explore these areas. The results indicate the existence of general patterns related to the use of medicinal resources, in which the energy optimization, perceived priorities, spaces occupied and social functions seem to guide the use, collection and the sharing of knowledge of medicinal plants and animals; attributing greater resilience and adaptability to the local medical system. / Plantas e animais são utilizados como importantes recursos medicinais por comunidades rurais em todo o mundo. Seus usos podem implicar em impactos a biodiversidade, no entanto, trabalhos que busquem entender a interação entre esses dois recursos no mesmo sistema médico local são inexistentes. Uma importante ferramenta para esse tipo de investigação é o modelo de redundância utilitária, por permitir avaliar como a riqueza de recursos medicinais é distribuída entre os diferentes alvos terapêuticos, indicando possíveis sobreposições de uso entre plantas e animais, podendo revelar as espécies que poderiam sofrer maior pressão de uso. Esse modelo implica também questões relativas à resiliência, prevendo que alvos terapêuticos com um menor arsenal de espécies, estariam mais vulneráveis a alterações nos sistemas médicos locais como perda de espécies. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo objetiva investigar as relações no uso de plantas e animais medicinais no sistema médico tradicional da comunidade extrativista Horizonte situada na Área de Proteção Ambiental da FLONA Araripe – Apodi, no semiárido do Nordeste brasileiro. Foi encontrado que a maioria dos alvos terapêuticos tratados por animais são sobrepostos, ou seja, também tratados por plantas, sendo esses alvos os que concentram maior riqueza de recursos medicinais. Os alvos que possuem grande acúmulo de espécies em seu tratamento são percebidos como muito frequentes, embora considerados pouco perigosos. Essa tendência semelhante de uso de plantas e animais medicinais pelas pessoas se refletem na formação de um tronco comum de conhecimento bem compartilhado pela comunidade. Além disso, a população considera plantas e animais igualmente efetivos na cura de alvos terapêuticos sobrepostos, no entanto, plantas são mais usadas devido a sua maior disponibilidade. Os dados indicam ainda, que mulheres demonstram conhecer mais sobre os recursos medicinais mais próximos das residências, espaço que as mesmas passam maior tempo devido a sua responsabilidade no cuidado da família, enquanto, que os homens conhecem mais sobre recursos medicinais ligados a floresta, espaço visitado com maior frequência pelos mesmos que são responsáveis por prover o sustento da família, o que os leva a explorar mais essas áreas. Os resultados indicam a existência de padrões gerais relacionados ao uso de recursos medicinais, no qual a otimização energética, percepção de prioridades, espaço ocupado e função social, parecem guiar o uso, a coleta e a divisão do conhecimento de plantas e animais medicinais, atribuindo maior resiliência e adaptabilidade ao sistema médico local.

This dissertation is concerned with the analysis of a late portion of the Crescent Beach shell midden (DgRr 1 ) situated on Boundary Bay in the southern Fraser River Delta of British Columbia. The basic objectives of this study are the recovery and analysis of shell midden layers and their constituents to obtain information on Coast Salish subsistence activities, and to initiate a better understanding of shell midden formation. The cultural history of the Strait of Georgia region is viewed as a 5,000 year long Tradition of Coast Salish Cultures. To place the archaeological materials from Crescent Beach in their proper cultural ecological perspective, the environmental, ethnographic and archaeological setting of the site and surrounding region is examined. The historic ecological communities of Boundary Bay are reconstructed and the abundance and availability of species of economic value determined. Ethnographic Coast Salish Culture and economic strategies are examined and possible settlement patterns reconstructed for Boundary Bay. To assist in identifying subsistence activities at Crescent Beach a shell midden model is presented outlining the systemic and archaeological transformation processes responsible for the site's development. In light of this model and the above environmental and ethnographic data the most probable seasons of site occupation are suggested. Archaeological data were recovered by the hand trowel excavation of a block of shell midden layers and the matrix, provenienced within a 0.25 m2 unit, was waterscreened through a 1.45 mm mesh screen. In total some 24 m3 of shell midden weighing 28.8 t were excavated. Recove of midden constituents was accomplished through a multiple tier sampling system. Radiocarbon estimates of 1350 to 480 B.P., place the 31 layers recovered from Crescent Beach in the Developed Coast Salish Culture. Seasonality dating of shellfish growth patterns and analysis of layer constituents indicate the site was a shellfish and herring harvesting camp occupied in February and March. Layers recovered from Crescent Beach reflect shellfish and herring processing (steaming, sorting, refuse discard, and meat preservation) as well as the immediate consumption of other foods. Artifacts indicate the manufacture, mostly in bone and antler, of tools used in fishing, woodworking and hide processing, the latter two activities conducted at the site. Procurement of shellfish, crab and most fish species probably took place along the 3 km stretch of beach south of the site where present ecological communities contain identical resources as found in the site. Petroglyphs and a fort-lookout site also attest to the use of this area. Shellfish were the most common faunal remain, followed by a much lesser quantity of fish, waterfowl and some large mammals. In addition to the Crescent Beach site, the Deep Bay site (DiSe 7) and Shoal Bay site (DcRt 1) may also be seasonal shellfish and herring harvesting camps, and it is suggested that Whalen II (DfRs 3) and the Locarno Beach site (DhRt 6) may have had similar uses. This evidence and the fact additional seasonal sites dating to the Locarno Beach Culture have been identified indicates the Proto-Coast Salish had a specialized economic system by 3,500 B.P. and possibly earlier. Indications of social ranking are also evident by this time. The approach followed in this study indicates accurate information on economic strategies may be obtained from shell middens. Where research is interested primarily in seasonality, settlement pattern and subsistence the controlled excavation of small blocks of shell midden layers, fine mesh water screening, and analysis of small numbers of shell samples will be adequate. This has important implications for the study and resource management of the shell middens of the Strait of Georgia region. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

L’espace et le quotidien des personnes autochtones vivant dans les communautés au Québec – et plus largement au Canada – sont fortement marqués par la présence des chiens qui s’y promènent librement, pouvant laisser croire qu’ils sont systématiquement errants lorsqu’ils sont observés d’un point de vue extérieur. Ainsi, la cohabitation humain-chien est parfois décrite comme étant problématique et soulève des enjeux de santé et de sécurité publique pour les vétérinaires ou les médias. Bien que plusieurs recherches précédentes aient eu pour objectif de régler les « problèmes de chiens » dans les communautés autochtones, peu d’entre elles ont cherché à comprendre l’émergence de ce phénomène. Ce mémoire tente d’éclairer cet angle mort de la recherche en présentant les résultats d’un terrain ethnographique effectué dans les communautés innues d’Ekuanitshit-Mingan, sur la Côte-Nord du Québec, et – plus brièvement – de Natuashish, au Labrador, à l’été 2022. Ancrée dans une perspective anthropologique, cette étude propose une lecture différente des « problèmes de chiens » en valorisant le point de vue interne des Innus par rapport à l’émergence de ce phénomène dans leur société. En combinant les approches ethnohistorique et ethnoéthologique, cette recherche de nature ethnozoologique propose de parcourir l’histoire de ce groupe autochtone et de comprendre les continuités et les transformations des rapports entre les Innus et leurs chiens entre le nomadisme et la sédentarisation. Les conclusions de ce mémoire permettent de comprendre que les « problèmes de chiens » en contexte innu sont une conséquence indirecte de la colonisation et constituent donc un problème colonial. / The space and daily life of indigenous people living in communities in Quebec – and more broadly in Canada – are strongly marked by the presence of dogs, which roam freely, giving the impression that they are systematically strays when observed from the outside. As a result, human-dog cohabitation is sometimes described as problematic, raising public health and safety issues for veterinarians and the media. While much previous research has focused on resolving “dog problems” in aboriginal communities, little of it has sought to understand the emergence of this phenomenon. This dissertation attempts to shed light on this research blind spot by presenting the results of an ethnographic fieldwork conducted in the Innu communities of Ekuanitshit-Mingan, on Quebec's Côte-Nord, and – more briefly – of Natuashish, in Labrador, during the summer of 2022. Rooted in an anthropological perspective, this study proposes a different reading of “dog problems” by valuing the Innu's own perspective on the emergence of this phenomenon in their society. By combining ethnohistorical and ethnoethological approaches, this ethnozoological research proposes to explore the history of this indigenous group and to understand the continuities and transformations in the relationship between the Innu and their dogs between nomadism and sedentarization. The conclusions of this dissertation allow us to understand that “dog problems” in the Innu context are an indirect consequence of colonization, and therefore constitute a colonial problem.