Cette thèse porte sur la problématique de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre par captage et stockage du dioxyde de carbone (CO2) contenu dans les effluents industriels. Les procédés de captage concernés reposent sur l’absorption sélective du CO2 par des solutions aqueuses d’alcanolamines. Les mécanismes physico-chimiques d’absorption mis en jeu sont étudiés à l’aide de modèles thermodynamiques. Leur développement est complexe et la prédiction précise des données physico-chimiques, nécessaires à l’optimisation des procédés industriels de captage, reste difficile. Le développement d’outils permettant une représentation détaillée des structures microscopiques permettrait l’optimisation de ces modèles. Ces outils fourniraient également des informations pour l’établissement de relations structure-propriété nécessaires au design d’absorbants adaptés au captage en post-combustion. Les travaux de recherche ont porté sur l’évaluation du pouvoir prédictif des outils de simulation moléculaire et leur capacité à établir des relations entre la structure des absorbants, les interactions moléculaires et les propriétés physicochimiques macroscopiques. Les outils développés ont été construits afin de permettre leur transférabilité entre alcanolamines. L’étude repose sur des mesures calorimétriques et des travaux de simulation par dynamique moléculaire menés en parallèle. Elle porte sur des alcanolamines primaires, pures ou en solutions aqueuses, basées sur le squelette N-C-C-O, incluant la monoéthanolamine (MEA). La mise en évidence d’un effet d’ouverture des liaisons hydrogène intramoléculaires des alcanolamines en fonction de leur composition semble être à la base de la différenciation du comportement énergétique des systèmes binaires {alcanolamine + eau}. L’identification des différents types d’interactions engagés a permis de mettre en lumière un effet hydrophobe. L’ensemble des analyses explique certaines limites des modèles thermodynamiques classiques et constitue un guide pour leur amélioration, notamment par la prise en compte de l’effet de composition. / This thesis focuses on the problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by capture and storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) from industrial effluents. The capture processes concerned is based on the selective absorption of CO2 by aqueous solutions of alkanolamines. In industry and academia, the physico-chemical mechanisms of absorption are described using thermodynamic models. Their development is complex and the prediction of physicochemical data, which is necessary to optimize industrial capture processes, remains difficult. The development of molecular models for a detailed representation of microscopic structures would improve these models. These molecular models also provide information for the establishment of structure-property relationships which are necessary to design absorbants adapted to post-combustion capture. This doctoral research project has focused on assessing the predictive power of molecular simulation methods and their ability to establish relationships between the structure of absorbents, molecular interactions and macroscopic physico-chemical properties. The molecular interaction models were built to allow their transferability between alkanolamines. The study is based on calorimetric measurements and molecular dynamics simulation run in parallel. It covers primary alkanolamines, pure or in aqueous solutions, based on the N-C-C-O skeleton, including monoethanolamine (MEA). With varying composition of the {alkanolamine + water} mixtures, there is a competition between the intramolecular hydrogen bond of the alkanolamines (between the amino and hydroxyl group) and the hydrogen bonds with water molecules. This effect of opening of the intramolecular hydrogen bonds is related in this work with the value of the enthalpy of mixing. Also, this effect is of different magnitude for different alkanolamines and therefore the present model represents correctly different molecules. Evidence of the role of the hydrophobic effect is also given through an analysis of the different terms in the interactions. The main results of the present work are detailed analyses at the molecular level of the interactions present in the {alkanolamine + water} mixtures and how these determine the macroscopic thermodynamics of mixing. This knowledge at the molecular scale can provide a guide to the improvement of thermodynamic models.

Bakgrund: Det finns olika investeringsstrategier som investerare kan använda sig av, att investera i låga multiplar är en strategi som har studerats väl. Genom att använda sig av låga multiplar kan investerare finna undervärderade bolag som på sikt genererar en överavkastning gentemot marknaden.  Syfte: Studiens syfte är att analysera hur väl P/E, P/B, P/S, EV/EBIT, EV/EBITDA och EV/S multiplarna skulle kunna appliceras som investeringsstrategi på Stockholmsbörsen. Vidare ämnar studien åt att analysera om det är möjligt att generera en högre avkastning än vad indexet OMXSPI har avkastat under tidsperioden 2008-2018. Metod: Studien använder sig av en kvantitativ forskningsstrategi där två portföljer för respektive multipel har sammanställts. Portföljerna viktas om årligen och både den verkliga och den ackumulerade avkastningen beräknas fram. Vidare utvärderas portföljerna enligt utvärderingsmåtten Sharpekvot, M^2, Treynorkvot och Jensens Alpha. Resultat: Investeringsstrategin är implementerbar för tre av sex multiplar. Låga P/B, EV/EBIT och EV/EBITDA genererade en överavkastning och slog både index samt respektive hög portfölj. Medan för de resterande multiplarna P/E, P/S och EV/S resulterade det i att investeringsstrategin inte är implementerbar. EV/S hade den högsta riskjusterade överavkastning och presterade bäst av samtliga sex multiplar. Studieresultatet för samtliga multiplar kan statistiskt säkerställas med en signifikansnivå på 5%. Den månatliga portföljavkastningen är inte slumpmässig, utan marknadsavkastningen har en viss påverkan. / Background: There are several investment strategies investors can use, where the strategy to invest in low multiples is well studied. By using low multiples investors can find undervalued companies to generate an excess return. Previous studies have been focusing on the P/E and EV/EBITDA- multiples, and not as much on other used multiples in relative valuation. Therefore an interest exists to also analyze multiples such as P/B, P/S, EV/EBIT and EV/S. Purpose: The study’s purpose is to analyze how well the multiples P/E, P/B, P/S, EV/EBIT, EV/EBITDA and EV/S can be applied as an investment strategy in the Stockholm Stock Exchange. Furthermore the study aim to analyze the possibility to generate a higher return than the index OMXSPI during the time period 2008-2018. Method: The study uses a quantitative research strategy, where two portfolios for each multiple has been created. The portfolio has been reinvested once a year, both the real and accumulated return was calculated. Also, the portfolios’ performance has been evaluated by adjusting it to risk by using the Sharpe ratio, M^2 , Treynor ratio and Jensen’s Alpha. Result: The investment strategy can be implemented for three of six multiples. The low P/B, EV/EBIT and EV/EBITDA generated a higher return than both index and their respective high portfolio. The other multiples P/E, P/S and EV/S cannot be used as an investment strategy. The high EV/S portfolio had the highest risk adjusted excess return meanwhile P/S had the highest accumulated return. The result of all multiples has been found to be statistically significant, therefore the market return has an effect on the portfolios’ monthly return.

O milho é uma das culturas de grande importância no cenário agrícola mundial devido sua importante participação no setor alimentício, bem como suas exigências hídricas no decorrer do seu ciclo. Sendo assim, tornam-se importantes os estudos quanto a utilização dos recursos hídricos, onde as estratégias de irrigação são de grande importância para a economia de água. O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de avaliar diferentes lâminas de irrigação (déficit e excesso) no decorrer do ciclo total e em fases fenológicas especificas da cultura do milho. Foram avaliadas as características de desenvolvimento, produção e estado hídrico da planta. Os experimentos foram realizados no Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas na Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\", ESALQ-USP, localizada em Piracicaba - SP. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com 12 tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiam na reposição de 150, 100, 50 e 30% da água evapotranspirada (ETc), aplicadas em quatro subperíodos do ciclo total da cultura: subperíodo 1 (V4 a V8), subperíodo 2 (V8 a Vp), subperíodo 3 (Vp a R1) e subperíodo 4 (R1 a R6). Os dados de cada experimento foram submetidos a análise de variância individual e quando possível, análise de variância conjunta, utilizando os dados médios dos experimentos. O 1° plantio foi realizado em 18 de maio de 2012 e o 2° 21 de abril de 2013 em ambiente protegido, totalizando 137 e 144 dias de ciclo, com soma-térmica de 1413 e 1444°C graus dias acumulados (GDA), respectivamente. Avaliou-se a altura das plantas (ALT), altura de inserção da espiga (AIT.I), número de espigas por planta (N.E), peso da espiga com palha (PEP), peso da espiga despalhada (PED), número de grão por espiga (NG), número de fileiras de grão por espiga (NFG), tamanho da espiga (TE), diâmetro da espiga (DE) diâmetro do sabugo (DS), número de entrenós (NE) e produtividade (PG). Mediu-se a temperatura foliar (Tf), déficit de pressão e vapor (DPV) e potencial hídrico foliar(-Ψf). O potencial hídrico foliar mostrou ser o método eficaz quanto ao estado hídrico da planta, havendo diferenciação entre os quatro tratamentos estudados (IIII, EEEE, D50 e D70), demonstrando variação do seu valor ao longo do dia. Calculou-se o coeficiente de resposta da cultura ao déficit hídrico (KY), onde o período de pendoamento e floração foram os mais críticos quando a deficiência hídrica foi imposta em fases fenológicas especificas. A partir dos dados de produtividade e lâminas de água aplicadas nos dois experimentos, foi possível ajustar modelos polinomiais de 2° grau para a produtividade da água (PA) e função de produção da cultura. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a maior PA foi obtida no tratamento D50. / Deficit and water excess in maize (Zea mays L.) in greenhouse Maize is a culture with importance in global scenario due your function in food industry, as well as yours water requirements in the course of your cycle. Therefore, studies became important regarding the use of water resources where irrigation strategies are of great importance for water savings. This study aimed evaluate different irrigation levels (deficit and water excess) during a total maize cycle and at different specifics phenological stages of the culture. Development characteristics, production and hydric state of the plant were evaluated. The experiments were conducted at Department of Biosystems Engineering from \"Luiz de Queiroz\" College of Agriculture, located at Piracicaba, São Paulo State. The experimental design was a randomized block, with 12 treatments and 4 repetitions. Treatments consisted in replacement of 150, 100, 50 and 30% of water evapotranspired (ETc), applied in four subperiods of the total culture cycle: subperiod 1 (V4 to V8), subperiod 2 (V8 to Vp), subperiod 3 (Vp to R1) and subperiod 4 (R1 to R6). The experimental data were submitted to individual variance analysis, and when were possible, conjunct variance analysis, using the average data of the experiments. The first planting was carried out on 18 May of 2012 and the second, on April 21 of 2013, in greenhouse, totaling 137 and 144-day cycle, with sum-Thermal 1413 and 1444 °C accumulated degree days (ADD),respectively. Were evaluated the plant height (PH); ear height insertion (AIT.I); number of ears per plant (NE); ear weight with straw (PEP); weight of ear without straw (PED); number of grain per ear (NG); number of grain rows per ear (NFG); ear size (TE); ear diameter (dE); diameter of the cob (DS); number of between-nodes (NE) and productivity (PG). The leaf temperature was measured (Tm), also the vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and leaf water potential (Pl). Leaf water potential showed to be an efficient method regarding hydric state of the plant, there were difference between the four treatments studied (III, EEEE, D50 e D70), demonstrating variation of its value over the day. the response coefficient of the crop to water deficit (KY) were calculated, where the period of bolting and flowering were the most critical when water stress was imposed in specific phenological stages. From the productivity data and water levels applied in both experiments, was possible adjust second degree polynomials models to water productivity (WP) and culture production function. The results allowed conclude that a higher WP were obtained in the treatment D50.

O Alquilbenzeno Linear Sulfonado (LAS) é um surfactante aniônico de degradação complexa. Via ensaio cinético em batelada ajustou-se modelo de inibição por excesso de substrato na remoção de LAS e matéria orgânica de água residuária de lavanderia comercial (ARLC) em co-digestão com esgoto doméstico (ED). A adição de 50 mg L-1 de etanol (EOH) resultou em maiores valores para velocidade específica de utilização do substrato (robs) e concentração mais elevada de LAS que fornece o maior robs (18,98 mg LAS L-1 e 2,39 mg LAS L-1 na presença e ausência de etanol, respectivamente). Areia com 1,0 mm de diâmetro foi escolhida como material suporte). Objetivou-se otimizar a remoção do surfactante de ARLC + ED (1:3 volume; &#8764; 20 mg LAS L -1) em RLF em escala aumentada (19,8L) através de: (i) adição de etanol em diferentes dosagens; (ii) variação da velocidade ascensional (vasc) aplicada ao leito; e (iii) aumento do tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH). Desta forma, para TDH de 18 h foram realizadas as seguintes fases operacionais: (I) ARLC + ED + 1,3 velocidade mínima de fluidificação (vmf); (II) ARLC + ED + 50 mg EOH L -1 + 1,3 vmf; (III) ARLC + ED+200 mg EOH L-1 + 1,3 vmf; (IV) ARLC + ED +200 mg L-1 + 1,0 vmf; (V) ARLC + ED + 200 mg L-1 + 0,7 vmf; (VI) ARLC + ED + 100 mg L-1 + 1,0 vmf; e para TDH de 30 h: (VII) ARLC + ED + 1,0 vmf. Não se observou diferença significativa na eficiência de remoção de DQO e LAS (&#8764; 50%; p < 0,5) nas fases I à IV. O decréscimo da vasc (0,7 vmf) resultou em 29% de eficiência de remoção de LAS (V) e o aumento do TDH em 86% de eficiência de remoção de LAS (VII). Nas fases VI e VII observou-se maior remoção de DQO (&#8805; 70%). As menores vasc e 200 mg EOH L-1 favoreceram acúmulo de ácidos no sistema (IV e V). No efluente do RLF foram identificados 17 compostos recalcitrantes. Para vasc = 0,7 vmf, foi observada maior diversidade de compostos recalcitrantes, em sua maioria, ftalatos. Caracterização taxonômica e funcional dos microrganismos para as fases III, IV e V (variação da vasc) e VII (maior eficiência de remoção de LAS e DQO) foi realizada por metagenômica. Foram identificados microrganismos dos domínios Archaea e Bacteria, sendo que a diminuição da vasc resultou em maior abundância relativa de arqueias metanogênicas, como Methanosarcina e genes relacionados a F420 reducing hydrogenase que é transportadora central de elétrons na metanogênese. Diversidade de gêneros foram identificados do domínio Bacteria (Geobacter, Thauera, Pseudomonas, Chryseobacterium, Sulfuricurvum e Sulfurospirillum, etc.) e genes codificadores de enzimas que atuam nas diferentes etapas de degradação do LAS: (a) adição de fumarato (fumarate redutase); (b) beta-oxidação (3-hidroxiacil-CoA desidrogenase); (c) clivagem do anel benzênico (benzoyl-CoA reductase); (d) dessulfonação (Adenylyl-sulfate reductase). Na amostra da fase VII, foram identificados genes relacionados à etapa de dessulfonação com maior abundância relativa, se comparada às demais fases. Para maior vasc observou-se maior abundância relativa de genes relacionados à fosforilação oxidativa com Chryseobacterium como principal representante. / The linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) is in the laundry detergent composition and it presents complex degradation. Through kinetics assays in batch tests, an inhibition kinetic model by subtrate excess was adjusted to the data in the removal of LAS and organic matter from laundry wastewater (LW) in co-digestion with domestic sewage (DS). The addition of 50 mg L-1 of ethanol (EOH) to the influent resulted in higher values for the specific substrate rate (robs) as well as higher LAS concentration that provided the maximum LAS utilization rate by the biomass (Sbm) (18.98 mg LAS L-1 and 2. 39 mg LAS L-1 in the presence and absence of ethanol, respectively). Sand with 1.0 mm of diameter was chosen as supporting material for the fluidized bed reactor (FBR). The purpose of the present study was to optimize the removal of surfactant in LW + DS (1: 3 volume; &#8764; 20 mg LAS L-1) by using an upscale FBR (19.8 L) through: (i) adding ethanol in different dosages; (ii) varying the upflow velocity (vup) applied to bed; and (iii) increasing the hydraulic retention time (HRT). Thus, for 18h of HRT, the following stages were performed: (I) LW + DS + 1,3 fluidization minimum velocity (vfm); (II) LW + DS + 50 mg EOH L-1 + 1.3 vfm; (III) LW + DS + 200 mg EOH L-1 + 1.3 vfm; (IV) LW + DS + 200 mg L-1 + 1.0 vfm; (V) LW + DS + 200 mg L-1 + 0.7 vfm; (VI) LW + DW + 100 mg L-1 + 1.0 vfm; and for 30 h of HRT: (VII) LW + DS + 1.0 vfm. There was no significant difference in the efficiency of COD and LAS removal (&#8764; 50%, p < 0.5) in stages I to IV. The vup decrease (0.7 vfm) resulted in LAS removal efficiency of 29% (V) and the HRT increase resulted in LAS removal efficiency of 86% (VII). In stages VI and VII, COD removal &#8805; 70% was observed. Lower vup as well as ethanol dosage of 200 mg L-1 favored system acidification (IV and V). In the FBR effluent, 17 recalcitrant compounds were identified. For vup = 0.7 vfm, large diversity of recalcitrant compounds, mostly phthalates, was observed. A taxonomic and functional characterization of the microorganisms was performed by metagenomics analysis in stages III, IV and V (vup variation) and VII (higher efficiency of LAS and COD removal). Microorganisms of Archaea and Bacteria domains were identified, and the decrease of vup resulted in a higher relative abundance of methanogenic archaea, mainly Methanosarcina. Genes related to F420, which are the central electron carrier in the methanogenesis, were identified. Genera diversity was classified in Bacteria domain (Geobacter, Thauera, Pseudomonas, Pseudomonas, Chryseobacterium, Sulfuricurvum and Sulfurospirillum, etc.). Enzyme-encoding genes that act on different stages of LAS degradation were found: (a) addition of fumarate (fumarate reductase); (b) beta-oxidation (3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase); (c) benzene ring cleavage (benzoyl-CoA reductase) and (d) desulfonation (Adenylyl-sulfate reductase). In stage VII sample, genes related to the desulfonation step were identified with higher relative abundance, when compared to the other stages. For a higher vup, a higher relative abundance of genes related to oxidative phosphorylationwas observed and the genus main representative in that category was Chryseobacterium.

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo a proposição de mecanismos de compensação, pela via judicial, das iniquidades provocadas à saúde dos presos em regime fechado de reclusão, tendo em vista que os presídios brasileiros são, hoje, ambientes potencialmente endêmicos à saúde humana. Considerando-se que o acesso aos serviços de saúde nas prisões é modulado por julgamentos morais entre agentes penitenciários e os detentos, e que o sistema mantém e produz excessos e desvios durante a execução penal, serão objeto primordial desse estudo os incidentes processuais do art. 185 da Lei de Execução Penal, aos quais se delineará hipóteses de aplicação com vistas a individualizar a pena nos casos de adoecimento do recluso. Para tanto, a argumentação se construirá no sentido de que a manutenção de presos em situação de agravo ou enfermos, por negligência do Estado, é uma conduta que mantém pontos de aproximação com a tortura institucional, inadmissível no contexto do Estado Democrático de Direito. O trabalho será eminentemente teórico e propositivo, e articulará temas de saúde pública, direito da execução penal e política criminal. / The purpose of this dissertation is to propose mechanisms of compensation, through the judicial way, of the iniquities provoked to the health of prisoners in closed regime of incarceration, bearing in mind that Brazilian prisons are now potentially endemic ambience for human health. Whereas access to health services in prisons is modulated by moral judgments between prison staff and prisoners, and that the system maintains and produces excesses and deviations during the criminal execution, the primary object of this study will be the procedural incidents of article 185 of the Criminal Execution Law which will outline hypotheses of application with a view to individualizing the sentence in cases of illness of the prisoner. Therefore, an argument will be built in the sense of maintaining prisoners in situations of injury or illness, by negligence of the State, it is a conduct that maintains points of approximation with the institutional torture, inadmissible in the context of the Democratic State of Law. The work will be eminently theoretical and propositive, and articulate issues of public health, criminal enforcement law and criminal politics.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:11:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diogo Andrade Bornhausen.pdf: 1403921 bytes, checksum: 78e98ad1d5fff298f53b3d3090652467 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This research aims at investigating the sticker phenomenon in its varied communicational stances. As an image whose primary purpose is to visually intervene in the urban space, stickers are the outcome of an image-engendering process whose very images precede the emergence of stickers and have always intended to maximize their reach by means of a massive reproducibility. But stickers go beyond the urban domain and onto the Internet, which is used for further publicizing, promotional purposes. Faced with this evidence, we aim at understanding the reasons why stickers happen to move across these different milieus, and understanding the eventual modifications they might go through from the very beginning of their action. Having said that, our hypothesis is that, since it appears as an alternative to the visibility crisis of the preceding images, the sticker in the urban space is challenged by a similar difficulty of appeal, which makes it seek in the virtual world the opportunity for an extended exposition, even if their visibility is rarefied there as well. Thus, stickers fit well in the present dynamics of those images which, when faced with obstacles to their visibility and their appealing potential (considering the excessive character entailed in their dynamics), are able to redirect themselves to other media, where they end up modifying their visuality and the way they communicate in order to be seen. As for methodological strategies, we shall undertake an analysis of the formation of this specific imagery, an inquiry of the spatialities, temporalities and communicabilities configured in each domain, and how these characteristics affect the different visualities urban and virtual so as to unveil their implicit purposes. For such, our investigation roots its theoretical bases in Hans Belting s Theory of Media Image; Harry Pross and Vilem Flusser s Theory of Media; and Ivan Bystrina s Synthetic Theory of Culture all of them having been studied and divulged by Norval Baitello Junior. These theoretical frameworks are supposed to contribute to the comprehension of a phenomenon that displays so many significant variations in its constitution. Our research also takes into consideration James Hillman s concept of Anima Mundi and Marc Augé s concept of Non-Places; Lucrécia Ferrara s readings on visuality/visibility, communicability, temporality and spatiality; Rose de Melo Rocha s studies and exhibitions on Urban Images, Jean Baudrillard s studies on simulacra; Cyberculture by Paul Virilio and Eugênio Trivinho, among others who have collaborated in reading the urban and the cyberspace / Esta pesquisa tem o propósito de abarcar o fenômeno do sticker em seus diferentes âmbitos comunicativos. Imagem que inicialmente se dedica à intervenção visual no espaço urbano, o sticker se demonstra resultante de um processo construtivo de imagens que o antecederam e buscaram sempre aumentar suas abrangências por meio de uma ampla reprodutibilidade, porém, ao mesmo tempo, o sticker se conduz para além do urbano ao utilizar também a Web como meio expositivo. Ante essa constatação, o foco direciona-se para a compreensão das razões que o leva a transitar entre esses meios e das mudanças às quais está sujeito a partir dessas ações. Nesse sentido, a hipótese é de que, assim como o sticker se construiu como alternativa para a crise de visibilidade das imagens antecedentes; quando presente no espaço urbano, ele se depara com semelhante dificuldade de apelo, que o faz buscar, no ambiente virtual, a possibilidade de uma sobrevida, embora também tenha ali sua visibilidade rarefeita. Dessa forma, o sticker se contextualiza à dinâmica atual das imagens que, ao encontrarem frente ao próprio excesso , impedimentos que interferem em suas visibilidades e suas capacidades de apelo, são capazes de se direcionar a outros meios, nos quais acabam modificando suas visualidades e a forma como se comunicam, para conseguirem ser vistas. Como estratégias metodológicas, são utilizadas a análise da formação deste tipo de imagem, a averiguação das espacialidades, das temporalidades e das comunicabilidades formadas nos distintos ambientes, e de que modo essas características afetam suas distintas visualidades urbana e virtual , a fim de ser possível desvelar seus propósitos que não são explicitamente mostrados em suas exposições. Para tanto, tal abordagem encontra na Teoria da Imagem Midiática, proposta por Hans Belting; na Teoria da Mídia, pensada por Harry Pross e Vilém Flusser; e na Teoria Sintética da Cultura, elaborada por Ivan Bystrina todas estudadas e apresentadas também por Norval Baitello Junior , o alicerce teórico capaz de colaborar para a compreensão deste objeto que apresenta significativas variações em suas constituições. Este estudo conta ainda com os conceitos de anima mundi de James Hillman e de não-lugares de Marc Augé; as leituras sobre visualidade-visibilidade, comunicabilidade, temporalidade e espacialidade, de Lucrécia Ferrara; Rose de Melo Rocha sobre as imagens urbanas e suas exposições e os trabalhos sobre simulação, realizados por Jean Baudrillard, e cibercultura, de Paul Virilio e Eugênio Trivinho, dentre outros, que colaboram para a leitura do espaço urbano e do cyberspace

I genomsnitt utsätts vi för 3000 reklambudskap under en dag, men bara cirka 14 % av de okonventionella kampanjerna har någon effekt. Vi har blivit för medvetna om hur reklam påverkar oss och för kritiska mot media för att köpa dessa budskap. Jay Conrad Levinsons grundade för cirka 30 år sedan begreppet gerilla marknadsföring. Den här kreativa marknadsföringsmetoden var till en början tänkt för de företag som hade begränsade resurser. Metoden kan vara väldigt kostnadseffektiv och används idag flitigt bland både stora som små företag. Vi har valt att i vår uppsats lägga fokus på konsumenterna och hur de ser på traditionell marknadsföring jämfört mot mer kreativa medieval. En viktig faktor och den del som hela begreppet gerillamarknadsföring bygger på är word-of-mouth. Detta är ett fenomen som går ut på att folk som utsätts för en viss kampanj pratar vidare om detta och på så sätt sprider budskapet vidare. Vi bygger vår empiri på en enkätundersökning där 80 personer besvarade frågor hur de upplever traditionell marknadsföring samt vad de får för uppfattning av fyra olika exempel på gerillakampanjer. Resultatet bekräftar den teori som vi har angående att denna form av marknadsföring skulle skapa ett större intresse samt tendera att öka folks benägenhet till word-of-mouth. On average we are exposed to 3000 advertising messages a day, but only about 14% of the unconventional campaigns have any effect. We have become too aware of how advertising affects us and critical of the media to buy these messages. Jay Conrad Levinson&apos;s founded about 30 years ago the concept of guerrilla marketing. This creative marketing method was initially meant for those companies with limited resources. The method can be very cost effective and widely used today among both large and small companies. We have chosen in this essay to focus on consumers and how they see traditional marketing compared to the more creative media choices. An important factor, and the part that the whole concept of guerrilla marketing is based on is word-of-mouth. This is a phenomenon that involves people who are exposed to a particular campaign talking further about this, and thus spread its message. We build our empirical work on a survey in which 80 people answered the questions how they see traditional marketing and what they get for the idea of ​​four different examples of guerrilla campaigns. The result confirms the theory that we have regarding this form of marketing would create a greater interest and tend to increase people&apos;s propensity to word-of-mouth. / Program: Butikschefsutbildningen

O presente trabalho parte da concepção de que o direito constitui um medium de exposição da realidade, em analogia, ainda que distante, com as reflexões sobre a literatura do filólogo alemão Erich Auerbach. Desse ponto de partida, segue-se para a identificação de um tema específico em que essa forma de exposição jurídica poderia, com mais clareza, ser analisada. São então enfocados os conflitos e debates ligados às desapropriações por zona realizadas no século XX na cidade de São Paulo e que estiveram fortemente relacionadas com os movimentos de estruturação e crescimento da metrópole. Da observação das densidades históricas e jurídicas do projeto de saneamento do Rio Pinheiros e da reurbanização do Metrô de Santana, será possível identificar, pelo contraste existente entre eles, uma alteração na forma como, face a um mesmo instituto jurídico a desapropriação variou o modo de conceber o público e o privado, suas funções e limites. Se no começo do século XX foi unanimemente aceito o exercício por uma empresa privada do direito de expropriação de terras particulares ao longo do Rio Pinheiros, as visões se alterariam de tal forma que ato semelhante, nos anos de 1970, levaria a uma profunda divisão do Supremo Tribunal Federal quanto à legalidade da medida. A hipótese pesquisada é a de que a jurisprudência reflete e medeia movimentos mais amplos da sociedade e, por isso, tornou-se mais permeável à representação de outros interesses e alargou seu espectro de exposição da realidade, o que se busca mostrar no epílogo com o exemplo da reintegração de posse de uma favela em São Paulo, em que a racionalidade jurídica mais estrita cedeu lugar a uma representação mais direta de um conflito urbano. / The work departs from the conception that the law is a medium of realitys representation, in analogy, perhaps distant, with the work on literature of the German philologist Erich Auerbach. Taking this as a starting point, what follows identifies a specific subject in law practice in which the laws representation of reality could be clearly analyzed: the conflicts and debates arising from excess condemnation procedures in São Paulo along the 20th century and their relationship to the growth and restructuring of the city as a metropolis. Its aim is to observe legal and historical densities related to urban projects of intervention in the Pinheiros River and the urbanization for the construction of the Santana subway station. In both cases shall be identified, in their contrast, how the conceptions of private and public changed along the years. Even if the analysis keeps centered on the same legal instrument takings procedures it shall nevertheless become clear that conceptions of public and private spheres have undergone deep changes, as well as the functions and roles that each of these spheres plays in Brazilian society. If in the beginning of the 20th century the exercise of excess condemnation rights by a private company was unanimously accepted, the legal mentalities would significantly change so that the same procedure would create a deep dissention within Brazilian Supreme Court Justices when they had to decide on its legality. The research hypothesis is that judicial decisions became more open to the representation of a legal reality containing the interests of different people and groups, what shall be shown in the conclusion by the analysis of a legal action undertaken against a slum in São Paulo at the end of 20th century in São Paulo.

L‟acétonitrile (ACN) peut être considéré comme le solvant de référence utilisé dans les électrolytes pour supercondensateurs car, industriellement, il est le plus utilisé. Il présente en effet de nombreux avantages tels qu‟une viscosité faible et une permittivité élevée, conduisant à une excellente conductivité en présence d‟un sel. Il est cependant hautement volatile, très inflammable et toxique quand il brûle (dégagement de HCN). Ainsi, dans le but de réduire sa pression de vapeur, et donc le risque d‟inflammabilité, il peut être mélangé à un liquide ionique (LI) qui lui est non volatile. Le but de ce travail est de remplacer l‟électrolyte classique des supercondensateurs à base de ACN et de sel de tétraethylammonium tétrafluoroborate (ACN + 1M Et4N+BF4-) par un mélange LI/ACN. Pour ce faire, l‟étude physico-chimique, électrochimique et thermodynamique des mélanges LI/ACN est entreprise. Dans un premier temps, les liquides ioniques ont été synthétisés et caractérisés par différentes techniques d‟analyses physico-chimiques. Ensuite des mélanges LI/ACN ont été formulés. Ces mélanges ont subi des tests de sécurité (tests préliminaires d‟inflammabilité, mesures de point flash) afin de trouver le mélange optimal. Les phénomènes de transport dans ces mélanges ont été aussi étudiés afin de comprendre leur comportement en température. Par ailleurs, l‟étude électrochimique menée sur ces mélanges a montré qu‟il n‟y avait pas de dégradation des performances électrochimiques par comparaison à l‟électrolyte classique. Enfin l‟étude de l‟équilibre liquide vapeur à partir de modèles thermodynamiques semi-prédictifs comme UNIQUAC ou prédictifs comme Cosmo-RS a permis de déterminer les grandeurs d‟excès. / Acetonitrile (ACN) is the most popular solvent in electrolytes designed for use in supercapacitors. It presents many advantages such as a low viscosity and a high permittivity, leading to excellent conductivities in the presence of salts. However it is highly flammable and very toxic when burning (release of HCN ). Thus, in order to reduce its vapor pressure and hence its flammability we propose to mix it with an ionic liquid (IL). As ILs are non volatile compounds, the vapor pressure of the mixture will be reduced (Raoult‟s law). In addition many other benefits may be expected from these mixtures. The aim of this work is to replace the conventional ACN and Et4NBF4 based electrolyte for supercapacitors by a IL/ACN mixture. Thus, the physico-chemical, electrochemical and thermodynamical studies of IL/ACN mixtures have been undertaken. Synthesized and commercial ILs are characterized by mean of different physico-chemical analysis. Then IL/ACN mixtures were formulated. These mixtures were tested for safety (preliminary flammability tests, flash point measurements) and the optimal mixture determined. Transport phenomena in these mixtures were also studied to understand their behavior in response to temperature. Furthermore, the electrochemical study conducted on these mixtures showed that there was no degradation of the electrochemical performances as compared to the conventional electrolyte. Finally the study of vapor liquid equilibrium from semi-predictive thermodynamic models like UNIQUAC or predictive models like Cosmo-RS allowed us to determine the excess properties.

The aim of the thesis is valuation of the domain name heureka.cz on the date 1.7.2010. The thesis consists of strategic analysis, financial analysis, analysis and prognosis of generators of value and financial plan. The value of the domain name is determined by the excess earnings method and as additional method is used residual method based on DCF equity and market coparison.