In this dissertation on Nat Nakasa I argue, in Chapter 1, that he is one of South Africa's first literary flaneurs. Walking the city as an urban spectator, part journalist, part sociologist, his modernist writings of the metropolis celebrate Johannesburg and also place him in a broad international context. His `tactics of the habitat', in Foucault's phrase, become subversive ruses, a navigation through the cultural seam of South Africa in the 1960s, and this approach offers an alternative to a reductionist anti-apartheid critique. Chapter 2 analyses the excavation of his memory and subsequent elevation to media icon, with the naming of the SANEF Award for Media Integrity after him. Chapter 3 discusses how his auto/biographical writings and representation of self and other contribute to `making history's silences speak'. Finally in chapter 4, I discuss his elusive identity as part of the Drum generation, an insider/outsider, and his exile and suicide in America. / English Studies / M.A. (English)

This dissertation examines Breyten Breytenbach‟s memoir Dog Heart, and Ngũgĩ wa Thiong‟o‟s novel Matigari, with particular attention to the use of a mother tongue or another language in the texts, and whether these reflect or impact on the writers‟ sense of personal, cultural and political identity. It compares and contrasts the authors‟ views on, and experiences of, culture, language, translation and exile, and whether these aspects appear in the two primary works. Dilemmas associated with the authors‟ choice of language in their creative works, preferred audiences, and affiliations to their mother tongue speech communities are also explored. By drawing on Breytenbach‟s and Ngũgĩ‟s diverse stances on these issues, and following their respective publishing decisions, it is hoped an interesting conversation is created between these significant political activists and their writing. / English Studies / M.A. (English literature)

The Old Testament is the story of Yahweh and His Covenant relationship with His people Israel. Many other Ancient Near Eastern (ANE) peoples are mentioned in the context of their relationship to Israel. This Covenant relationship which began with Abraham had a core component, the gift of land (Gen 12:7), the Promised Land. The Covenant was ratified at Mount Sinai where the terms, the Ten Commandments were given to Israel. Core to the terms was the obligation that Israel would serve no other god but Yahweh and without any representative image. Israel must be a monotheistic people. Only then would they retain the Promised Land. The Promised Land was occupied by the Canaanites. The Canaanites though difficult to identify with precision, were a people whose religious cult was the direct opposite of Yahwism. They worshipped Baal the fertility god. The fertility cult was a belief that there is no absolute being but a universal realm with a womb of fertility. This womb is the source of fertility and the gods are the agents. In the land of Canaan, Baal was the agent of fertility. The wealth and fertility of the land, crops, livestock, and humans was attributed to Baal. Baal was worshiped through the fertility cult which had cult personnel like prophets, and temple prostitutes. The fertility cult had festivals in which sympathetic magic was performed to induce the gods into action. This magic involved cultic sex and wine consumption in honor of Baal. The Canaanites were driven out of the land lest they influence Israel to copy their ways. This would violate the Covenant and Israel would be ejected out of the land because the occupation was based on keeping the Covenant. There were no strict conditions of obedience in Baal worship like in the Covenant. Baal offered them release from „Covenant Obedience‟ to indulge in sensuality while enjoying the blessings. In the end, the Baal fertility cult had such a negative impact on the Covenant that Israel was ejected out of the Promised Land and deported into the Babylonian Exile as seen in the book of Jeremiah / Old Testament and Ancient Near Eastern Studies / D. Th. (Old Testament)

Tomás Segovia and Angelina Muñiz Huberman belong to a group of writers known as «Hispanomexicanos». Most approaches to this generation have been towards the role that exile plays in their early work, paying almost no attention to its role after that initial stage. These approaches have been limited to the first years of their work, in the belief that those writers subsequently moved on to deal with issues which are different from those in which their experience of exile is clearly the central topic. However, through an analysis of the poetry of Muñiz and Segovia, this thesis aims to show that exile continues to play a central role beyond that first stage. It argues that their exile is transformed into a series of symbols that come to constitute a shared style and, more importantly, it proposes that their experience of exile is transformed into a feeling of existential displacement which impels a search for meaning and belonging to the world. Consequently, the conclusion presented in this thesis is that exile plays a central role in their poetry, in the sense that it expresses the ways in which these two writers search and transmit meaning and attempt to feel part of the world. Ultimately, this thesis aims to set an example of approach which could be productively taken to study the work of other writers from this generation.

Ce mémoire explore l’exil au cinéma et en littérature, en particulier à travers l’œuvre de Marilú Mallet, cinéaste et écrivaine québécoise d’origine chilienne. L’approche choisie emprunte à la fois au champ littéraire et au champ cinématographique, et fait intervenir à la fois théoriciens, écrivains et cinéastes. À travers plusieurs regards croisés entre cinéastes et écrivains, ce mémoire décrit comment les thèmes du dépaysement, de la mémoire, de l’identité, du territoire et de la langue reviennent sans cesse dans les œuvres des auteurs migrants. Il interroge également la place des auteurs migrants au sein de la littérature et du cinéma nationaux, leur apport à l’imaginaire collectif, et plus largement leur place dans le discours social ambiant. À travers son œuvre, Mallet raconte sa propre expérience d’exilée en même temps qu’elle témoigne de ce qui s’est passé après le coup d’État au Chili en 1973, laissant des traces pour contrer l’histoire officielle. / This master thesis explores exile in cinema and literature, especially through the work of Marilú Mallet, a Quebec filmmaker and writter exiled from Chile. The approach chosen borrows both to the literary and cinematographic fields, and lets intervene writters and filmmakers as much as theoreticians. Through crossed views between writters and filmmakers, this master thesis describes how the issues of displacement, memory, identity, territory and language are recurrent in the works of authors in exile. It also questions the place of migrant authors within national literature and cinema, their contribution to the collective imaginative world and social debates and reflections. Through her work, Mallet tells her own experience of exile, as well as she testifies of what went on after the coup of 1973, leaving evidences to counter the official version of history.

The motif of 'exile-and-return' is found in works from a wide range of periods and linguistic traditions. The standard narrative pattern depicts the return of wrongfully exiled heroes or peoples to their former abode or their establishment of a superior home, which signals a restoration of order. The appeal of the pattern lies in its association with undue loss, rightful recovery and the universal vindication of the protagonist. Though by no means confined to any one period or region, the particular narrative pattern of the exile-and-return motif is prevalent in vernacular texts of England and Spain around 1170–1250. This is the subject of the thesis. The following research engages with scholarship on Anglo-Norman romances and their characteristic use of exile-and-return that sets them apart from continental French romances, by highlighting the widespread employment of this narrative pattern in Spanish poetic works during the same period. The prevalence of the pattern in both literatures is linked to analogous interaction with continental French works, the relationship between the texts and their political contexts, and a common responses to wider ecclesiastical reforms. A broader aim is to draw attention to further, unacknowledged similarities between contemporary texts from these different linguistic traditions, as failure to take into account the wider, multilingual literary contexts of this period leads to incomplete arguments. The methodology is grounded in close reading of four main texts selected for their exemplarity, with some consideration of the historical context and contemporary intertexts: the Romance of Horn, the Cantar de mio Cid, Gui de Warewic and the Poema de Fernán González. A range of intertexts are considered alongside in order to elucidate the particular concerns and distinctive use of exile-and-return in the main works.

Cette thèse étudie la façon dont trois romans latino-canadiens utilisent le trope de l’exil comme allégorie d’un trauma historique qui comprend plus que l’expérience individuelle de ses protagonistes : la transition forcée de l’État vers le Marché en Amérique latine effectuée par les dictatures. Cobro revertido (1992) de José Leandro Urbina; Le pavillon des miroirs (1994) Sergio Kokis; et Rojo, amarillo y verde (2003) de Alejandro Saravia, explorent divers aspects de ce processus à travers les exercices de mémoire de leurs personnages. L’exil oblige les protagonistes de ces oeuvres à se confronter aux limites des structures sémiotiques par lesquelles ils essaient de donner un fondement idéologique à leur existence sociale. Ils découvrent ainsi qu’il n’est pas possible de reproduire des hiérarchies, des valeurs, ni des relations de pouvoir de leur pays d’origine dans leur pays d’accueil, non seulement à cause des différences culturelles, mais aussi à cause d’un changement historique qui concerne la relation du sujet avec la collectivité et le territoire. Ces œuvres abordent l’expérience de ce changement par un dialogue avec différents genres littéraires comme le roman de fondation, la méta-fiction historique du Boom, le roman de formation et le testimonio, mis en relation avec divers moments historiques, de la période nationale-populaire aux transitions, en passant par les dictatures. Cela permet aux auteurs de réfléchir aux mécanismes narratifs que plusieurs œuvres latino-américaines du XXème siècle ont utilisé pour construire et naturaliser des subjectivités favorables aux projets hégémoniques des États nationaux. Ces exercices méta-narratifs comprennent le rôle de l’écriture comme support privilégié pour l’articulation d’une identité avec le type de communauté imaginaire qu’est la nation. Ils servent aussi à signaler les limites de l’écriture dans le moment actuel du développement technologique des médias et de l’expansion du capitalisme transnational. Ainsi, les auteurs de ces œuvres cherchent d’autres formes de représentation pour rendre visibles les traces d’autres histoires qui n’ont pas pu être incorporées dans le discours historique officiel. / This thesis studies how three Latino-Canadian novels use the trope of exile as an allegory of a trauma that goes beyond the individual experience of their protagonists: the transition from State to Market led by the dictatorships in Latin-America. José Leandro Urbina’s Cobro revertido (1992), Sergio Kokis’s Le pavillon des miroirs (1994), and Alejandro Saravia’s Rojo, amarillo y verde (2003) explore different aspects of this process through the memory of their characters. Exile forces these characters to confront the limits of the different semiotic structures that they try to use as an ideological foundation for their social lives. They discover that it is not possible to recreate the same hierarchies, values and power relations of their home countries in their host country, not only because of cultural differences, but also because of a historical turn that has changed the relationships between the subject, the community and the territory. These novels work-through the experience of this change by entering a dialogue with different genres, such as the foundational romance, the Boom’s historical meta-fiction, the Bildungsroman and the testimonio, covering various historical periods, from the national-popular to the dictatorships and the democratic transitions. Thus, these authors reflect on the mechanisms used in several works of 20th century Latin-American fiction to create and naturalize subjectivities aligned with the hegemonic projects of the nation-states in the region. These meta-narrative exercises also cover the role of writing as the privileged media for the articulation of an identity based on the type of imagined community that is the nation. They point to the limits of writing in the present state of media’s technological development and the expansion of transnational capitalism. This allows these authors to explore other forms of representation that make visible the traces of other stories that could not be dialectically incorporated into the official historical discourse. / Esta tesis estudia la manera en que tres novelas latino-canadienses utilizan el tropo del exilio como alegoría de un trauma que va más allá de la experiencia individual de sus protagonistas: la transición forzada del Estado al Mercado operada por las dictaduras en América Latina. Cobro revertido (1993) de José Leandro Urbina; Le pavillon des miroirs (1994) de Sergio Kokis; y Rojo, amarillo y verde (2003) de Alejandro Saravia exploran diversos aspectos de este proceso a través del ejercicio de memoria de sus personajes. El exilio obliga a los protagonistas de estas obras a confrontar los límites de las matrices semióticas con las que intentan dar un sustento ideológico a su existencia en sociedad. Ellos descubren que no es posible reproducir las jerarquías, valores y relaciones de poder de sus países de origen en el país de acogida, no solo por las diferencias culturales, sino también a causa de un cambio histórico que atañe a la relación entre el sujeto, la colectividad y el territorio. Estas obras elaboran la experiencia de este cambio a través de un diálogo con distintos géneros literarios como los romances fundacionales, la meta-ficción histórica del Boom, la novela de formación y el testimonio, abarcando diversos momentos históricos, desde el periodo nacional-popular hasta las transiciones, pasando por las dictaduras. De este modo, sus autores reflexionan sobre los mecanismos narrativos con los que muchas obras del siglo XX latinoamericano han servido para construir y naturalizar subjetividades favorables a los proyectos hegemónicos de los Estados nacionales. Este ejercicio metanarrativo se extiende al papel de la escritura como medio de articulación de una identidad con el tipo de comunidad imaginada que es la nación, señalando sus límites en momento actual del desarrollo tecnológico de los medios de comunicación y la expansión del capitalismo transnacional. De este modo, los autores de estos textos exploran otras formas de representación que hagan visibles los residuos de otras historias que no pueden ser incorporadas por la dialéctica del discurso historiográfico oficial.

This thesis deals with the development and activities of compatriot organizations of Czechs and Slovaks in the 20th century that were associated in the Union of clubs of Czechs and Slovaks in Switzerland. The first clubs, which did not last long, were established in the 1860s. The origins of more stable organizations date back to the beginning of the twentieth century, when clubs such as Czechoslovak Beseda Slovan in Geneva and Czechoslovak Beseda Svatopluk Čech in Zurich were established. These organizations expanded after the big emigrant wave caused by the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. This period between the years 1968 and 1990 is the main objective of the following research. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first one introduces some basic notions needed for the thesis and puts the existence of compatriot clubs in Switzerland in a broader context. At the same time, it deals with the most important emigrant waves from Czechoslovakia with emphasis on those emigrants that left for Switzerland. The second chapter deals with the very development of compatriot movement in Switzerland before the critical year 1968. Furthermore, this chapter is divided into various sections on the basis of selecting important turning points in the development of compatriot organizations, such as...

This thesis focuses on Czechoslovak radio broadcasting on BBC from September 1939 (when the separate Czech program started there) to the end of World War II in which there were participating political representatives of Czechoslovakia after partial recognition of Czechoslovak government in the exile by the British government in summer of 1940. Main theme of the thesis are the radio speeches of Jan Masaryk, the former (longtime) Czechoslovak ambassador in London and future Minister of Foreign Affairs of the exile government. He launched the Czech Programme of BBC for listeners in the Protectorate on 8th September 1939 and began to appear on the waves regularly once a week in February 1940. The thesis analyzes how he tried (in his speeches and comments) to encourage self-confidence of the nation, how he tried to nullify germanization endeavors of occupiers and quislings to reinterpret Czech historical narrative and by usage of what ideological weapons he was creating the image of small, but internally strong and mature Czechoslovak nation, morally exceeding its inherent German enemy. He used this story as a rhetorical shield against the Nazi interpretation of the Czech tribe, who returned to the womb of the modern Holy Roman Empire, where it belongs as natural part - by the words of the Nazi propaganda.

Migration, exil, déportation, transplantation, exode, expatriation, autant de mots pour qualifier le départ d’un pays. Autant les sciences sociales se sont attachées à comprendre la migration sous toutes ses formes depuis longtemps, autant la psychologie « de la migration » n’en est qu’à ses débuts. Elle s’est, pour l’heure, surtout intéressée aux difficultés rencontrées par les immigrés, mais peu à l’émigré.Il est donc question dans ce travail de tenter de mettre à jour les processus psychiques, et dynamiques préalables au départ. Pour ce faire, j’ai choisi de me mettre également en situation de migration pendant le travail de la recherche, pour rencontrer, accompagner et prendre en charge des candidats aux départs, et des migrants en situation de transit. S’est révélé, au cours de ce travail, la complexité due aux emboitements des différents espaces de réalités auxquelles chaque sujet a à faire. Malgré tout, il est possible de dire que les processus migratoires se mettent en place à partir de contextes tyranniques (familiaux, sociaux) au sein desquels l'emprise et la violence sont au cœur du lien. Le prétexte économique, souvent mis au premier plan, vient symboliser la dualité dette / réparation de la dette, et semble consécutif au fantasme de meurtre qui agite le groupe familial. La migration manifeste une forme de libido d'expression épistémophilique. Elle est la mise en acte d'une quête de sens sur la jouissance de l'autre, parent, de la violence qu'il a agie en tyrannisant le groupe. La migration est métaphore, mais elle est aussi symptôme ; elle est à la fois tentative de mise en conflit par le déplacement de l’originaire aliénant, et répétition par retournement de mécanismes de rejet, d’exclusion. / Migration, exile, deportation, transplantation, exodus, expatriation are as many words to describe leaving a country. Though for a long time, social sciences have been attempting to understand all forms of migration, migration psychology is starting out. Up to now, it was interested in studying the immigrant's difficulties more than the emigrant.This study tries to update the psychic and dynamic process preliminary to departure. This is why I deliberately became a migrant during the whole research: I encountered, accompanied and took in charge prospective and transit migrants.My work enlightened on the complexity due to the diverse and intricate spaces of realities each subject has to deal with.However, migratory processes can be described as induced by oppressive contexts (in family or society) where control and violence are at the core of the bond. Economic motives are often put forward: they symbolize the duality of debt and reparation, and seem to be resulting from the murder fantasy in the family group.Migration denotes a form of libido and of epistemophilic drive. It is the actuation of a quest for the meaning of the other's (the parent's) narcissistic pleasure; it questions the violence and the control the other exerts over the group.Migration is both a metaphor and a symptom; it is the attempt to challenge and to modify the original alienation, as well as a repetition and a reversal of mechanisms of rejection and exclusion.