The compatibility properties of some contemporary finish coats together with their complementary layers used in insulated exterior walls were examined in terms of water vapour permeability and modulus of elasticity. Basic physical and mechanical properties of some synthetic-, cement- and polymer-based external finish coats were analyzed in laboratory. Some additional samples, complementing the wall section, were also examined for their water vapour permeability. Results showed that the finish coats were high vapour permeable although they had high resistance to water vapour permeation, which was achieved by their application in thin layers. Cement-based undercoats were found to be medium permeable. The application of primer and/or paint was found to decrease the permeability of finish coats in different ranges. Thermal insulation layer was found to interrupt water vapour flow considerably. Among polystyrene- and mineral-wool-based thermal insulation boards, rockwool was recommended as the insulation layer due to its medium vapour permeability. In conclusion, walls insulated externally with rockwool boards and plastered with polymer-based finish coat, FC8ACB or synthetic-based finish coat FC3SB were found to be the most proper combination in terms of breathing and thermal resistance capabilities. All finish coats seemed to have sufficient strength and except the synthetic-based finish coat, FC2SB, they seemed to be compatible with each other and with the masonry in terms of their Emod values. Further studies were recommended on some other compatibility properties of finishing systems, such as thermal and moisture dilatation properties, and on the relation between the resistance to water vapour permeation and water permeability.

The diploma work is dealing with a new building multifunctional building, which is divided to a medical center and two flats for living. The building has three floors with different altitudes and partial cellar. The object is covered by flat roof. The location of the house is on a mildly slanting surface. The basics is made of concrete C16/20. External walls are stalled from POROTHERM 44 P+D and insulated system ETICS. The internal vertical walls are made from POROTHERM 30 P+D and POROTHERM 36,5 AKU, partitions from blocks POROTHERM 11,5 P+D and POROTHERM 14 P+D. The ceiling construction above each floor is made from filigree panels.

Previous studies on the typical Icelandic external wall have shown thatcondensation occurs at the interior surface of the concrete and field inspectionshave supported this conclusion. The primary objective ofthis study is to analyse the hygrothermal behaviour of the typical Icelandicwall and evaluate the mould risk at the interior surface of theconcrete.A comparative study is performed to compare the hygrothermalperformance and mould growth risk of two concrete outer wall structureswith interior and exterior insulation, by performing a parametricstudy using the simulation program WUFI® Pro.Additional parametric studies are performed in order to analyse theeffect of various material properties of the Icelandic building materialson the hygrothermal behaviour of the wall. This part also utilizedWUFI® Pro.To investigate the thermal bridge of the Icelandic wall, simulationswere conducted with the COMSOL Multiphysics software to evaluatethe linear thermal bridge and the risk of condensation at the joint.Lastly, an experiment was set up at the Innovation Center Iceland tomodel the interior insulated wall-slab section. The experimental setupwas completed during this time but the results will be analysedfurther after the thesis work.The results from this study indicate that the typical Icelandic wall ismore sensitive to rain than to interior moisture load and that no condensationoccurs within the wall structure. As concrete is inorganic,the risk of mould growth in the wall structure is limited, however,with increased driving rain load the mould risk increases. The resultsalso revealed that the moisture content of the interior insulated wallwas a great deal higher compared to the exterior insulated wall. Furthermore,the humidity level at the interior surface of the concrete inthe interior insulated wall exceeded the recommended critical humiditylevel based on general suggestions. Finally, results indicated thatusing a more dense concrete resulted in higher relative humidity at theinterior surface but a lower total water content of the wall.

Energy price are on the way up to a high level that will not diminish in the future make us to focus more on the sustainable development for a better solution of residential houses. Passive house or low energy housing are one of the solution to make residential more environment friendly, in same time it´s a financial security using less energy, and saving money. The last 10 years in Germany and all around Europe the concept of passive house been developed, and people aim to know more about these concept that leading the market more attractive for passive houses. A passive house is a well designed building highly insulated and air tight with mechanical ventilated system for the whole building envelope that minimizes the use of energy for heating [1]. The housing company Mimer has chosen to invest in low energy consumption in every new housing project.  These future plan projects are decided to use less than 75 kwh per square meter annually in purchased energy [2]. This thesis is about new constructed passive houses, and focuses on the evaluations of the temperature, and moisture condition for attic, external walls and joist. Reason for doing this investigation is to see if passive houses fulfill the building codes regarding moisture, and temperature changes, and to find in early stage suspicious changes that could affect badly on the building envelop. The aim of this study is -         Moisture risk analyses of the attic, external walls and joist -         Studying temperature analysis   With highly insulated walls the risk for moistures extra sensitive than normal building construction.  Also during summer time the comfort inside may be surprised by high indoor temperature and one solution for that could be using sun shading.

I dagens läge har energifrågorna väckt ett stort intresse i samhället. Nu fokuseras det mer på att bygga energisnålare hus. En betydande faktor som påverkar energiförbrukningen i våra hus är köldbryggor. De uppstår då ett material med dålig värmeisolering bryter igenom ett material med bättre värmeisolering. Köldbryggor är nästan omöjligt att undvika, dock går alltid att reducera. I praktiken är det ofta inte möjligt att helt undvika köldbryggor, men det finns många olika möjligheter att minska köldbryggeffekten kraftigt. Detta eftersträvas för att uppnå lägre energikostnader eftersom köldbryggor kan medföra en betydande ökning av värmeförlusten. Avgränsningen för detta examensarbete framgår av titeln Köldbryggors inverkan på isoleringsegenskaper för sandwichelement, anslutning mellan fönster och yttervägg. Den främsta metoden som används för att åstadkomma resultatet är PC-programmet HEAT2, men litteraturstudier har också använts. HEAT2 är ett tvådimensionellt värmeflödesprogram, som beräknar den värmemängd som leds genom konstruktionsdelen. Den bygger på att dela in byggnadsdelen i ett rutnät (mesh). Ju fler rutor den blir uppdelad i, desto noggrannare resultat, men beräkningen blir samtidigt mer tidskrävande att utföra. En särskild analys gjordes med och utan den dränerande skyddsplasten i fönstrets överkant då materialet skär igenom värmeisoleringen vid betongklacken. Plasten har mångfaldigt högre värmekonduktivitet än värmeisoleringen, men den är bara 1 mm tjock. Beräkningsresultaten visar att skyddsplasten gav en betydande skillnad. / Currently, the energy issues brought a lot of interest in the community. Now is the focus more on building energy-efficient houses. A significant factor influencing energy consumption in our buildings is thermal bridges. They occur when a material with poor thermal insulation breaks through a material with better insulation. In practice it is often not possible to avoid thermal bridges completely, but there are many different options to reduce the thermal bridge effect significantly. This is desirable in order to achieve lower energy costs because thermal bridges can lead to a significant increase in the heat losses. The limitation of this degree project is evident from the title Thermal bridges impact on the insulation properties of sandwich panels, the connection between the windows and external walls The primary means used to achieve the results is the HEAT2 PC-program, but literature studies were also used. HEAT2 is a two-dimensional heat flow program that calculates the amount of energy passed through the part of the construction. It is based on the allocation of the construction into a mesh, i.e. a grid. The more the mesh is divided into the more accurate the results, but the calculations are at the same time more time consuming to perform. A separate analysis was done with and without the draining protective plastic in the window's top edge where the material is passing through the thermal insulation at the concrete heel. The plastic has many orders of magnitude higher thermal conductivity than the thermal insulation, but it is only 1 mm thick. The calculation results show that the plastic caused a significant difference.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-20T20:08:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ADJALMIR ALVES ROCHA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEP) 2018.pdf: 9538922 bytes, checksum: 671b61463774d2ce168295e41d5cd81e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T20:08:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ADJALMIR ALVES ROCHA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEP) 2018.pdf: 9538922 bytes, checksum: 671b61463774d2ce168295e41d5cd81e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-02 / O desperdício de materiais na construção civil é crescente e isso é um problema para promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável. Por isso, são importantes pesquisas que apontem soluções inovadoras no uso de descartes, principalmente em países como o Brasil, onde o desperdício nesta área é de cerca de 30% e o país precisa se desenvolver e utilizar com equilíbrio seus recursos naturais e energéticos. O objetivo da pesquisa foi desenvolver um tipo de fulget para revestimentos de paredes externas, feito com cimento branco, pó de rocha calcária, e com cargas minerais derivadas dos rejeitos da areia peneirada e sem pigmentação. Trata-se de pesquisa experimental, por isso foi construída uma célula de teste, e numa parede externa voltada para o poente, onde se tem elevada incidência de radiação solar diária, foram instalados revestimentos com fulget e com reboco, com as mesmas dimensões, para permitir comparações. Também foi desenvolvido um sistema de medição e aquisição de dados (SMAD) para medir as principais propriedades de interesse e realizar comparativamente a análise térmica dos dois revestimentos, também foram observados a evolução de problemas mecânicos e de aparência resultados da ação das intempéries sobre os revestimentos. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o valor da refletância média (ρf=0,614) para o fulget é maior do que o valor da refletância média (ρr=0,590) para o reboco. Por outro lado, o revestimento fulget tem comparativamente menor absortância. Para a condutividade térmica, o resultado obtido para o fulget foi bem menor do que o valor para o reboco. Isso mostra que o revestimento fulget tem maior característica isolante. Os valores da condutividade térmica média obtidos para o fulget e reboco foram respectivamente 0,285 W/mK e 0,720 W/mK. O revestimento fulget apresentou maior resistência à ação das intempéries, para as mesmas condições ambientais e temporais típicas da cidade de Campina Grande, PB. Como conclusão, é possível afirmar que o revestimento fulget desenvolvido se mostrou adequado para ser usado como revestimento externo. / The amount of civil construction wastes has been growing and that is a problem for the promotion of the sustainable development. As such it is needed to support research that lead to innovative solutions in the use of such discarded materials, mainly in countries like Brazil, which needs to develop itself and use the available energy and natural resources in a balanced way. Within this context, the research here presented contributes to a better and sustainable country. The main aim of the research was to develop a kind of fulget for external coating, whose composition is made of white cement, calcareous dust but with mineral loads derived from the tailings of sifted sand and with natural pigmentation. This is an experimental thesis and as such the methodology used consisted in building up a testing cell and install the fulget and the plaster on a wall facing the west direction and receiving a huge amount of daily solar insulation. A data acquisition system was also developed to measure the main relevant properties and allow the thermal comparison between the two coatings, also observing the evolution of mechanical and deterioration problems that appeared due to the action of the conditions to which the material was exposed. The results obtained showed that the average reflectance (ρf=0,614) for the fulget is higher than the average reflectance for the plaster (ρr=0,590). On the other hand, the fulget coating has lesser absorbance. For the thermal conductivity, the results showed that the value for the fulget is way lesser than the value for the plaster. This shows that the first one has a higher performance in thermal insulation than the last one. The average thermal conductivity for the fulget and plaster were 0.285 W/mK and 0.720 W/mK, respectively. The results also showed that the fulget coating presents higher resistance to the actions of the nature than the plaster coating, considering the same environmental and weather conditions that are expected to take place in the city of Campina Grande, PB. As conclusions it is possible to affirm that the fulget coating showed itself suitable to be used as external coating.

Byggbranschen har många olika ytterväggar i projekt. Det är ofta svårt och tidskrävande att ta reda på vilket av ytterväggsalternativen som är bäst för ett specifikt projekt. I examensarbetet har det tagits fram en mall för att kunna jämföra prefabricerade ytterväggars; värmegenomgångskoefficient (U-värde), arbetstider, kostnader för material och arbete, avfall i produktion, skillnader i bruksarea och skillnad i intäkter beroende på väggens tjocklek. Genom tester med hjälp av kalkylering- och U-värdesberäkningsprogram har mallen kontrollerats för att få värden som stämmer överens med dessa. Det resulterade i att totalkostnaderna skiljer sig med 0,002-2,395 %, tidsåtgången 0-0,007 % och U-värdet 2,4 %. Jämförelse mellan två olika väggtyper har gjorts åt Järntorgets begäran. Ena väggen är en prefabricerad utfackningsvägg bestående av mineralullsisolering med stålreglar och den andra en bärande betongvägg med PIR-isolering. Resultatet av jämförelsen visade att utfackningsväggen var det mest lönsamma alternativet. En tredje yttervägg lades även till i jämförelsen för att hitta ett bättre alternativ. Det är en utfackningsvägg med PIR-isolering innehållande låg andel genomgående stålreglar. Resultatet visade att utfackningsväggen med PIR-isolering är det bättre alternativet. / The construction industry has many different exterior walls in projects. It is often difficult and time consuming to find out which of the exterior wall options is best for a specific project. In the bachelor thesis a template has been developed to compare prefabricated outer walls; Heat transfer coefficient (U value), working hours, materials and labor costs, waste in production, differences in usage area and difference in revenue depending on the thickness of the wall. Through tests using programs for cost calculation and U-value calculation, the template has been examined to match those values. As a result, total costs differed 0.002-2.395%, duration of the project 0-0.007% and U-value 2.4%. Comparison between two different wall types has been made to Järntorget's request. The single wall is a prefabricated infill wall consisting of mineral wool insulation with steel bars and the other a load-bearing concrete wall with PIR insulation. The result of the comparison showed that the prefabricated infill wall was the most profitable option. A third exterior wall was also added to the comparison to find a better alternative. It is a prefabricated infill wall with PIR insulation with low proportion of continuous steel studs. The result showed that the prefabricated infill wall with PIR insulation is the better option

Kontinuerligt försvårade och mer krävande energikrav utlyst från den Europeiska unionen ochsvenska myndigheter har lett till en förändring av hur konstruktionsdetaljer och lösningar somanvänds inom nyproduktionssektorn utformas. Förändringarna har skapat en osäkerhet ur enfuktsäkerhetssynpunkt. Uttökade krav och förbättrad energiprestanda låter som ett problemfrittideal att sträva efter, dock har det i många fall lett till oförutsägbara konsekvenser i olika delar avbyggnaden. Två av de byggnadskomponenter som påverkats har varit ytterväggar och kallvindarsom har varit utformade utefter nya energikrav i nyproducerade hus.Den största utmaningen med utformningen av nyare kallvindar har varit balansgången mellanhög energiprestanda genom ökad isoleringstjocklek och fuktsäkerhet. Ökad isoleringstjocklekkombinerat med minimerad värmeförlust från ventilationsaggregat, inomhus och skorstenar harlett till, i överlag, kallare vindutrymmen med ökad risk för kondensation av fukt på kallare ytor ijämförelse med äldre byggnader. En lösning på detta har varit inkluderingen av uteluftsventileringi utformningen av vinden. Detta har lett till en återkommande fråga angående den optimalaluftomsättningen som krävs för utökad fuktsäkerhet, och i vissa fall, om uteluftsventilering ensär nödvändig.En annan stor utmaning har varit att säkerhetsställa fuktsäkerheten i väggar som är isolerade ien högre grad. Det finns en potentiell risk för kondens i kalla, yttre ytor om isoleringen utökas.Utöver detta så existerar det en hel del lösningar som har fungerat i det förflutna men som lärleda till ökad risk för skada när det kombineras med nya utformade lösningar som uppfyllerenergikraven.Detta arbete har fördjupat sig i dessa två komponenter, ytterväggar och kallvindar, för atthitta kritiska designval som har en stor påverkan på fuktsäkerheten. Arbetet har skett medsimuleringsprogrammen IDA ICE och WUFI 6. Båda programmen har kombinerats för attuttnyttja deras styrkor i simuleringsprocessen.Resultatet visar att en låg luftomsättning är optimal. Ingen ventilering alls lär leda till ökadfukthalt och ökad luftomsättning lär leda till en betydligt högre risk för mögel på råsponten ivinden. Placeringen av ett litet isoleringslager ovanpå råsponten leder till en minskad risk förmögel.Ytterväggar med tjockare isolering är mer benägna att skadas i jämförelse med mindre isoleradeväggar. Dock är det visat att en uttökad isoleringstjocklek även kan vara till fördel för att minskamögelrisken om isoleringslagret som uttökas är det yttersta isoleringslagret. Ett annat krav är attdet yttersta lagret bör ha dränerande egenskaper, exempelvis mineralull. Beräkningarna har ävenpåvisat ett antal andra faktorer som påverkar fuktsäkerheten i dess helhet.

The project deals with the lower part of the construction of a residential building. The parking spaces are situated in three underground floors. The five floors occur in the over-ground part of the building. The building is based on the secant walls of Milan around the perimeter. Internal walls and columns are supported with micropiles. In this project are designed base plate, external walls and stairs. Static system and the calculation of the internal forces was carried out in Scia Engineer 2012 Student version.

The diploma thesis is focused on design of a monolithic reinforced concrete structure of an apartment building situated in a gap site. The foundation is designed on a foundation slab supported by piles, which together with the walls in the basement are made as a waterproofness concrete structure. It is a two-way wall construction system, made in a combination of masonry and reinforced concrete. The structure was assessed for the ultimate limit state and the serviceability limit state. Due to the requirement for waterproofness, the reinforcement was designed for non-force effects at an early stage. The work includes drawings of shapes and reinforcement.