På grund av pandemin COVID-19 råder det en extern kris i samhället, detta har påverkat många människor men inte minst organisationer. Myndigheter har utfärdat särskilda restriktioner vilket gör att organisationer måste anpassa sin verksamhet efter dessa. Detta har lett till att organisationer måste anamma de åtgärder som myndigheter utfärdat då de inte kan bedriva sin verksamhet på samma sätt. Detta har lett till att organisationerna måste arbeta internt med att hantera den externa krisen. Denna kvalitativa studie ämnar att undersöka hur den interna krishanteringen samt kriskommunikationen ser ut i idrottsorganisationer under en extern kris. Vilka åtgärder som vidtagits och hur organisationens interna kommunikation ser ut. För att få svar på hur idrottsorganisationer blivit påverkade av den externa krisen har semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med beslutsfattande personer inom IK Sävehof och Önnereds HK, två elithandbollsorganisationer baserade i Göteborgsområdet. Dessa intervjuer har stått för grund till empiriinsamlingen. Det resultat och slutsats som kommit fram genom att analysera empirin är att pandemin COVID-19 har haft en stor påverkan på den interna organisationen i handbollsklubbarna. Båda klubbar står inför liknande hot då de återfinns inom samma bransch samt att båda arrangerar stora arrangemang i form av ungdomsturneringar där Sävehof har fått ställa in och Önnered hotas av att ställa in på grund av COVID-19. Detta är de mest inkomstbringande källorna för respektive förening och det är en stor ekonomisk förlust. Ingen av organisationerna hade en tydlig bearbetat krishantering innan COVID-19, vilket är något som hade varit gynnsamt att ha då det kan ge en fördel när en kris väl inträffar. / Due to COVID-19 pandemic, there is an external crisis in society which has affected many people, as well as organizations. Authorities have issued special restrictions due to COVID-19. Hence organizations must adapt their activity to these restrictions and embrace measures that the authorities have issued. The organizations cannot continue their activities in the same way as before the COVID-19 pandemic. Hence there has been a major impact in society which has led organizations to work internally to deal with the external crisis. This qualitative study aims to investigate what the internal crisis management and crisis communication look like in sports organizations during an external crisis. What actions have been taken and how the organization’s internal communications looks like. In order to get answers to how the sports organizations have been affected by the external crisis, semi-structured interviews have been conducted with decision-making people within IK Sävehof and Önnereds HK, which are two elite handball organizations based in the Gothenburg area in Sweden. These interviews have provided the basis for the empirical data collection. The results and conclusion reached by analyzing the empirical data is that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on the internal organizations of the handball clubs. Both clubs face the same threat as they are found in the same industry, both have major events in form of youth tournaments where Sävehof has had to cancel and Önnered is threatened to cancel due to COVID-19. These events are the most generating sources of income for each organization which means that it is a great financial loss. Sävehof is a larger organization than Önnered, which can be studied in the way they handle the crisis internally as Sävehof has larger resources. None of the organizations had a clearly processed crisis management. This is something that would have been beneficial to have when an external crisis strikes. The essay is written in Swedish.

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur evenemangsarrangörer arbetar med krishantering och krisförberedelser. Studien grundar sig i teorier inom risk- och krishantering. Studien har använt i huvudsak två teoretiska modeller “Issue and crisis management relational model” och “strategiska krishanteringsmodellen”. Dessa modeller har setts som kompletterande till varandra och en egen modell har skapats med dessa som utgångspunkt. Materialet som har analyserats samlades in genom sju semistrukturerade intervjuer med evenemangsarrangörer, bland annat inom områdena teater, festivaler, arenor och musik, i Halland och Bohuslän i Sverige. Studiens modell har sedan använts som ett verktyg för att analysera resultatet. Resultatet visar att evenemangsarrangörer arbetar med krishantering och krisförberedelse. Denna studie lyfter att krishantering har blivit en mer central del i evenemangsarrangörers arbetsprocesser till följd av covid-19 pandemin. Kommunikation internt och externt har visat sig vara en viktig del av krishanteringen. Denna studie är skriven på svenska. / This study aims to investigate how event organizers work with crisis management and crisis preparation. This study is based on theories in risk and crisis management. The study has mainly used two theoretical models, "Issue and crisis management relational model" and the “strategic crisis management model”. These models have been set as complementary to each other and a separate model has been created with these as a base. The data that has been analyzed was collected through seven semi-structured interviews with event organizers, within the fields of theatre, festivals, arenas and music, in Halland county and Bohuslän county, Sweden. The study's model has then been used as a tool to analyze the results. The result shows that event organizers work with crisis management and crisis preparation. This study highlights that crisis management has become a more central part of event organizers' work processes as a result of the covid-19 pandemic. Internal and external communication has proven to be an important part of crisis management. This study is written in Swedish.

本文試圖對於北韓在後冷戰時期進行看似複雜與矛盾的內外政策進行分析，並整理出其規律性並予以模型化。而本文發現北韓應付生存危機首重外交與經濟政策，其規律性展現於：當外部危機出現惡化時，北韓外交政策會傾向使用邊緣策略；但外部危機出現好轉的時，北韓外交政策則會傾向使用妥協策略。另外，北韓經濟政策也出現一定的規律性，但其策略的採用必須同時考量到經濟與政治因素。而北韓經濟策略的規律性表現於：當經濟危機出現好轉時，但當局有政治考量的情況下，經濟策略將傾向使用計劃經濟搭配爭取經援，且對經濟改革進行限縮的情形；但經濟危機出現惡化時，當局的政治考量出現(或必須)退位，此時經濟策略將傾向於使用計劃經濟搭配爭取經援，並且進行經濟改革，或放鬆對經改的限縮。而本文依照上述所觀察出北韓外交與經濟策略的規律性，建立出分析模型，並以此預測出北韓未來可能採行的策略。 關鍵詞：北韓、外部危機、經濟危機、邊緣策略、妥協策略、計劃經濟、爭取經 援、經濟改革、受限縮的經改 / This paper tries to analyze and modelize the policies of the DPRK which look like complicated and paradoxical. It explores the DPRK puts emphasis on the foreign and economic policies to deal with he risks of her survival, and her policies or strategies can be formulated into a pattern. The pattern of her foreign strtegies shows that the authorities tend to engage in the brinkmanship after the economic risk getting worse, and they also tend to conduct the compromise after the economic risk getting better. Futhermore, the economic policies of the DPRK also shows the pattern. However, the political and economic factors should be considerated in the pattern. It shows that the authorities tend to engage in the package strategies including planned economy, aid-seeking and reform with restriction when the economic risk gets better and political concern exists. On the other hand, they tend to conduct the package strategies including planned economy, aid-seeking and reform without restriction when the economic risk coming worse and political concern diminishes. According to the pattern of foreign and economic strategies, it can be constructed the model and predicts the responses of strategies by the DPRK. Keywords: North Korea (Democratic Republic of Korea, DPRK); external risk; economic risk; brinkmanship; compromise; planned economy; aid-seeking strategy; economic reform; economic reform without restriction