The present MA paper aims to analyse one of the most important objects of the governmental social politics – social exclusion as a result of long-term unemployment. Social exclusion is understood as human rights violations existing in society for certain groups of people, involuntary (or voluntary) remoteness from social, economical and cultural values, as well as the break of social contacts. An overcome of social exclusion is related to the governmental social security politics. Despite the fact that this process depends on the three main groups of factors – legal political, social economical and cultural psychological factor, special attention should be paid to unemployment, which is one of the main reasons of social exclusion. In case of loss of job, a person loses the possibility to satisfy his or her communication and self-expression needs. The proposed hypothesis of the present MA paper is that the passive support means for the unemployed are dominant in Lithuania. These means make the problem of the social exclusion even deeper and they do not encourage the unemployed (especially the ones who have been unemployed for a long time) to search for job. This paper aims to summarise the specific character of the social exclusion, which was caused by unemployment during the period of independence in Lithuania. Moreover, the paper deals with the influence of the social support in case of unemployment and strives to state its differences in cities and countryside.

On April 17, 1982, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was proclaimed into force. By including a set of constitutionally entrenched core legal rights (i.e. ss. 8, 9, and 10(b), and a remedial mechanism designed to enforce those rights (i.e. s. 24(2)), the Charter had the potential to alter certain repressive elements of the criminal justice system that had endured in Canada for over a century. Despite this potential, both the core legal rights and s. 24(2) were drafted using vague terminology. As a result, the Charter ‘s ability to succeed where previous attempts at instituting effective due process protections for Canadians had failed would depend largely on the judiciary’s ability to satisfactorily craft such protections out of imprecise statutory language. This thesis will argue that the Supreme Court of Canada has created a test for the exclusion of unconstitutionally obtained evidence under s. 24(2) that fails to adequately protect the core legal rights of the socially, racially and economically marginalized individuals to whom the Canadian criminal justice system is disproportionately applied. In advancing this argument, the relevant jurisprudence and academic literature will be analyzed according to a methodology inspired by the Critical Legal Studies movement. The issue of exclusion will be examined in its social context, primarily by analyzing the current system of Canadian criminal justice and acknowledging its over-application to the socially disenfranchised. It will be argued that the Supreme Court’s test for exclusion has developed as it has because of the judiciary’s subconscious tendency to interpret unclear constitutional provisions in keeping with the dominant conservative ideology, a method that favours maintaining the social status quo. The purpose of this thesis is to set out a framework for a reform of the Charter ‘s exclusionary mechanism. This new approach will attempt to situate social context at the forefront of the s. 24(2) decision-making process. It will be argued that the concept of “disrepute” within s. 24(2) must be redefined so that it captures investigatory practices made possible by unjust social, racial and economic divisions that render certain groups powerless, and thus more vulnerable to police surveillance.

People who go missing are often perceived to have done so voluntarily, and yet, many missing persons in Canada are Aboriginal, visible minorities, homeless, and are fleeing from violence, abuse, and neglect. Integrating the concept of social exclusion and an intersectional perspective with a sample of 724 missing persons cases drawn from one Canadian police service, this dissertation examines the systemic issues underlying peoples’ disappearances. This dissertation also explores the role of social and economic disadvantage in the risk of a long term disappearance. A combination of univariate (descriptions), bivariate (cross-tabulations), and multivariate (logistic regression) analyses identify correlates and causes of going missing and correlates and causes of long term disappearances. The concept of social exclusion explains how structural processes prevent particular groups and individuals from gaining access to valued social relationships and economic opportunities in a particular society, resulting in considerable hardship and disadvantage. This dissertation argues that people who are marginalized and excluded have few resources to rely on to cope with stress and strain and may resort to going missing if confronted with adversity. Groups who are overrepresented among missing persons compared to the general population are identified by cross-tabulations and chi-square tests. Multivariate analysis (partial tables and logistic regression) is used to control for possible sources of spuriousness, in order to have more confidence in imputing causal relationships between membership in disadvantaged groups and going missing. Moreover, if disadvantaged groups go missing, they further sever ties with families, the labour market, and other mainstream institutions. As a result of extreme disadvantage, they may find it difficult to (re)connect with conventional social relationships and mainstream society. For example, youth who are escaping violence and abuse at home often end up on the streets and sever ties with schools, families, and other conventional support networks and become engaged in street culture. As a result of extreme disadvantage these young people are at risk of a long term disappearance. In other words, social exclusion is expected to be a risk and causal factor in long term disappearances. Groups who are overrepresented among long term disappearances compared to short term disappearances are identified by cross-tabulations and chi-square tests. Logistic regression analysis is used to draw conclusions about causal factors in long term disappearances. This research finds that excluded groups such as disadvantaged youth, Aboriginal people, women and other visible minorities, victims of violence, and youth in care are at disproportionate risk of going missing. Consistent with an intersectional perspective, this dissertation shows that certain groups who are multiply marginalized such as Aboriginal women and young women face an especially high risk of going missing. Aboriginal identity, labour force status, and homelessness are also implicated as causal factors in peoples’ disappearances. Moreover, this research finds that social exclusion is a risk and causal factor in long term disappearances as Aboriginal people, homeless people, minorities and other excluded groups face a high risk of a long term disappearance. Linking missing persons with the concept of social exclusion highlights the role of structural issues in peoples’ disappearances and refutes the common misperception that going missing is a choice. In terms of policy, the findings from this research indicate that prevention and intervention depend on targeting poverty, discrimination, gender inequality, violence, and other structural issues associated with social exclusion.

This thesis uses data from The Survey of Texas Adults, 2004 to analyze the giving and volunteering patterns of various groups focusing on the role of several relevant social and demographic characteristics and also focusing on whether or not an individual was asked to participate in these various activities. Multivariate logistic regression analysis is performed to test for statistical relationships between selected factors and giving and volunteering rates. In each of the analysis, logistic regression models are estimated to assess how factors such as race, education, citizenship, gender, age, income, and being asked affect the outcomes of money given to religious organizations, money given to other organizations, being asked to volunteer, and solicited for money. Findings suggest that, overall, Latinos are not significantly different in their odds of giving to religious organizations when compared to their white counterparts. The results of the next set of logistic models, however, show that Latinos have lower odds of giving to other groups or organizations. In terms of who is asked to volunteer or solicited for money, the results suggest that Latinos are not asked to volunteer at the same rate as whites; therefore, limiting an important avenue of participation. These finding confirm the hypothesis that Latinos are just as likely to make financial contributions to their local church, but they have lower odds of giving to other, nonreligious organizations. In addition, the findings confirm that Latinos are less likely to be asked to volunteer when compared to other groups.

In this thesis we show how and why non-family managers are excluded in family firms. Additionally, we depict the implications of exclusion on an individual as well as a business level. The literature framework that consists of literature from family business and organizational as well as socio-psychological studies lays the foundation for our qualitative empirical research. A method triangulation of semi-structured interviews and vignettes, based on empirical material from seven cases, is applied to understand the exclusion of non-family managers. Our findings suggest that exclusion is prevailing in family firms. Hereby, family members as well as non-family managers can be the ones excluding. We identified six main categories why exclusion of non-family managers happens. Exclusion can be based on the family’s values and norms, exclusive knowledge of a family member, the need of quick decision making, the need of secrecy, the manager’s professional values and norms, as well as the manager’s personal values and norms. Further, exclusion can take place in formal and informal selective arenas, through formal and informal breach of agreements, through structural and cultural hindrances, as well as through differences between enacted and espoused values. Moreover, we reveal several implications exclusion has on an individual and on a business level. The findings contribute to the theoretical and managerial understanding of exclusion in family firms. Thus, increasing the awareness of its existence in family firms. Additionally, we contribute to current research about exclusion in family firms by providing more insights into the complex phenomenon. This thesis is of interest to any individual in a leading position in family firms, as well as academics in the research field of family businesses.

This thesis examines article 69(7) of the Rome Statute, which creates an exclusionary rule for improperly obtained evidence at the International Criminal Court (ICC). Ultimately, the thesis proposes how the ICC should interpret its exclusionary rule. The thesis discusses the theory underlying exclusionary rules, the evidence law and remedial law contexts within which exclusionary rules operate, and numerous comparative examples of exclusionary doctrine from within national criminal justice systems. Finally, some unique aspects of international criminal procedure are described in order to demonstrate how an international exclusionary rule might need to differ from a domestic rule, and previous jurisprudence relating to exclusionary rules at other international criminal tribunals is surveyed. The thesis ends by articulating what a basic test for exclusion at the ICC should look like, and examines how such a rule would operate in respect of all of the different exclusionary doctrines discussed earlier in the thesis.

This thesis deals with the historical background concerning the development of disability-related employment measures and the employment exclusion experienced by disabled persons. In particular, the enquiry focuses upon the early post-war period up until the introduction in 1997 of the New Deal for Disabled Persons. The thesis postulates that: 1. major policy shifts within the Employment Service Disability Services (ESDS) in the early 1990s did not sufficiently reflect the employment integration needs of disabled persons; in spite of a major social values shift, to welfare-to-work measures for disabled persons these measures proved to be problematic; problems existed because of the following three inter-related negative social factors; 3.1 lack of adequate neeeds assessment and response to disabled persons labour-market requirements; 3.2 lack of support for work capability enhancement; and 3.3 lack of suitable work-integrated environments,accessible jobs and adequate socially 'adjusted' working conditions. Although the study was carried out prior to the New Deal for Disabled Persons (NDDP), the main concerns raised by this study, regarding disabled persons labour market integration needs, would still appear to prevail. However, the post- NDDP developments and implications for the employment of disabled persons under the NDDP would require further research that is beyond the ambit of the present study which terminated prior to the introduction of the New Deal. The study examined national developments of disability policy of the Employment Service (ES), in the light of transitions within service philosophy during the 1990s. This took the form of a major shift on the part of policy makers of the 'position' of disabled persons to mainstream labour markets. Prior to the early 1990s, the position of disabled persons was largely one of relative labour-market marginality. Many disabled persons experienced social alienation, denoting exclusion from or restricted entry into employment, on terms that were often significant of a position of exploitative 'integration'. With the collapse in the 1980s and 1990s of the Keynes-Beveridge Welfare State, the outcome for disabled persons was a reconceptuality of their relationship to labour markets. This factor was driven by rising state-benefit dependency and decommodification. The perspective of the New Right, with its anti-statedependency ideology, ushered in a new regime wherein disabled persons were to be exposed to similar labour-market rigours as the non-disabled. While the two tier disability-employment regulatory system, set in place by Tomlinson (1942), remained relatively intact, the new requirements of what has been described as a 'Schumpeterian Workfare State' (Jessop, 1992,1994), ensured that the ES, Disability Service, faced a need for radical reform. It is the framework and conception of this revised approach, to disabled persons labour-market involvement, that constitutes the basis of the present study. The research ' contribution to disability and employment lies in the presentation of employment service users' own perceptions of the suitability of the ESDS. However debate presented, maintains that the fundamental relationship of disabled persons to employment, without corresponding change towards the social values perceptions of disabled persons, ensures that employment associated alienation will remain intact.

No description available.

The processes of three area-based initiatives relating to health provision, urban and neighbourhood renewal in Luton are used to examine whether political participation affects social exclusion. Government policies presume that increased participation reduces exclusion, while critical literature questions the type of participation produced in state initiatives, and also whether the discourse of exclusion adequately articulates social inequality. Participation is analysed in its relations to power, the political and to a social typology. Exclusion is analysed by delineating its contested meaning, and developing a dialectical model of inclusion and exclusion, that enables exclusion to be prefigured both as an analytical concept and as a critical component for exploring inequality. This thesis explores the processes of participation and exclusion via voluntary and community groups by presenting a predominantly qualitative analysis of the frameworks and processes of participation and the circumstances and experiences of exclusion. The study finds that: • The participation of the voluntary and community groups in the initiatives was on an unequal basis with the statutory sector, it was constrained by bureaucratic procedures, and led to a combative relationship between the sectors in two of the initiatives. • The voluntary and community sectors -elements of which are here characterised as "remedial movements" -had some effects on micro-and mesolevel processes, but no direct effect on macro-policy that controls the initiatives. Participation in the groups and initiatives faced a number of structural dilemmas. • Social exclusion in the areas was heterogeneous, but associated with the lack of interactional processes that enable inclusion. The range of experiences of exclusion demonstrated what I shall define as an "inequality of capabilities for inclusion". The research concludes that participation via initiatives does not necessarily result in the total incorporation of the voluntary and community sector, and claims for rights to be recognised had both achieved gains and reflected an antagonistic, if complementary, approach by some groups to the state. If the aim is to increase participation, however, the evidence implies that it needs to be consistently driven; that while the initiatives have affected exclusion, their effects have been limited and are fragile, and that reducing inequality is necessary to enable inclusive participation.

No description available.