L’objectif de cette étude était de démontrer que le léchage excessif de surface (LES) chez le chien représente un signe clinique d’un trouble digestif sous-jacent plutôt qu’un trouble obsessionnel compulsif. Vingt chiens présentés pour LES (groupe L) ont été divisés en 2 sous-groupes de 10 chiens chacun : L0, sans, et LD, avec des signes cliniques digestifs concomitants. Dix chiens en santé ont été assignés à un groupe contrôle (groupe C). Une évaluation comportementale complète, un examen physique et neurologique ont été réalisés avant un bilan diagnostic gastro-intestinal (GI) complet (hématologie, biochimie, analyse urinaire, mesure des acides biliaires pré et post-prandiaux et de l’immunoréactivité spécifique de la lipase pancréatique canine, flottaison fécale au sulfate de zinc, culture de selles, échographie abdominale et endoscopie GI haute avec prise de biopsies). En fonction des résultats, un interniste recommandait un traitement approprié. Les chiens étaient suivis pendant 90 jours durant lesquels le comportement de léchage était enregistré. Des troubles GI ont été identifiés chez 14/20 chiens du groupe L. Ces troubles GI sous-jacents incluaient une infiltration éosinophilique du tractus GI, une infiltration lymphoplasmocytaire du tractus GI, un retard de vidange gastrique, un syndrome du côlon irritable, une pancréatite chronique, un corps étranger gastrique et une giardiose. Une amélioration >50% en fréquence ou en durée par rapport au comportement de léchage initial a été observée chez une majorité de chiens (56%). La moitié des chiens ont complètement cessé le LES. En dehors du LES, il n’y avait pas de différence significative de comportement (p.ex. anxiété), entre les chiens L et les chiens C. Les troubles GI doivent être considérés dans le diagnostic différentiel du LES chez le chien. / The objective of this study was to characterize excessive licking of surfaces (ELS) in dogs and demonstrate that it can be a sign of underlying gastrointestinal (GI) pathology rather than an obsessive-compulsive disorder. Twenty dogs presented with ELS (L group) were divided in 2 subgroups of 10 dogs each: L0 without and LD with concomitant digestive signs. Ten healthy dogs were assigned to a control group (C group). Behavioral, physical and neurological examinations were performed prior to a complete work-up of the GI system (CBC, serum chemistry panel, urinalysis, assessment of total serum bile acids and canine specific pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity, fecal flotation by zinc sulfate, fecal culture, abdominal ultrasonography and upper GI endoscopy with biopsies). Based on results, appropriate treatment was recommended. Dogs were monitored subsequently for 90 days during which the licking behavior was recorded. Gastrointestinal disorders were identified in14/20 L dogs. Underlying GI disorders included eosinophilic infiltration of the GI tract, lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the GI tract, delayed gastric emptying, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic pancreatitis, gastric foreign body and giardiasis. Significant improvement (>50%) in frequency or duration of the basal ELS behavior was observed in the majority of dogs (56%). Resolution of ELS occurred in half of the L dogs. Except for ELS, there was no significant difference in the behavior (e.g. anxiety) of L dogs and C dogs. GI disorders should be considered in the differential diagnosis of ELS in dogs

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Thesis deals with the design and realization of revisions devices for the treatment of hyperhidrosis. One of the methods how to treat hyperhidrosis is iontophoresis. This prevents sweating using an electric current. The work is divided on the parts. First part is a theory, which deals with basic principles of treatment. Next part is the analysis of original solutions and hardware design of new solutions. In conclusion I revive device by microcontroller programming and checking its functionality. I was able to create a prototype board, programmable firmware and successfully tested a prototype.

Face à la progression accélérée du commerce électronique et surtout dans des sociétés qui ont la tendance à tout réglementer, le législateur européen et son homologue français n’ont pas tardé à intervenir pour mettre en place un cadre juridique pour le commerce électronique. L’intervention du législateur français était indispensable pour créer la confiance dans le support électronique. Ces interventions se sont poursuivies et se présentent par l’admission de la valeur probatoire du support électronique, la reconnaissance de l’écrit électronique ad validitatem ce qui permet au cyberconsommateur de conclure un contrat solennel par voie électronique. Notamment, l’acte authentique électronique. L’intervention du législateur se présente également par la reconnaissance de la signature électronique, la réglementation détaillée et précise de la période de la conclusion du contrat (l’obligation d’information, l’offre et l’acceptation), l’attribution aux cyberconsommateurs d’un droit de rétractation récemment renforcé par la loi Hamon et l’application des méthodes de la lutte contre les clauses abusives sur le contrat conclu par voie électronique. En revanche, ces interventions n’ont pas pu dissiper la méfiance dans le support électronique pour plusieurs raisons :D’abord, les sources des dispositions qui réglementent le contrat conclu par voie électronique se multiplient sans qu’il existe une vraie volonté d’articulation les unes avec les autres. Ces dispositions sont éparpillées dans le Code civil, le Code de la consommation et parfois elles ne sont pas codifiées ce qui crée un vrai désordre dans certains aspects juridique comme c’est le cas pour l’obligation d’information. Cette multiplication des sources n’aide pas le législateur à réaliser son objectif. À savoir, créer la confiance dans le support électronique.Ensuite, les dispositions concernant le contrat conclu par voie électronique sont de source communautaire. Et le droit européen ne réussit pas souvent à créer la cohérence, la simplicité et la prévisibilité dans les droits internes en raison de son caractère artificiel et la multiplication des acteurs qui participent à l’élaboration de ces droits. Le droit européen devient parfois un facteur d’inquiétude et d’incertitude.Puis, le cyberconsommateur est surprotégé dans le commerce électronique. Cette surprotection se cristallise par la multiplication de l’obligation du professionnel d’information, les mentions spéciales qui doivent être respectées dans l’offre, l’acceptation en ligne qui s’effectue sous forme assez précise, détaillée et par étapes et enfin le droit de rétractation qui a été largement étendu par la loi Hamon.Enfin, le législateur n’a pas apporté de solutions pour certaines questions dans le contrat conclu par voie électronique comme c’est le cas pour l’identité du contractant et sa capacité et le recours au droit commun du contrat n’est pas efficace parce que les solutions qu’il présent ne sont pas adéquate avec le support électroniqueDe plus, le cybercommerçant peut devenir un élément de déstabilisation du lien contractuel en ligne et donc de méfiance dans le support électronique par les clauses abusives qui peut mettre dans ses conditions générales de vente. / In the face of the rapid growth of e-commerce the European legislator and his French counterpart were proactive to intervene to put an e-commerce legal framework.The intervention of the French legislature was necessary to create confidence in the electronic support.The legislative process in France began by accepting the electronic document as evidence and recognition after that as a condition to be convened.Legislative intervention is also demonstrated by the recognition of electronic signature and the organization of the contractual process on the Internet and recognition to internet consumers their reference right and applying methods of removing unfair conditions in electronic contracts.However, these interventions did not dispel the lack of trust in electronic document for several reasons:First, sources of provisions that regulate the electronic contracts are diverse and scattered in several legislative texts where they exist in civil law, consumer law, and others where sometimes they are not codified and this creates a real mess in some of the legal aspects, as is the case for commitment to informing this diversity of sources does not help the legislature achieve its goal of creating confidence in the electronic media.Secondly, the European law is the source of contract-mail provisions, where it often fails in creating harmony and simplicity due to the diversity of actors involved in the development of these laws so that European law sometimes becomes a factor of anxiety and lack of confidence factors. E-commerce sometimes grants extra protection which crystallized through the creation of commitment to news and be overstated as it must take into account additional information in the offer and acceptance, and also through the recognition of the right of withdrawal, which has spread widely.Finally, the legislator did not provide solutions to certain issues in the electronic contract as is the case for the identity of the contractor and the eligibility to use public law rules and contracts are not effective because the solutions offered that are not often consistent with this kind of contracts

A presente dissertação volta-se à análise da alteração superveniente das circunstâncias fáticas, especificamente, em contratos interempresariais. Tais contratos, compreendidos como aqueles em que, ao menos, uma das partes é ente empresarial e ambos os contratantes visam auferir lucro, têm características distintas de outros contratos de natureza civil (contratos existenciais), mormente no que se refere à assunção de riscos pelas partes envolvidas. Dado o caráter arriscado da atividade empresarial, a intervenção exógena nos contratos interempresariais visando à tutela dos contratantes deve ser reduzida, de forma a se privilegiar tanto quanto possível a força obrigatória dos contratos (pacta sunt servanda). Nessa medida, as nuances dos contratos interempresariais, em conjunto com a imprescindível atividade estatal de regulação do mercado (fenômeno poliédrico), demandam uma aplicação diferenciada do modelo da onerosidade excessiva previsto nos artigos 478 a 480 do Código Civil, sob pena de desvirtuamento da lógica empresarial e desestímulo ao tráfico mercantil. O primeiro capítulo deste trabalho é destinado à individualização dos principais vetores da atividade empresarial e os respectivos reflexos daqueles na formação dos contratos empresariais. Em seguida, no segundo capítulo da empreitada, são analisadas as teorias revisionistas de maior influência na construção do modelo de onerosidade excessiva brasileiro, bem como as especificidades do próprio modelo em si. Por fim, o terceiro e conclusivo capítulo visa à identificação do suporte fático da onerosidade excessiva em contratos empresariais, bem como à análise dos efeitos decorrentes da aplicação do modelo a referidas formas de contratação. / This dissertation is focused on the analysis of the change of circumstances, regarding specifically entrepreneurial contracts. These contracts, understood as those in which at least one of the parties involved is an entrepreneurial entity and both of the parties seek to obtain profits with the deal, can be defined by distinguished characteristics when compared to civil contracts in general (contratos existenciais), mainly when it comes to the risk assumption by the parties in the contract. Given the risk inherent to business activities, the exogenous intervention in entrepreneurial contracts aiming the protection of one of the parties should be reduced as much as possible, in such a way to respect the binding force of the contracts (pacta sunt servanda). Accordingly, the specificities of the entrepreneurial contracts, together with the indispensable public regulation of the market (polyhedral phenomenon), require a distinguished applicability of the rules provided by the Brazilian Civil Code under the articles 478 to 480, otherwise entrepreneurial rationality of commercial contracts may be ruined and, as a result, the commercial traffic discouraged. The first chapter of this study is dedicated to finding the main features of the business activity and their implications to the formation of entrepreneurial contracts. Subsequently, in the second chapter of the essay, the theories related to change of circumstances that most influenced the construction of a Brazilian theory are analyzed, as well as the peculiarities of the Brazilian theory itself. Finally, the third and concluding chapter seeks to identify the hypothesis provided by articles 478 to 480 for entrepreneurial contracts, as well to analyze the effects arising from the application of this set of rules to referred contracts.

Há evidências que associam a prática de atividade física (AF) nos transtornos alimentares (TA) como método compensatório na busca do controle do peso e apetite. O objetivo da pesquisa foi determinar o perfil de AF dos pacientes atendidos no Programa de Transtornos Alimentares (AMBULIM) do Instituto de Psiquiatria da Faculdade de Medicina da USP. A amostra foi composta por pacientes com diagnóstico de anorexia nervosa (AN, n=27), bulimia nervosa (BN, n=31) e um grupo controle (GC, n=13). A coleta de dados envolveu avaliar as variáveis da AF por meio de uma medida objetiva (acelerômetro), atividades físicas autorreferidas, e o grau de compromisso com o exercício. Variáveis nutricionais e psicológicas foram mensuradas por meio de escalas de atitudes alimentares, de insatisfação corporal, depressão e ansiedade para análise de associações. A comparação entre os grupos de AN, BN e GC, foi feita por meio de Kruskal Wallis. Para analisar as prevalências e os possíveis fatores relacionados à prática de AF foram realizados o teste Quiquadrado, a razão de prevalências (RP) e a medida de Odds Ratio (OR). Nas variáveis antropométricas, nutricionais e psicológicas o grupo controle apresentou resultados adequados, dentro das faixas limítrofes à saúde, com baixo risco para TA, níveis de depressão e de ansiedade em comparação aos grupos de TA (p<0,05). Na medida objetiva, a BN apresentou o maior tempo de duração na AF leve, em comparação aos demais grupos (p<0,001). Nas associações de RP, ao assumir uma nota de corte pela mediana, aquelas que permaneceram na AF leve no acelerômetro, por um tempo superior a 973 minutos apresentaram 2,1 vezes a prevalência de ter BN, quando comparado com quem ficou um tempo igual ou inferior; na AN a medida de risco não foi significativa. Limitações da pesquisa exigem cautela na observação dos resultados. A prática compulsiva, baseada no escore total do grau de compromisso com o exercício, não interferiu na prevalência de TA na amostra estudada. Também não foram encontradas associações entre a prática de AF e as variáveis antropométricas, nutricionais e psicológicas, exceto a insatisfação corporal. Aquelas que apresentaram insatisfação corporal tiveram 3,4 vezes mais chances de praticar AF. É necessário aprofundar os estudos e buscar instrumentos validados que auxiliem na investigação da prática excessiva e/ou compulsiva nos TA / Evidence shows that physical activity (PA) for eating disorder (ED) individuals is a compensatory behavior seeking weight and appetite control. The purpose of this research was to determine the PA of the patients from the Eating Disorders Program (AMBULIM) at the Sao Paulo Universitys Psychiatric Institute. The sample was composed of patients diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa (AN, n=27), Bulimia (BN, n=31) and a control group (CG, n=13). The data collection involved assessing PA by using an objective instrument (accelerometer), self-reported physical activities, and commitment to exercise. Nutritional and psychological variables were measured with scales of eating attitudes, body dissatisfaction, depression, and anxiety. Comparison between AN, BN and CG groups, was tested by Kruskal Wallis. In order to analyze the prevalence and the possible factors related to PA, Chi Square, Prevalence Ratio (RP), and Odds Ratio (OR) were performed. In the anthropometric, nutritional and psychological variables, CG presented the expected low risk for ED, depression and anxiety levels when compared to the ED groups (p<.05). In the objective instrument, BN presented the longer duration time of light PA, when compared to the other groups (p<.001). Considering the median as the cutoff for RP associations, those who exercised at light intensity measured with by accelerometer for over 973 minutes, presented 2.1 more prevalence of developing BN, when compared to those exercising equally or less time. The risk was negligible for AN. Limitations for this study are warranted: the compulsive exercise, based on the degree of the commitment to exercising, did not interfere in the prevalence of ED. Associations between the practice of PA and the anthropometric, nutritional and psychological variables, except for body dissatisfaction were not found. Those who presented dissatisfaction had 3.4 more chances of practicing PA. It is necessary to further study this population and use validated tools to investigate ED and levels of PA

A apneia obstrutiva do sono é uma síndrome que produz múltiplas comorbidades, aumentando significativamente a taxa de mortalidade dos seus portadores. A atresia maxilar vem sendo descrita como um dos fatores etiológicos da SAOS, entretanto não existem estudos que demonstrem a eficácia no tratamento em adultos com consequente redução dos eventos obstrutivos durante o sono. Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal a verificação da expansão rápida da maxila cirurgicamente assistida (ERMCA), nos eventos obstrutivos do sono e demais parâmetros polissonográficos, na sonolência diurna e no comportamento morfométrico da via aérea. A amostra foi realizada em indivíduos adultos com apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS), atresia maxilar e mordida cruzada. O método adotado foi um ensaio clínico prospectivo com 16 participantes (7 mulheres / 9 homens) com idade de 40,23 ± 10,23, todos portadores de SAOS comprovada por polissonografia (PSG) de noite toda (IDR superior a 5), atresia maxilar e mordida cruzada posterior. Previamente todos participantes foram submetidos a uma tomografia computadorizada (TC) da via aérea superior e foi aplicado o teste da Escala de Sonolência de Epworth (ESE). Todos os pacientes foram então submetidos à ERMCA, e posteriormente, todos os exames foram refeitos para comparação. Foi constatada uma redução no IDR de 35,46 ± 38,54 para 16,07 ± 19,73, uma redução média de 54,68% (p=0,0013) e no IAH em 56,24% (33,23 ± 39,54 para 14,54 ± 19,48: p=0,001), uma redução dos índices de microdespertares e dessaturação, além da melhora de diversos parâmetros polissonográficos. O ESE apresentou uma melhora de 12,50 ± 5,32 para 7,25 ± 3,53 (p<0,001). A via aérea total ampliou em média 23,99% (p=0,016), mas de uma maneira mais expressiva na sua metade inferior (28,63% p=0,008). Em relação aos resultados obtidos por meio da ERMCA observou-se uma melhora da SAOS, redução dos índices relacionados aos distúrbios respiratórios durante o sono, de microdespertar e de dessaturação, ampliação da via aérea, principalmente na metade inferior, além de melhorar a sonolência diurna, devolvendo- a para a normalidade. / Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a condition that produces multiple comorbidities, significantly increasing the mortality rate of affected individuals. Maxillary atresia is being described as one of the etiological factors of OSAS, although there are no studies demonstrating the efficacy of treatment in adults with a consequent reduction of obstructive events during sleep. The main objective of the present study was to determine the effects of surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) on obstructive sleep events and all other polysomnography (PSG) parameters, on daytime sleepiness and on the morphometric behavior of the airways. The study was conducted on adult individuals with OSAS, maxillary atresia and crossbite. The method involved a prospective clinical assay with 16 participants (7 women/9 men) aged 40.23 ± 10.23 years, with OSAS confirmed by all-night PSG (respiratory disorder index (RDI) higher than 5), maxillary atresia and posterior crossbite. All participants were first submitted to computed tomography of the upper airways and to the Epworth Sleepines Scale (ESS) test. All patients were then submitted to SARME and all exams were later repeated for comparison. RDI was reduced from 35.46 ± 38.54 to 16.07 ± 19.73, (a mean reduction of 54.68%, p=0.0013), the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was reduced from 33.23 ± 39.54 to14.54 ± 19.48 (a mean reduction of 56.24%, p=0.001), and micro-awakenings and desaturation were also reduced. The ESS score improved from 12.50 ± 5.32 to 7.25 ± 3.53 (p<0.001). Mean total airway area was increased by 23.99% (p=0.016), although in a more expressive manner in the lower half (28.63%, p=0.008). The results obtained by SARME revealed an improvement of OSAS, a reduction of the indices related to respiratory disorders during sleep, of micro-awakennings and of desaturation, as well as airway expansion, especially in the lower half, and improvement of daytime sleepiness with a return to normality.

No description available.

<p>This thesis, consisting of six papers and a summary, studies the area of continuous time financial mathematics. A unifying theme for many of the problems studied is the implications of possible mis-specifications of models. Intimately connected with this question is, perhaps surprisingly, convexity properties of option prices. We also study qualitative behavior of different optimal stopping boundaries appearing in option pricing.</p><p>In Paper I a new condition on the contract function of an American option is provided under which the option price increases monotonically in the volatility. It is also shown that American option prices are continuous in the volatility.</p><p>In Paper II an explicit pricing formula for the perpetual American put option in the Constant Elasticity of Variance model is derived. Moreover, different properties of this price are studied.</p><p>Paper III deals with the Russian option with a finite time horizon. It is shown that the value of the Russian option solves a certain free boundary problem. This information is used to analyze the optimal stopping boundary.</p><p>A study of perpetual game options is performed in Paper IV. One of the main results provides a condition under which the value of the option is increasing in the volatility.</p><p>In Paper V options written on several underlying assets are considered. It is shown that, within a large class of models, the only model for the stock prices that assigns convex option prices to all convex contract functions is geometric Brownian motion.</p><p>Finally, in Paper VI it is shown that the optimal stopping boundary for the American put option is convex in the standard Black-Scholes model. </p>

This thesis, consisting of six papers and a summary, studies the area of continuous time financial mathematics. A unifying theme for many of the problems studied is the implications of possible mis-specifications of models. Intimately connected with this question is, perhaps surprisingly, convexity properties of option prices. We also study qualitative behavior of different optimal stopping boundaries appearing in option pricing. In Paper I a new condition on the contract function of an American option is provided under which the option price increases monotonically in the volatility. It is also shown that American option prices are continuous in the volatility. In Paper II an explicit pricing formula for the perpetual American put option in the Constant Elasticity of Variance model is derived. Moreover, different properties of this price are studied. Paper III deals with the Russian option with a finite time horizon. It is shown that the value of the Russian option solves a certain free boundary problem. This information is used to analyze the optimal stopping boundary. A study of perpetual game options is performed in Paper IV. One of the main results provides a condition under which the value of the option is increasing in the volatility. In Paper V options written on several underlying assets are considered. It is shown that, within a large class of models, the only model for the stock prices that assigns convex option prices to all convex contract functions is geometric Brownian motion. Finally, in Paper VI it is shown that the optimal stopping boundary for the American put option is convex in the standard Black-Scholes model.