Denna kvantitativa studie undersökte om det var möjligt att kategorisera mordbrännares aggression som instrumentell eller reaktiv utifrån Cornells (1996) kodningsguide. Det huvudsakliga syftet med studien var att tillföra en förståelse om hur teorin gällande reaktivt och instrumentell aggression kan tillämpas när det gäller mordbrännare, och därmed även förhoppningsvis utöka användningsområdet för teorin. Studien bygger på 87 fällande domar från Sveriges hovrätter där gärningspersonerna blivit dömda för försök till mordbrand, mordbrand alternativt till grov mordbrand mellan år 2017-2018 från två av hovrätterna och mellan 2016-2018 från fyra av hovrätterna. Domarna bedömdes av två oberoende bedömare, tillika författarna av denna studie. Med en hög interbedömarreliabilitet visade resultatet av undersökningen att det var möjligt att skilja reaktiva gärningspersoner från instrumentella. Variablerna planering och målinriktning förekom i större utsträckning hos de gärningspersoner som klassades som instrumentella, medan variablerna provokation och känslomässig upphetsning oftare förekom hos reaktiva gärningspersoner. Sambanden mellan variablerna omfattning, relation samt ställning i skuldfrågan och typ av aggression var däremot ej signifikanta. Vidare implikationer av studien visar ett utökat användningsområde för Cornells (1996) kodningsguide, men att det finns skäl till att kritisera den dikotoma klassificeringen. Ett alternativ kan vara att utöka klassificeringen, alternativt att för just mordbrännare använda sig av Canter och Fritzons (1998) kodningsguide som är speciellt framtagen för mordbrännare, men har vissa likheter med Cornells (1996).

Background: The point of departure for this study is that people with immigrant backgrounds are discriminated in the Swedish labour market and they are discriminated on several grounds. Discrimination is violation against human rights and it affects gender equality and integration policy negatively. Different studies show that immigrants hold the jobs which are lowest paid and not preferred by the swedes. The studies show also that immigrants from Africa and middle east are those who are discriminated most. This discrimination occurs despite the Swedish clear anti-discrimination policy and its regional and international obligations to combat discrimination. The Swedish discriminations act prohibits discrimination on the seven grounds mentioned in the act. This thesis analyses the Swedish discriminations act, its implementation and efficacy. It sheds some light on Sweden’s regional and international obligations in this regard. Finally, the impact of discrimination against immigrants on Swedish gender equality and integrations policy is discussed. Purpose: The purposes of this thesis are, based on the earlier studies, to highlight the ways in which immigrants are discriminated in the Swedish labour market and contributing to the improvement of the anti-discrimination policy in a long run. To accomplish this task, I have Scrutinized and analysed the efficacy of the Swedish discrimination policy, based on earlier studies, I have analysed different ways in which immigrants are discriminated in the Swedish labour market and discussed the impact of immigration on gender equality and integrations policy. Method: For conducting this research, qualitative method has been used. For accomplishing this study, both primary sources such as legal documents and legislations and secondary sources such as books, article, newspapers and internet websites have been used. To achieve this task, I have used intersectional analysis, and this is because immigrants are discriminated on multiple grounds and intersectional perspective is the best perspective in analysing such grounds. Conclusion: Based on earlier studies, the idea that people with immigrant background are discriminated in Swedish labour market is supported. They are discriminated in different ways such as recruitment process, in salaries, working conditions and promotion process. Discrimination can be due to different reasons and based on different grounds. According to the studies, though discrimination affects immigrants in general, immigrants from Middle east and Africa most discriminated. The same studies show that Muslim women who can be identified as Muslims due to headscarves, burqa or niqab are discriminated most and the face harassment in the public areas. Additional findings in this thesis are that discrimination in general is obstacle to gender equality and integrations policy given that it widens the already wide gap between women and men as well as between immigrants and swedes. Besides this, discrimination in the criminal system also leads to discrimination in the labour market. This is because prejudices based on the reports of biased police, judges, prosecutors etc. lead to discrimination against immigrants by relating them to crime. Therefore, though it is not deeply studied, there is a significant correlation between discrimination in the criminal legal system and discrimination in the labour market.

Men’s violence against women is a persistent social problem with great individual and societal consequences. Despite governmental measures taken in Sweden to prevent and reduce the prevalence of men’s violence against women, the violence does not appear to decrease. Research questions the efficacy of initiatives aimed at reducing men’s violence against women and suggest that one explanation to why this reduction does not happen is because normative masculinity is used to excuse men’s violence against women and present men as victims of masculinity. In this study, which focuses on men’s violence against women in Sweden, discourse analysis was carried out on a government equality document, on SKL material and on men’s verbal accounts in court cases of gross violation of a woman’s integrity in order to understand if Swedish discourse presents normative masculinity as an excuse for men’s violence against women. The results of discourse analysis of a government equality document and the SKL material revealed that masculinity is presented not so much as the excuse for men’s violence but as thereason for why men are kept from taking responsibility for their violence. The findings showed persistent argumentation for women’s use of violence as well as claims that not all men are violent and that masculinity is an issue that needs to be handled on a societal level. Negative behaviors, due to adhering to normative masculinity, was found to rarely be presented as the responsibility of individual men. Discourse analysis of men’s verbal accounts in cases of gross violation of a woman’s integrity showed that several categories and patterns emerged from these accounts in regards to how masculinity was verbalized and used as a possible excuse for why violence had occurred. Men’s own verbal accounts did not mention masculinity explicitly but presented excuses for the violence which previous research has found to relate to normative masculinity.

Child and teen marriages represent an important and very complex social and legal issue; even though the majority of literature is focused on developing countries, child marriages are also practiced and legalized in wealthy and developed countries like the United States. The focus of this study is the American state Idaho that bore the record for the highest rate of child marriages in the United States between 2000 and 2010. Scientific data pointed to many detrimental effects of early marriage for children, primarily higher risk of being a victim of abuse, and remaining within cycle of poverty. On the other hand, there are religion-based arguments that favor parental and legal exceptions in deciding child marriages. In following to scientific criticism of child marriages, some American states had decided to raise legal age for marriage. Idaho had defied this trend and recently rejected the proposed bill aimed at restricting legal age for marriage to 16 year olds. The most common factors that were identified as contributive to child marriages included poverty, residing in rural areas, and religion. These factors led to conflicting perceptions regarding legal status of child marriages in Idaho and; therefore, demands further investigating. The aim of this thesis was to identify not only the consequences of child marriages, but also its main contributive factors - poverty, religion, and living in rural vs. urban areas. The main research question; therefore, sought answers to: “What socio-legal factors are most contributive to child marriages (poverty, religion, and living in urban vs. rural areas) and which one ought to be prioritized in any attempts to legally regulate this practice in Idaho? The answer to research question is hoped to bring social and legal changes that will benefit the children in the state of Idaho and else ware. This qualitative and comparative analysis revealed that religious conservatism, primarily among Evangelical Protestants and Mormons, had the most contributing effect on child marriages in Idaho, with poverty and living in rural areas being secondary factors. Individual cases may differ, and/or contradict these findings. More detailed research would be required to complement these findings. The methodology of this project involved qualitative and comparative analysis. The primary research sources included scientific research/data, government data/reports, and NGO’s reports. The answer to research question is hoped to bring social and legal changes that will, above all, benefit the children in the state of Idaho and else ware.

This study analyzes the requirements for a work to obtain copyright protection according to the Act on Copyright in Literary and Artistic Works. There is nothing in the legislation that explicitly describes the qualifications that a work must possess in order to obtain copyright protection. The fact that specific requirements are set for a work becomes clear when looking at the legislative history. The legislative history clearly emphasizes that the work to be protected must possess a certain degree of ​independence and ​originality.​It appears that the conditions for protection is linguistically difficult to define which resulted in uncertainty regarding what is required of a work according to the law. The purpose of this study is to investigate the conditions required by copyright in order for a work to obtain the rights that a protection implies and how the legal position has developed in practice. The study is investigated using a legal dogmatic method where the source of law is the basis for both the analysis and the disposition in order to be able to answer the questions being discussed. A number of precedential cases will be discussed along with articles written by experts within copyright law, which has been published in the journal Nordiskt Immateriellt Rättsskydd (NIR). Conclusions that can be drawn from this study is that it’s possible to determine the copyright protection requirements by two different assessments, the originality assessment and the work height assessment. Both assessments are considered equivalent to each other where one doesn’t have to exclude the other. It is also clear that there is a varying conceptual use by the courts to determine whether a work reaches the required level to obtain copyright protection. A conclusion that can be drawn from this is that the concepts themselves cannot be assigned any significant importance in individual decisions. The concepts primarily serve the function as the closest definition one can come to purely linguistically describe the actual requirements set by the Copyright Act. It is stated that one of the reasons for the lack of protection requirements in the legislative text is partly due to deficiencies in the Swedish language at the time of the law’s creation. / I denna uppsats utreds kraven som ställs för att ett verk skall åtnjuta skydd enligt lag (SFS 1960:729) om upphovsrätt till litterära och konstnärliga verk (URL). I lagstiftningen återfinns inget som uttryckligen beskriver de kvalifikationer som ett verk egentligen måste besitta för att det skall kunna få upphovsrättsligt skydd. Att det ställs särskilda krav på ett verk blir tydligt när man återgår till lagens förarbeten. Förarbetena framhåller tydligt att verket som skall skyddas måste besitta en viss grad av ​självständighet och ​originalitet.​Det framgår att skyddsförutsättningarna är språkligt svåra att definiera vilket resulterat i otydligheter gällande vad som krävs av ett verk i lagens mening. Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda förutsättningarna som ställs enligt upphovsrätten för att ett verk ska erhålla de rättigheter som ett skydd innebär samt hur rättsläget utvecklats i praktiken. Uppsatsen utreds med hjälp av en rättsdogmatisk metod där rättskälleläran ligger till grund för såväl analysen som för uppsatsens disposition för att kunna besvara de frågeställningar som behandlas. Ett antal prejudicerande rättsfall på rättsområdet kommer att avhandlas tillsammans med artiklar som är författade av sakkunniga på området och som blivit publicerade i tidskriften Nordiskt Immateriellt Rättsskydd (NIR). Slutsatser som kan dras av denna uppsats är att det går att fastställa de upphovsrättsliga skyddskraven enligt två olika bedömningar, originalitetsbedömningen och verkshöjdsbedömningen. De båda bedömningarna anses vara likvärdiga med varandra där den ena inte behöver utesluta den andra. Det står även klart att det finns en varierad begreppsanvändning hos domstolarna för att avgöra om ett verk når upp till den nivå som krävs för att kunna åtnjuta upphovsrättsligt skydd. En slutsats som kan dras av detta är att begreppen i sig inte kan tillmätas någon större betydelse vid enskilda avgöranden, utan de tjänar främst funktionen som den närmsta definitionen man kan komma för att rent språkligt beskriva de krav som URL faktiskt uppställer. Det konstateras att en av anledningarna till det uteblivna skyddskraven i lagtexten delvis beror på bristfälligheter i det svenska språket vid lagens tillkomst.

The present study aimed to research links between autistic traits and creativity in the average adult population. The sample consisted of 108 adults,​ 60 females, 48 males, age 18-66 (M=34,90; SD=10,85), from 20 different social media pages who participated in the study through self-report questionnaires about autistic traits and creativity. The result shows that the autistic traits of difficulties in imagination and difficulties in social skills has associations with difficulties in creativity, while the autistic trait of attention to detail has associations with benefits in creativity. The creativity domains, differences between men and women and the method of self-report are discussed.

The concept of ‘employability’ is an important aspect of the link between education and the labour market. This thesis describes, in the Swedish and Catalan contexts, the conceptualization of employability in the discourses of vocational educational policy trough the analytical categories of representations of the world, social order, and social identity. It then examines vocational education students’ understandings of the concept through the themes of career building, experiences, and, employment outlook. Using critical discourse analysis, I collected and examined data from policy documents to analyse policy discourses regarding employability. On the other hand, I interviewed six vocational education students and used thematic analysis to build students’ understandings of employability. The results portray different pictures for the two contexts examined. While Swedish policy discourse includes on its account of employability some ‘humanistic’ values, such as democracy and human rights, the Catalan policy discourse focuses mainly in ‘market’ values such as competitivity and productivity. On the other hand, students in both contexts understand apprenticeships and personal attributes as key elements of employability. Two main conclusions are drawn from this study. First, the world represented in policy documents strives to reproduce relations of economic production and cultural hegemony. Second, by placing emphasis on apprenticeships and personal attributes vocational students have adapted to the goals of policy documents. Further research on the topic should explore the existing material contradictions between labour policy and vocational education policy.

No description available.

In daily life there are numerous experiences and events that divert people's attention and cause stress, which may be linked with aspects of ill-being and lowered well-being. Mindfulness meditation may alleviate such issues. Mindfulness can be summarized as a form of awareness and attention in the present that is characterized by an open-minded and non-judgemental perspective, and meditation as a group of practices that engage many of the same processes and may involve mindfulness. There is evidence that both mindfulness and mindfulness meditation are associated with activity in brain regions relating to, for example, attention, emotion-regulation, and bodily awareness. Consequently, mindfulness meditation was hypothesized in the present study to improve attention as measured by the Attention Network Test, and decrease negative affect as measured by the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule when compared to a control condition. The mindfulness meditation instructions employed were largely based on the work of Kabat-Zinn (1982). 14 participants were recruited to the study, and 7 of them completed the experiment. 3 participants were randomized to the experimental group, and 4 to the control group. Results were largely contrary to the hypotheses, with only executive attention having statistical significance (p < .05) and supporting one hypothesis. Although effect sizes were on average large for the variables of the study, the small sample size may have limited the power and increased the risk for type-II errors.

The purpose of this study was to examine, through the areas decisions making, accountability, variation in the work tasks, the organizations routines and job descriptions, the employee’s assessment of their current organizational structure. Furthermore, the study examined if the employee’s wanted bigger opportunities for decision making and accountability, more variation in the work tasks and clearer routines and job descriptions compared to their current organizational structure. A digital questionnaire was distributed to 110 employees. 73 of the employees chose to participate. A quantitative study was used, and the descriptive data was examined. Four separate paired sample t-tests were performed for the purpose of the two problem statements. The result was non-significant within all four tests. Individual items indicated that the employees assessed the organizational structure as both flat and hierarchic.