The thesis analyzes measures adopted and applied by the EMU crisis management in years 2010 to 2012, that means at a time when debt and currency crisis was affecting the euro area countries the most. The main focus is dedicated to the rescue mechanism EFSF and expansive monetary policy of ECB as these crisis management tools were used for stabilization of the debt situation in Ireland, Portugal and Greece. Analyzing of these tools leads to assess their contribution to selected country and to European monetary union as a whole. The final part is devoted to possible solutions for the debt crisis and to the future of the eurozone and the common currency.

Dans un contexte de plus en plus concurrentiel, fortement influencé par les événements géopolitiques internationaux, et par l'évolution des goûts et des aspirations, le Mashrek occupe toujours une position touristique majeure aux niveaux régional et international. Ce projet facilite-t-il le dialogue entre les cultures? Il est bon de se pencher à nouveau sur le patrimoine commun du Bassin méditerranéen. Le 1er aspect important, c'est de redécouvrir ce patrimoine partagé afin que chacun puisse se réapproprier son propre patrimoine (un des objectifs de l'UPM " Union Pour la Méditerranée "). Il y a un grand lien entre le Mashrek et les besoins des Partenaires euro-méditerranéens dans le domaine touristique. Même si le tourisme, surtout dans contexte de coopération, permet aux gens de dialoguer et de surmonter la question des frontières, il ne faut pas occulter des blocages d'une autre nature. Cette question est très pertinente! Lors de la conception du projet, de manière à impliquer tous les acteurs et leurs besoins, c'est sans doute un avantage du programme, sur le plan de la conception du projet. Un renouveau touristique au Mashrek qui s'adapte continuellement à la réalité et introduit des modifications, ce qui permet de prendre en compte des études préalables afin de réorienter le projet en fonction des besoins, c'est une des clés de la réussite, dont la dimension régionale est une valeur ajoutée. L'aide de l'UE se révélera très précieuse à cet égard afin de huiler les synergies! Et les premiers signes concrets se manifestent: L'échange et l'ouverture d'esprit, c'est le fruit du commerce du tourisme.

<p>No presente trabalho explica-se o fundo histórico da entrada de Portugal na União Europeia e a introdução do Euro em Portugal, e realiza-se um estudo comparativo das cotizações da inflação, do juro de longo prazo, do défice público, da dívida púlica e do Produto Interno Bruto, que se registrou em Portugal antes e depois da introdução do Euro em 1 de Janeiro de 1999. Estes dados comparam-se com os dados correspondentes dos chamados países Euro 12, para ver se a introdução do Euro foi vantajosa para a economia portuguesa – o que é a hipótese no presente estudo. A hipótese é verificada quanto aos juros longos e ao crescimento do Produto Interno Bruto, mas rejeitado quanto ao desenvolvimento da inflação, do défice público e da dívida pública. A introdução do Euro em Portugal levou consigo umas vantagens de peso no domínio económico e político, que se devem considerar quando se fala de se a introdução do Euro foi vantajosa para a economia portuguesa. Uma suposta sensação mental do português de por fim ter escohlido o caminho para o futuro e de ser uma parte da Europa também é importante quanto à verficação da hipótese.</p>

<p>This thesis attempts to assess the security aspect of the Barcelona Process (Process), or so called Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EMP) within the theoretical framework of new regionalism and the Copenhagen School (Security complex theory) which agrees with neo/realism, neo-liberal institutionalism and constructivism in some aspects. The end of the Cold War broadened the security agenda and new security concerns emerged. Actually, most of the so- called security threats are not new, but the perception of them by the states has changed with globalization which increased the interconnectedness and density of the interaction. Global challenges have made states more vulnerable so appreciated the cooperative interaction at regional level. Comprehensive and cooperative security approaches gained importance and led regional security partnership among states. The construction of Euro-Mediterranean security partnership is one case stemming from the high level of interdependence between the European and the Mediterranean countries. The historical ties, economic dependency, geographical proximity increased the EU’s interest towards the Mediterranean. While new regionalism enables to grasp systemic factors in the Process, the Copenhagen School permits to understand security partnership at the regional level. The rise of illegal immigration flows and religious fundamentalism in the Mediterranean as well as tension in the Middle East conflict, the Iraqi War, and terrorist attacks to the US, Algeria and recently Turkey appreciated the importance of the EMP policy and security cooperation so make this study more crucial. </p><p>This study showed that the security challenges in five sectors of the security defined by the Copenhagen School are observable in the EMP’s case. Both military and non-military concerns threaten the stability and prosperity in the Mediterranean Basin. The three baskets of the EMP depict its comprehensive security approach. Having made an overview of the Barcelona Process, the thesis evaluated the security challenges in general and the thematic areas of concerns in depth. Since security cannot be defined without reference to the perceptions and security cultures of the actors, the study examined the perceptions and security cultures in the EMP. </p><p>The evaluation of the EMP showed that the EMP has shown certain developments on the way for the security cooperation. However, it could not produce tangible results due to the fundamental shortcomings categorized as inter and intra-institutional incoherence, definitional/perceptional problems and multi- actor involvement in the region. The lack of institutional structures, asymmetrical relations among partners, unbalanced distribution of powers and lack of commitment of the EU are crucial problems. On the basis of all problems lie the gap between the perceptions and security culture of Europe and the Arab world. Thus, this thesis emphasizes the enhancement of inter- subjective understanding and cultural dialogue in order to improve trust and interaction among partners. The EMP is on right track to build zone of peace in the Basin, but it requires longue durée to achieve this.</p>

Our dissertation tried to gain insight on the possible implications of the euro behavior and the EMU economic activity on the economies of typical Sub-Saharan African countries in a bipolar international monetary system. Chapter 1 has built a three country model in which an interdependent monetary policy game between two big economies, especially that of the United States and the EMU, has an impact on outcomes of a small country monetary policy. It was found that cooperation between big country monetary policymakers is beneficial for the small country whenever the shocks affecting big country economies imply changes in the euro-dollar exchange rate. Chapter 2 has dealt with the issue of the sustainability of pegging an African currency to the euro as EMU monetary authorities pursue a ``low inflation' policy and asymmetric shocks affect the anchor and the pegging country. Our model indicated that the key factor of this longevity is the virtual convertibility granted by the French Treasury to the CFA franc. Moreover, it appears that structural asymmetries are likely to make the currency peg to the euro more restraining. In Chapter 3, the relationships between EMU and Sub-Saharan Africa's countries are empirically investigated. This chapter showed that despite the appealing theoretical relations suggested by trade flows, the EMU business cycle and the European product prices have a limited impact on African country economies. But in the monetary area, the European Central Bank monetary policy leads significantly that of African countries according to the available data. African inflation performances follow that of EMU after some lags. This result confirms the ``operation account' mechanism effect which allows African countries to momentarily have a worse inflation performance without any devaluation. Chapter 4 empirically tackles the possible impact of euro-dollar exchange rate variations on Sub-Saharan Africa's country trade balances. After providing a theoretical model of a typical Sub-Saharan African country trade balance that suggests an inverted J-curve--like effect, it is found that only the trade balance of Benin among ten countries is affected by the movements of the euro-dollar exchange rate. The result also suggests that the inverted J-curve effect works at least partially for this country. / Notre recherche a essayé d'appréhender les possibles implications des variations de la valeur de l'euro et de l'activité économique au sein de la zone euro pour les pays de l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne. Ces implications sont considérées dans le contexte d'un système monétaire international bipolaire. Dans le premier chapitre, nous avons construit un modèle à trois pays dans lequel l'interdépendance des politiques monétaires des deux grandes économies, désignant celle de l'Union Monétaire Européenne (UME) et celle des Etats-Unis, a un impact sur la mise en œuvre de la politique monétaire d'un petit pays. Nous avons montré que la coopération entre les deux grandes économies est bénéfique pour le petit pays si les chocs auxquels les grandes économies sont confrontées entraînent des variations du taux de change de l'euro par rapport au dollar. Le deuxième chapitre a traité du caractère soutenable de l'ancrage d'une monnaie africaine à l'euro dans la mesure où, d'une part les autorités monétaires de l'UME poursuivent une politique très restrictive et, d'autre part, des asymétries structurelles affectent le pays ancre et les pays africains. Notre modèle a expliqué la longévité de la zone CFA essentiellement par la convertibilité virtuelle du franc CFA que confère le Trésor Français. Par ailleurs, il en est ressorti que sans le mécanisme du « compte d'opérations », le processus de désinflation qui a accompagné la formation de l'UME est susceptible d'avoir accru le niveau des contraintes de l'ancrage d'une monnaie à l'euro. Il est également apparu que l'environnement politique et économique défavorable en Afrique est un facteur de renforcement des contraintes liées à l'ancrage à l'euro. Une étude empirique des relations économiques entre l'UME et les pays de l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne a été menée dans le troisième chapitre. On y a découvert que, malgré les substantielles relations commerciales qui existent, le cycle économique de l'UME et les prix de gros européens n'ont qu'un impact limité sur les économies africaines. Néanmoins, sur le plan monétaire, la politique de la Banque Centrale Européenne influence significativement les politiques monétaires africaines. Le temps d'adaptation qui est constaté, avant que les performances en matière d'inflation ne se mettent au niveau des performances européennes, suggère que l'effet du compte des opérations est bien réel pour les pays de la zone CFA. Le quatrième chapitre a étudié l'éventuel impact des variations du taux de change de l'euro par rapport au dollar sur les balances commerciales des pays de l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne. Après avoir mis en exergue le cadre théorique suggérant un mécanisme similaire à celui d'une courbe en J inversée, l'étude trouve que seul la balance commerciale du Benin, parmi les dix pays de l'échantillon, est affectée par les mouvements du taux de change de l'euro par rapport au dollar. Selon ces résultats, l'effet de la courbe en J inversée fonctionne au moins partiellement pour ce pays.

This thesis attempts to assess the security aspect of the Barcelona Process (Process), or so called Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EMP) within the theoretical framework of new regionalism and the Copenhagen School (Security complex theory) which agrees with neo/realism, neo-liberal institutionalism and constructivism in some aspects. The end of the Cold War broadened the security agenda and new security concerns emerged. Actually, most of the so- called security threats are not new, but the perception of them by the states has changed with globalization which increased the interconnectedness and density of the interaction. Global challenges have made states more vulnerable so appreciated the cooperative interaction at regional level. Comprehensive and cooperative security approaches gained importance and led regional security partnership among states. The construction of Euro-Mediterranean security partnership is one case stemming from the high level of interdependence between the European and the Mediterranean countries. The historical ties, economic dependency, geographical proximity increased the EU’s interest towards the Mediterranean. While new regionalism enables to grasp systemic factors in the Process, the Copenhagen School permits to understand security partnership at the regional level. The rise of illegal immigration flows and religious fundamentalism in the Mediterranean as well as tension in the Middle East conflict, the Iraqi War, and terrorist attacks to the US, Algeria and recently Turkey appreciated the importance of the EMP policy and security cooperation so make this study more crucial. This study showed that the security challenges in five sectors of the security defined by the Copenhagen School are observable in the EMP’s case. Both military and non-military concerns threaten the stability and prosperity in the Mediterranean Basin. The three baskets of the EMP depict its comprehensive security approach. Having made an overview of the Barcelona Process, the thesis evaluated the security challenges in general and the thematic areas of concerns in depth. Since security cannot be defined without reference to the perceptions and security cultures of the actors, the study examined the perceptions and security cultures in the EMP. The evaluation of the EMP showed that the EMP has shown certain developments on the way for the security cooperation. However, it could not produce tangible results due to the fundamental shortcomings categorized as inter and intra-institutional incoherence, definitional/perceptional problems and multi- actor involvement in the region. The lack of institutional structures, asymmetrical relations among partners, unbalanced distribution of powers and lack of commitment of the EU are crucial problems. On the basis of all problems lie the gap between the perceptions and security culture of Europe and the Arab world. Thus, this thesis emphasizes the enhancement of inter- subjective understanding and cultural dialogue in order to improve trust and interaction among partners. The EMP is on right track to build zone of peace in the Basin, but it requires longue durée to achieve this.

This thesis is analyzing the development of debt and deficit situation in the Czech Republic and France. Our main research questions are: why the Czech Republic and France have different debt and deficit? What are the effects and causes of debt and deficit? How Czech Republic and France wants to reduce the level of debt and deficit? These are the central questions we try to answer in this thesis. To pursue a systematic analysis, we start with a theoretical section on we described different theories of debt/deficit and budgetary rules effects on the economy in order to understand characteristics of debt issues. From these findings, we have resulted causes and differences of debt situations in our countries, which is part of empirical analysis. This is done by evolution of debt/deficit and factors that affect level of debt/deficit. We analyzed three mains factors and due to this factors that influence debt/deficit we can clearly see why our countries have different levels in debt problem. Regarding this we can say our countries are different in many respects. The major difference is monetary policy due to French member of Eurozone. Also the way how to get from debt issue and find a compromise between government reforms and interests of citizens will vary in the future.

Why has not Britain joined euro until now? This is an attractive issue. The purpose of this paper is to realize the real reasons. Hence, this paper analyzes the euro policies of Thatcher Government, Major Government and Blair Government. Before interpreting British euro policies, this paper explains the process of British EU membership. In addition, this paper introduces the story of EMU which is relative to euro. Most importantly, here this paper takes ¡§Europeanization¡¨ framework as a study tool to examine British euro policies. Through ¡§Europeanization¡¨ framework, this paper proposes many factors affecting British euro policies, including ¡§goodness of fit,¡¨ ¡¨veto players,¡¨ ¡§timing,¡¨ ¡¨political beliefs and organizational cultures,¡¨ ¡§the costs of institution changing¡¨ and so on. Thus, this paper concludes that Britain hasn¡¦t joined euro until now owing to many factors.

University, Diss.--Bonn, 2006.

For this study, the researcher sought to implement a visual arts-based Afrivisual to help inspire, motivate and empower African American students in gaining a culturally relevant education in Euro-American-centered schools. Using the Afrivisual in this work as an action-oriented tool the researcher sought to expose African American students to an African historical context. This research project utilized three African-centered theoretical frameworks: (1) Afrocentricity, (2) Africana Philosophy, and (3) Africana Critical Theory. The problem this work addresses is found in four areas, (1) American history is Eurocentric, (2) African history has been distorted, (3) Africa’s contribution to world civilization has been ignored, and (4) African American students have suffered from identity issues. The primary purpose of the study was to show how African American students may react to culturally relevant exposure to African history and to investigate if exposure to African history is culturally relevant for them. The researcher also hoped to present an effective strategy for Black students from an African-centered point of view. The central questions of this study were, “How do native-born African American community college students respond to a culturally relevant visual tool? What experiences have they had with history? How has their exposure to history affected them?” Both quantitative and qualitative phases of this study were based on data and interviews with African American community college students. Descriptive statistics, including frequency percentages shown in tables were used to present the questionnaire data. Qualitative coding techniques were used to present the focus group data. The qualitative phase of the study highlighted the introduction of the Afrivisual, a visual arts-based and culturally relevant educational tool. There were similarities between the survey sample and the interview sample. The quantitative and qualitative data combined to show the strong desire African American students have to study African history, African civilizations, and to learn about their African ancestors. The triangulation of the data revealed that African American students who were found to be proud to be Black, vowed to be vigilant in future history classes about what they’re being taught, and to present questions about African history. The students also expressed a tremendous need to share what they’ve learned about African history with other African Americans. The significance of this study is that the Afrivisual can be a potentially effective teaching strategy. Also additional researchers may be able to build upon the findings of this inquiry by using another media form of the Afrivisual. Lastly, it exposed weaknesses in the self-hatred thesis as it applies to African American adults, and called for the groundbreaking theoretical framework to be revisited.