Matte surfaces, that is, those that are dull or lusterless not glossy and shiny, are a current trend in packaging. But does packaging surface affect what consumers think about the product inside it? We focus on consumers' perception of packaged food products at the point of sale. Using three experiments, we show that food in matte packaging can be perceived as more natural. Notably, the effect of matte packaging only holds for rather artificial products. When matte packaging increases perceptions of product naturalness, consumers also expect the product to be tastier and are more likely to buy it.

Orientador: Luciana Togeiro de Almeida / Banca: Eduardo Strachman / Banca: Renato de Castro Garcia / Resumo: O comércio internacional do setor têxtil-vestuário foi caracterizado pela existência de acordos comerciais, os quais estipulavam cotas às exportações dos países fornecedores, até dezembro de 2004. Janeiro de 2005 foi marcado pelo fim do Acordo de Têxteis e Vestuário (ATV), com a eliminação das restrições quantitativas e a integração do comércio de produtos têxteis e confeccionados às regras da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). Esta dissertação tem como objetivo geral analisar os impactos do fim do sistema de cotas sobre o comércio realizado entre os principais mercados consumidores (Estados Unidos e União Européia) e os países em desenvolvimento no período 2005-2006. Em particular, são identificados os principais impactos sobre o setor têxtil-vestuário brasileiro. As conclusões mostram que os países desenvolvidos continuam a buscar novas formas de proteger suas indústrias domésticas, o que prejudica interesses comerciais e os ganhos esperados por alguns países em desenvolvimento. No breve período pós-ATV, o que se observou foi a redução das exportações dos países próximos a EUA e UE e o aumento das exportações de países geograficamente mais distantes, em especial, países menos desenvolvidos. Além disso, a China tem apresentado um significativo aumento de suas exportações de artigos têxteis e confeccionados no total das exportações mundiais. No Brasil, os impactos do fim do ATV foram pouco sentidos pela ótica das exportações. Uma pesquisa realizada a partir de cinco grandes empresas brasileiras do setor mostrou que iniciativas efetivas em direção à expansão para o mercado externo ainda são pontuais. Entretanto, as importações brasileiras de produtos oriundos principalmente da China têm aumentado e a estratégia adotada pelo governo brasileiro tem sido de caráter defensivo, via aumento das barreiras tarifárias. / Abstract: The international trade of the textile and clothing sector was characterized by the existence of trade agreements, which stipulated quotas to the exports of the suppling countries, until December 2004. January 2005 was marked by the end of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC), together with the elimination of the quantitative restrictions and the trade integration of the textiles and apparel products into the World Trade Organization (WTO) rules. The general objetive of this dissertation is to analyse the impacts of the end of the quota system on the trade between the main consumer markets (United States and European Union) and the developing countries during the period 2005-2006. Particularly, the prime impacts on the Brazilian textile and clothing sector are identified. The conclusions show that the developed countries continue to look for new forms of industrial protection, which is harmful to the comercial interests and expected gains of some developing countries. In the brief period post-ATC, it was noted the reduction of the exports from countries near US and EU and the elevation of the exports from countries geographicaly distants, specially the least developed countries. Besides this, China has been strongly increasing its textile and clothing exports in the total world-wide exports. In Brazil, the impacts of the end of ATC have been small on the export side. A research carried through five great Brazilian entreprises of the sector showed that effective initiatives towards the expansion to the external market are still prompt. However, the Brazilian imports of products coming specially from China have been increasing and the strategy adopted by the Brazilian government have been defensive, by way of raising the tariff barriers. / Mestre

Este trabalho avaliou, utilizando o Método dos Elementos Finitos, o comportamento mecânico em seis ensaios, quatro de flexo compressão com variação apenas no comprimento da haste de fixação, um de flexão ântero-posterior e um de flexão lateral, em um modelo tridimensional de fixador externo construído com auxílio do computador. Para a validação desses ensaios os mesmos testes também foram realizados na máquina universal de ensaio e depois comparados com o método dos elementos finitos. A rigidez no ensaio de flexão lateral obtida no método dos elementos finitos apresentou um valor 106% maior do que o obtido na máquina universal de ensaio, possivelmente por ocorrência de afrouxamento entre as partes adjacentes elo fixador externo no ensaio mecânico, e no ensaio de flexo compressão (número 1) a rigidez obtida pelo método dos elementos finitos foi 7,39% menor elo que a obtida na máquina universal de ensaio. No ensaio número 4 (flexo-compressão) os deslocamentos obtidos, correspondentes a aplicação de uma carga de 15,4 N, utilizando tanto o método dos elementos finitos como a máquina universal ele ensaio, divergiram em 8,5%. Já no ensaio número 5 (flexão ântero-posterior) a divergência foi de 0,9%, para os deslocamentos correspondentes a aplicação de uma carga de 14,4 N. O Métodos dos Elementos Finitos é um eficiente método para prever comportamento mecânico de estruturas complexas. / This work evaluates the mechanical behavior of an external device on a CAD (Computer Aided Design) 3D model in six tests, four of them of flexion-compression with a single variation of the external device stick length, one of longitudinal flexion and one of lateral flexion. They all were carried out applying the Method of the Finite Elements (MFE). For the comparison with the MFE the same mechanical testes were made. The stiffness achieved in the MFE showed a value 106% greater than that of the mechanical test. The test number one of flexion-compression showed a value 7,39% smaller in the MFE than that of the mechanical test. In the test number four (flexion-compression) the corresponding displacement after the application of a 15,4 N working stress showed a difference of 8,5%. The variation of the number five test was of 0,9% for the displacement after the application of a 14,4N working stress. The MEF showed efficient to evaluate the behavior of complex mechanical structures.

Foram estudados casos de mortes violentas ocorridos no Município de São Paulo nos anos de 1960, 1965, 1970 e 1975, destacando-se os de pessoas nele residentes, por meio das informações que acompanham os laudos de necrópsias do Instituto Médico Legal. O objetivo foi caracterizar essa mortalidade segundo as reais causas básicas da morte, relacionando-as com variáveis consideradas importantes do ponto de vista epidemiológico, bem como o momento e o local de ocorrência dos acidentes e violências que levaram à morte. Os resultados encontrados mostraram uma elevação do risco de morrer por causas violentas entre nós, distinguindo-se os coefictentes de mortalidade por homicídios e por acidentes de trânsito de veículos a motor, dentre os quais assumem papel primordial os atropelamentos. As conclusões permitem colocar a mortalidade por acidentes e violências como importante problema de saúde pública. / Violent death mortality according to the real underlying causes of death occurred in São Paulo, Brazil in 1960, 1965, 1970 and 1975 was studied. A special emphasis was given to the study of the deaths of the residents of this area. Informations were collected from authopsy reports provided by the Official Service in charge of the authopsies of violent deaths of São Paulo (Instituto Médico Legal). Analysis of the violent deaths was done according to important variables chosen by an epidemiological point of view. Time and local of the accident or violence wich was responsible for the death were discussed. The results show that the risk of dying by these violent causes increased from 1960 to 1975, mainly the mortality of homicides and of motor vehicle traffic accidents. Motor vehicle traffic accidents involving collision with pedestrian assumed the main role in the mortality risk. These findings allow us to say that mortality by accidents and violences are a very important problem of Public Health in São Paulo.

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a independência funcional de adultos com fraturas decorrentes de causas externas, na admissão hospitalar, alta e um mês após o regresso ao domicílio por meio da Medida de Independência Funcional (MIF), bem como caracterizá-los quanto ao perfil sócio-demográfico. A pesquisa foi realizada entre novembro de 2006 e abril de 2007; a amostra foi composta por 74 pacientes internados no Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia de um hospital de São Paulo. Foram predominantes indivíduos do sexo masculino (91,9%), com média de idade de 31,8 anos, cor branca (51,3%), vítimas de acidentes de trabalho (51,4%). As fraturas de membros inferiores foram predominantes, representando 73,0%, seguidos dos membros superiores, com 13,5%. Os dias de ocorrências mais freqüentes foram os finais de semana (32,7%), e os horários com maior concentração de casos foram os que abrangiam o período de 12 a 24 horas (60,8%). Os acidentes automobilísticos foram responsáveis por 58,1% das internações, seguidos das quedas (20,0%). Quanto à independência funcional: houve um aumento considerável nas médias dos valores da MIF motor e total no decorrer da avaliação. Observou-se que a incapacidade funcional aumenta em casos de acidentes automobilísticos e atropelamentos e naqueles em que os membros inferiores são atingidos / This study aimed to evaluate the functional independence of adults with fractures due to external causes, in admission and discharge from the hospital, and one month after returning to the domicile. The scale used was The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and the sample was characterized according to the socio-demographic profile, The survey was made between November 2006 and April 2007; the sample was composed by 74 interns of the Orthopedic and Trauma Institute of a hospital, in the city of Sao Paulo. The individuals were predominantly males (91,9%) with average age of 31,8 years, white (51,3%) and victims of labor accidents (51,4%). The fractures of inferior limbs were predominant, representing 73,0% of the cases, followed by superior limbs, which were 13,5%. The most frequent days of occurrence were weekends (32,7%), and the most common times were from 12:00pm to 12:00am (60,8%). The automobile accidents were responsible for 58,1% of admissions, followed by falls (20,0%). In what comes to functional independence, there was a considerable increase in the average values of the motor FIM and total FIM throughout the study. It was observed that the functional incapability increases in cases of automobile and running over accidents, and also in the ones where the inferior limbs were affected

Introdução: os acidentes e violências, considerados como problema de saúde pública (OMS, 2002), muitas vezes têm desfecho final com episódio de morte e, em outras, na assistência hospitalar. A magnitude dessas causas externas e a morbimortalidade mostram representatividade importante para a epidemiologia dos agravos e doenças. Em decorrência disso, torna-se necessário conhecer a qualidade dos registros hospitalares, a fim de auxiliar a produção de conhecimentos epidemiológicos sobre as causas externas. Objetivos: avaliar a qualidade dos códigos diagnósticos com dados registrados no Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (SIH) e do Centro de Processamento de Dados Hospitalares (CPDH) comparados ao prontuário médico correspondente, em uma amostra de internações por causas externas em três hospitais selecionados. Descrever o perfil de morbimortalidade nas hospitalizações por causas externas na região de Ribeirão Preto, SP, em 2005, e identificar a subnotificação das causas externas em relação à natureza da lesão nas internações. Metodologia: estudo descritivo e transversal, com abordagem quantitativa que se baseia em dados secundários de hospitalizações por causas externas, em 2005. A população selecionada é de pacientes residentes e atendidos na região de Ribeirão Preto, em 2005, com diagnóstico principal referente ao capítulo XIX da CID-10. Estudo realizado em duas partes: na primeira, estuda-se o perfil das hospitalizações por causas externas e as subnotificações dos registros das causas externas nos sistemas; na segunda parte foi selecionada da amostra aleatória de hospitalizações notificadas no sistema CPDH e prontuários. Para validação, utilizou-se como critério padrão-ouro os dados dos prontuários. Na análise dos dados foi aplicado teste de sensibilidade para validação dos dados, com recursos dos aplicativos Epiinfo, Epidat e Excel. Resultados: o perfil epidemiológico das hospitalizações, devido às causas externas, acomete mais a população de adultos jovens e do sexo masculino, em cerca de 70% dos pacientes. As quedas, primeira na lista das causas externas com 49%, destacando-se a taxa de internação para os pacientes idosos, com 70 anos e mais, foi superior a 60 por 10 mil habitantes. Os acidentes de transporte terrestre ocuparam o segundo lugar com 15%, sendo que, desses, a maioria era de motociclistas (36%). As variáveis de identificação do paciente (idade, sexo, procedência, tipo de convênio) em geral, tiveram ótima sensibilidade (95-99%) em ambos os sistemas, a sensibilidade para a natureza da lesão, registrada no CPDH, foi de 72,8% e SIH 60,6%. O sub-registro do tipo de causa externa nos prontuários, para o hospital com atendimento SUS foi de 0,05 (1 em 196); hospital misto, 17,9 (33 em 184) e hospital privado 69,1 (95 em142), respectivamente a sensibilidade dos dados eletrônicos CPDH em relação aos prontuários médico de pacientes para código diagnóstico principal com três caracteres (77,4 - 69,6 e 71,1). Quanto à sensibilidade no SIH para código diagnóstico principal três caracteres, o hospital SUS ficou com 68,8% e hospital misto com 50,3%. Outro achado foi o desdobramento com novas autorizações de internações hospitalares (AIHs) para a mesma internação, superestimando as causas externas em 8%, destacam-se entre essas causas as internações decorrentes de acidentes com motociclistas, complicações de assistência médica/cirúrgica e as queimaduras. Conclusão: conclui-se que as causas externas nas hospitalizações, têm sua porta principal de entrada por meio dos hospitais públicos. As quedas têm as taxas de hospitalizações mais elevadas entre as causas externas, porém alteram-se com o viés de interpretação dos codificadores das AIHs. É preciso investir: padronização de conceitos sobre os eventos ocorridos, esforços dos codificadores para identificar códigos específicos e a sensibilização dos profissionais médicos quanto à importância do preenchimento correto e completo da informação. Portanto, mesmo com as limitações dos sistemas de informações, esses não são fatores impeditivos para utilização como ferramentas para os gestores nas ações de planejamento, administração e para pesquisadores, contribuindo para a melhoria da saúde pública. / Introduction: the final outcome of accidents and violence, considered to be public health problems (WHO, 2002), often is death or hospital care. The magnitude of morbidity and mortality due to these external causes shows their importance for the epidemiology of accidents and diseases. On this basis, it is necessary to determine the quality of hospital records in order to aid the production of epidemiological information about external causes. Objectives: to assess the quality and to validate the diagnostic codes by means of data recorded in the Hospital Information System (SIH) and in the Center of Hospital Data Processing (CPDH) compared to the corresponding medical records in a sample of admissions due to external causes in the Ribeirão Preto region, SP, in 2005, and to identify the under-notification of external causes regarding the nature of the injuries of admitted individuals. Methodology: this was a descriptive cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach based on secondary hospitalization data due to external causes, in 2005. The selected population consisted of patients residing and attended in the Ribeirão Preto region in 2005, with a main diagnosis referring to chapter XIX of the CID-10. The study was conducted in two stages: the first involved the study of the profile of hospitalizations due to external causes and the under-notifications of the records of external causes in the systems; the second involved the selection of a random sample of hospitalizations notified to the CPDH system and recorded in the medical records. The gold standard criterion for validation was the information in the medical records. In the analysis of data, the sensitivity test was applied for data validation using the Epi Info, Epidat and Excel software. Results: the epidemiological profile of hospitalizations due to external causes consisted mainly of the population of young adult males, corresponding to about 70% of the patients. Falls, first in the list of external causes with 49%, with emphasis on the rate of hospitalization of elderly patients aged 70 years or older, involved more than 60 per 10 thousand inhabitants. The land transport accidents occupied second place with 15%, most of them involving motorcyclists (36%). In general, the variables of patient identification (age, sex, origin, type of health contract) showed excellent sensitivity (95-99%) in both systems. The sensitivity of the nature of injury recorded was 72.8 for the CPDH and 60.6% for the SIH. The under-recording of the type of external cause in the medical records was 0.05 (1 in 196) for the SUS hospital, 17.9 (33 in 184) for the mixed hospital, and 69.1 for the private hospital (95 in142). The sensitivity of the electronic CPDH data regarding the handbooks medical of patients for the major diagnostic code of 3 characters was 77.4, 69.6 and 71.1, respectively. Regarding the sensitivity in the SIH for the 3 character major diagnosis, the SUS hospital had a value of 68.8% and the mixed hospital a value of 50.3%. Another finding was the duplication with new authorizations of hospital internments (AIHs) for the same admission, overestimating the external causes by 8%. Particularly important among them were the causes of admission due to motorcycle accidents, complication of medical/surgical care, and burns. Conclusion: we conclude that the major point of entry of external causes for hospitalization is through public hospitals. Falls involve the highest rates of hospitalization among external causes, but they are altered by the bias of interpretation on the part of the AIHs coders. It is necessary to invest in the standardization of concepts about the events that occur, in the efforts of coders for the identification of specific codes, and in the sensitization of medical professionals to the importance of a correct and complete filling of information. However, despite the limitations of the information systems, these are not factors that prevent their use as tools for managers in planning and administration actions and for researchers, contributing to the improvement of public health.

Sabe-se que a aplicação de carga influencia na consolidação óssea; e associada ao exercício podem reduzir o tempo de reparação óssea e a permanência com o fixador, que resultaria em muitas vantagens para a prática clínica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do exercício em esteira, na consolidação da osteotomia na tíbia de coelhos, tratadas com fixador externo unilateral. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no laboratório de Bioengenharia da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da USP, utilizando-se 16 coelhos machos adolescentes da raça Nova Zelândia, que foram submetidos a uma osteotomia transversa no terço médio da tíbia e colocação do fixador externo unilateral para fixá-la. Após o procedimento cirúrgico os animais foram divididos em dois grupos: sedentários com n = 10 e exercitados com n = 10 (submetidos a exercícios diários em esteira, com intensidade moderada, durante 10\'). Foi realizada uma avaliação radiográfica no pós-operatório imediato e a cada 10 dias até a oitava semana, quando os animais foram eutanasiados e suas tíbias retiradas e submetidas ao ensaio mecânico de torção. Na avaliação radiográfica observou-se um percentual maior de tíbias consolidadas, num período inferior a 40 dias no grupo exercitado, enquanto que os valores médios das variáveis mecânicas: torque máximo, deformação angular e energia absorvida até a ruptura, não representaram diferença estatística significativa para p menor e igual a 0,05, apesar de ser observada uma tendência para maiores valores de torque no grupo exercitado. Estes resultados sugerem que o exercício não influencia na velocidade e no padrão de consolidação da fratura neste estudo. / It is known that a load application affects bone healing and in association with exercises, it can reduce bone healing time and fixator permanence time, what would result in several advantages in clinical practice. This article is aimed to evaluate the exercises influence on healing in osteotomised tibiae of rabbits fixed unilateral external fixator. This research was developed in the Bioengineering Laboratory of Medical School of Ribeirão Preto - USP. Sexteen young male New Zealand rabbits were submitted to transverse osteotomy in the middle third of the tibia and fixed with unilateral external fixator. After the surgical procedure, animals were divided into 2 groups: sedentary (n = 10) and exercised (n = 10), being the last group submitted to dayly exercises on a mat for 10 minutes with moderate intensity. A radiographic control was made in the immediate post-operative period and every 10 days during the first 8 weeks. After that, animals were euthanized and their tibia were removed and submitted to a torsional test. For the exercised group, there was observed a larger percentage of healed tibia in a period shorter than 40 days in respect to the radiographic control. The means of mechanical variables (maximum torque, angular displacement and energy required to failure) have shown no significant statisticall difference for p less and equal a 0.05, although it was noticed a tendency to higher values of torque in the exercised group. These results suggest no influence of exercises in relation the speed of and fracture healing in this study.

Cette thèse combine par son objet d’étude deux défis importants auxquels sont confrontées les PME françaises : la RSE et la reprise d’entreprise. Elle propose d’explorer les impacts de la démarche RSE initiée par un repreneur externe sur sa légitimité auprès des salariés. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, après une revue de littérature sur les concepts de la légitimité et de la RSE en contexte des PME, nous mettons en évidence une convergence entre les implications managériales de la RSE et les déterminants de la légitimité. La deuxième partie s’attache à étudier empiriquement cette relation. Sur le plan méthodologique, cette recherche s’inscrit dans une approche exploratoire, combinant une étude de cas multiples (9 cas analysés, 46 entretiens) et une enquête par questionnaire auprès d’un échantillon de 80 repreneurs.Les résultats permettent d’abord d’apporter un éclairage sur les moyens à disposition d’un repreneur pour construire sa légitimité auprès de ses salariés ; ensuite de montrer un impact positif de la RSE sur les trois déterminants de la légitimité d’un repreneur : a) instrumental, en permettant au repreneur de développer son entreprise et de satisfaire les intérêts économiques des salariés ; b) relationnel, en orientant ses pratiques RH vers plus de justice et d’équité ; c) moral, en lui offrant l'occasion de construire un projet de reprise autour d’un ensemble de valeurs éthiques et morales appréciées et partagées par les salariés. Enfin, cette recherche identifie les différents mécanismes psychologiques par lesquels la RSE participe à la légitimité d’un repreneur, ainsi que leurs facteurs d’influence. / In a context in which corporate social responsibility (CSR) and business transfer appear to be two major challenges faced by French SMEs, a particular attention should be given to the CSR practices introduced by the external successor of SMEs. Thus, this article proposes to explore the effects of CSR practices initiated by external successors on their legitimacy among their employees. In the first part, a literature review on the concepts of legitimacy and CSR in the context of small businesses showed a convergence between the managerial implications of CSR and the determinants of legitimacy. The second part is devoted to an empirical analysis of this relationship. The research methodology is based on an exploratory approach, combining a multiple case study (9 cases analyzed, 46 interviews) and a questionnaire survey.Firstly, our results shed light on the means at the disposal of the successor to build his legitimacy among his employees ; then the results show the positive effect of the CSR practices on the three determinants of external successor’s legitimacy : a) instrumental, by allowing the external successor to develop his business and satisfy the economic interests of employees ; b) relational, through the positive impact of CSR on the fairness his HR practices ; c) moral, by offering him the opportunity to develop a new project around a set of ethical and moral values appreciated and shared by employees. Finally, this research identifies the different psychological mechanisms by which CSR contributes to the external successor’s legitimacy, as well as their influence factors.

In this thesis, I investigate different Contextualist strategies for responding to the sceptical Argument from Ignorance (AI). Such responses are notable for not challenging the Principle of Epistemic Closure (widely held to be primarily responsible for the argument's conclusion). I am concerned to explore Contextualism's ability to respond to AI in a way which does not result in an uncomfortable concession to scepticism. In Part 1, I discuss Semantic Contextualism; in Part 2, I investigate how AI fares with regards to transmission of warrant when AI utilises either invariantist or Contextualist presuppositions; and in Part 3, I discuss whether Epistemic Contextualism succeeds where Semantic Contextualism fails, arguing that it does. I conclude with an endorsement of Epistemic Contextualism. Part 1: I demonstrate that Semantic Contextualism, of which I will consider three different varieties (externalist, internalist, presuppositionalist), is overly concessive to scepticism because it results in the following four difficulties: (1) knowledge attributions of the form 'I know/S knows that ~B' (where B stands for the sceptical brain-in-a-vat hypothesis) are invariably false; (2) the sceptical context is extremely easy to install; (3) scepticism is said to result from entirely ordinary epistemic practices and; (4) the sceptical context is taken to be an entirely legitimate context of ascription. I conclude Part 1 with the claim that Semantic Contextualism is overly concessive to scepticism. Part 2: Previously, Moore's Proof of an External World has been diagnosed with failing to transmit the warrant on offer for its premises to its conclusion. I argue that it is possible likewise to charge AI with transmission failure but that this cannot be done when some of the conceptual resources of Contextualism are brought to bear on AI. I show that AI can be charged with transmission failure when it is interpreted in support of invariantist (context-unrestricted) scepticism and that only when it is viewed as an argument for a context-restricted form of scepticism does it succeed in transmitting warrant. In this way, the sceptical consequences of AI are considerably reduced. Part 3: The conceptual resources newly deployed in Part 2, which show that a context-restricted, as opposed to invariantist, interpretation of AI can succeed in transmitting warrant, are borrowed from Michael Williams' Epistemic form of Contextualism. But is this form of Contextualism as concessive to scepticism as I showed Semantic Contextualism to be? I argue that it does not represent an overly concessive position vis-a-vis scepticism and therefore represents a superior Contextualist position and response to scepticism. To establish this conclusion, I interrogate the strategy and main elements of Williams' theoretical diagnosis of scepticism and his resultant version of Contextualism so as to determine the extent to which scepticism can be allayed by it. Particular attention is paid to specifying issues that Williams does not discuss, most prominently how the sceptical context has to be understood in order for it to resist his theoretical diagnosis of scepticism and what makes toleration of such resistance by context-bound scepticism reasonable. I conclude my thesis with an endorsement of Williams' Epistemic Contextualism.

This paper is about introduction of congestion toll in centre of Prague. I look at the toll as an internalization of externalities instrument. Car transport causes high externalities in centres of cities, so there exists a tendency to solve this problem by different arrangements. Altough particular congestion toll project in Prague brings internalization of automobile externalities, this project is not profitable for the society because of high costs.