The combination of highly turbulent airflow, flammable fluids, and numerous ignition sources makes aircraft engine nacelles a difficult fire zone to protect. Better understanding of nacelle air flow and how it influences the spread of fires and fire extinguishing agents is needed to improve the efficiency of fire suppression. The first objective was to establish a CFD model for a flow field test section to analyze the transport and dispersion of fire extinguishing agents in the presence of various clutter elements. To validate the use of the CFD model, the simulation results of the CFD model were compared to the experimental data and they show an agreement with the experimental data. The second objective was to present parametric studies to show the effects of the coflow speed, turbulence intensity and agent droplet size on the transport and dispersion of the agent particles downstream from the clutter elements. / by Khaled Zbeeb. / Thesis (M.S.C.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2009. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2009. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Utilizaram-se duas onças-pintadas (Panthera onca) e um puma (Puma concolor) provenientes de natureza e 44 sincrânios das mesmas espécies. Estes animais de vida livre foram capturados respectivamente na Amazônia (Sul do Pará), na Mata Atlântica (Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais) e no Pantanal sul mato-grossense (Mato Grosso do Sul). Os animais foram avaliados mediante anestesia geral injetável, exame físico geral, exame físico da cavidade oral, documentação dos achados clínicos em fichas-odontogramas e fotografia. As duas onças-pintadas apresentaram algum tipo de enfermidade na cavidade oral variando de graus de pouco grave quanto à função do sistema estomatognático a grau severo (desgaste dental, traumatismo dental e doença periodontal), que podem levar o indivíduo a sofrer distúrbios da homeostase e possível alteração de comportamento predatório. O puma capturado no Pantanal não apresentou lesões macroscópicas que pudessem comprometer a função e higidez do sistema estomatognático. Após as observações serem feitas, todos os animais foram soltos no mesmo local da captura. Foram avaliados ainda 17 sincrânios (crânio + mandíbula) de Panthera onca e 27 de Puma concolor, todos de animais coletados na natureza ao longo de décadas, em diferentes biomas brasileiros e depositados na coleção de Mastozoologia do Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP). Verificaram-se algumas evidências de lesões no sistema estomatognático envolvendo dentes, ossos alveolares, arco zigomático, ossos nasais, ossos frontais e palatinos, todas acontecidas em vida, fazendo com que os indivíduos tivessem que se adaptar a esta condição até a formação de processos reparativos. / Two jaguars (Panthera onca) and one puma (Puma concolor) proceeding from nature and 44 sincraniuns of the same species. These animals of free wildlife had been captured respectively in the Amazonia (South of Pará), in Atlantic Forest (Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais) and in the south Pantanal (Mato Grosso do Sul). The animals had been evaluated after injectable general anesthesia, general physical examination, physical examination of the oral cavity, documentation of the clinical findings in dental-charts and photograph. The two jaguars presented some type of disease in the oral cavity varying from mild degree according to the function of the stomatognathic system severe degree (dental wearing, dental trauma and periodontal disease), which can lead the individual to have its homeostasis and possibly the of predatory behavior altered. The puma captured in the Pantanal did not present macrocospic injuries that could compromise the function and healthiness of the stomatognathic system. After the examinatis, all the animals were released in the same local of the capture. 17 sincraniuns (skull + jaw) of Panthera onca had were evaluated and 27 of Puma concolor, all animals were collected in the nature through decades, from different Brazilian biomas and kept in the collection of Mastozoology of the Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo (MZUSP). Some evidences of injuries in the stomatognathic system were verified involving alveolar teeth, bones, zigomatic arch, nasal bones, frontals and palatine bones. All these variables occurred while the animal, forcing the individuals to adapt themselves to these conditions until the formation of reparative processes. Such findings possible were not the cause of death of the animals.

Utilizaram-se duas onças-pintadas (Panthera onca) e um puma (Puma concolor) provenientes de natureza e 44 sincrânios das mesmas espécies. Estes animais de vida livre foram capturados respectivamente na Amazônia (Sul do Pará), na Mata Atlântica (Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais) e no Pantanal sul mato-grossense (Mato Grosso do Sul). Os animais foram avaliados mediante anestesia geral injetável, exame físico geral, exame físico da cavidade oral, documentação dos achados clínicos em fichas-odontogramas e fotografia. As duas onças-pintadas apresentaram algum tipo de enfermidade na cavidade oral variando de graus de pouco grave quanto à função do sistema estomatognático a grau severo (desgaste dental, traumatismo dental e doença periodontal), que podem levar o indivíduo a sofrer distúrbios da homeostase e possível alteração de comportamento predatório. O puma capturado no Pantanal não apresentou lesões macroscópicas que pudessem comprometer a função e higidez do sistema estomatognático. Após as observações serem feitas, todos os animais foram soltos no mesmo local da captura. Foram avaliados ainda 17 sincrânios (crânio + mandíbula) de Panthera onca e 27 de Puma concolor, todos de animais coletados na natureza ao longo de décadas, em diferentes biomas brasileiros e depositados na coleção de Mastozoologia do Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP). Verificaram-se algumas evidências de lesões no sistema estomatognático envolvendo dentes, ossos alveolares, arco zigomático, ossos nasais, ossos frontais e palatinos, todas acontecidas em vida, fazendo com que os indivíduos tivessem que se adaptar a esta condição até a formação de processos reparativos. / Two jaguars (Panthera onca) and one puma (Puma concolor) proceeding from nature and 44 sincraniuns of the same species. These animals of free wildlife had been captured respectively in the Amazonia (South of Pará), in Atlantic Forest (Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais) and in the south Pantanal (Mato Grosso do Sul). The animals had been evaluated after injectable general anesthesia, general physical examination, physical examination of the oral cavity, documentation of the clinical findings in dental-charts and photograph. The two jaguars presented some type of disease in the oral cavity varying from mild degree according to the function of the stomatognathic system severe degree (dental wearing, dental trauma and periodontal disease), which can lead the individual to have its homeostasis and possibly the of predatory behavior altered. The puma captured in the Pantanal did not present macrocospic injuries that could compromise the function and healthiness of the stomatognathic system. After the examinatis, all the animals were released in the same local of the capture. 17 sincraniuns (skull + jaw) of Panthera onca had were evaluated and 27 of Puma concolor, all animals were collected in the nature through decades, from different Brazilian biomas and kept in the collection of Mastozoology of the Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo (MZUSP). Some evidences of injuries in the stomatognathic system were verified involving alveolar teeth, bones, zigomatic arch, nasal bones, frontals and palatine bones. All these variables occurred while the animal, forcing the individuals to adapt themselves to these conditions until the formation of reparative processes. Such findings possible were not the cause of death of the animals.

The main subject of this dissertation is the ecotoxicological evaluation of significant point sources of pollution. These include wildfires and wide fires of factories and also industrial and urban wastewater treatment plants. The local application of pyrolytic product obtained from sewage sludge as the point source of pollution was also included in the thesis. Tests in aquatic and contact arrangement with using both water and soil organisms for ecotoxicity evaluation of selected matrices were chosen. Crustaceans Thamnocephalus platyurus, Daphnia magna Straus and sea bacteria Vibrio fischeri were selected as representative organisms of water animals. Duckweed Lemna minor was chosen as water plant. Further collembola Folsomia candida and earthworm Eisenia fetida were chosen as representatives of soil animals. Finally onion Allium cepa L. and mustard Sinapis alba are representatives of terrestrial plants. Submitted thesis deals about analytes of interest, their properties and ways of distribution to the environments. The output of the thesis is a comprehensive assessment of the effects of selected point sources of pollution on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems organisms and ecotoxicological risks assessment. The fire extinguishing agents have been proven to be the most stressful substances for all selecteded organisms.

This diploma thesis was aimed at study of the effect of various gaseous extinguishing media in an environment of increased temperature on the paper and its properties. Paper samples were exposed to elevated temperature in air, CO2 gas and gas mixtures of N2:Ar (1:1). The impact of conditions on the mechanical, chemical and optical properties of paper has been studied after exposure of the paper by extinguishing media under elevated temperature. The change of properties was determined immediately after exposure of samples under simultaneous conditions of fire, further one was determined for samples exposed to conditions of dry and wet aging. As a reference sample was used crude paper. Values of elasticity modulus, strength tensile, tearing resistance, the work needed for break tension, the total color difference and pH of samples have been determined. The results showed that every external influence causes at least some change in mechanical, optical and chemical properties such as increased temperature, the effect of extinguishing media or ageing of paper. The gas mixture N2:Ar (1:1) had the smallest influence on the sample paper, which was worked. Thus this gas mixture could be the best choice for the application in archive environments.

Nowadays are foam concentrates used as the primary extinguishing agent for flammable liquid fires (especially hydrocarbons), means of transports fires, the release of chemical substances in environmental accidents, and their importance is still growing with the industrial development. All units of fire protection have foam concentrates in their equipment, so it is important that firefighters to have some necessary knowledge about their characteristics and to be able to use them effectively and safely for the environment. The basic component of foaming concentrates are surfactants. This diploma thesis analyzes foam samples which are commonly used, by methods for analysis of drinking, surface and wastewater and determines cationic, anionic and nonionic surfactants.

Vid brand kan stora mängder med förorenande ämnen och partiklar bildas. Dessa kan, vid släckning av brand med vatten, ge upphov till kontaminerat släckvatten. För att förstå och kunna förutsäga föroreningsspridningen från släckvatten i mark och grundvatten krävs det att släckvattenpartiklars inverkan på föroreningsspridning utreds. Syftet med detta arbete var att öka kunskapen om de kemiska och fysiska egenskaper partiklar i släckvatten uppvisar samt hur partikelegenskaperna påverkar föroreningstransport i vattenmättad mark och grundvatten. Studien har genomförts i form av en fallstudie där släckvattenpartiklar från en enskild brand har undersökts. Utifrån partikelegenskaper finns två mekanismer som kan räknas som styrande för partikeltransport i mark och grundvatten: fysiokemiska partikel- och ytinteraktioner samt silning. Mekanismernas inverkan på partikeltransporten beror bland annat på partiklarnas ytladdning och storlek. För att undersöka släckvattenpartiklarnas egenskaper utfördes analyser av partiklarnas storleksfördelning och zetapotential. För att förstå hur partiklarna påverkade föroreningsspridningen analyserades koncentration polycykliska aromatiska kolväten (PAH) och metaller. Utifrån dessa mätningar genomfördes kolonnförsök där släckvattenpartiklar transporterades genom kiselsand. Resultaten visade att medelvärdet för släckvattenpartiklarnas zetapotential var negativ. Släckvattenproverna som undersöktes innehöll höga koncentrationer av PAH och metaller. Då partiklarna filtrerades till två storleksfraktioner, större och mindre än 11 µm, återfanns högst koncentration PAH och metaller i släckvatten med partiklar > 11 µm. I kolonnförsöken transporterades partiklar med diameter ≤ 11 µm genom kiselsand medan större partiklar permanent immobiliserades. Mätningarna och transportförsöken indikerar att partiklar ≤ 11 µm, i mark med liknande egenskaper och förhållanden som under kolonnförsöken, skulle kunna transporteras utan påverkan av fysiokemiska partikel- och ytinteraktioner. Den avgörande mekanismen för partikeltransport av partiklar med en diameter ≤ 11 µm i vattenmättad mark och grundvatten skulle då vara silning. Släckvattenpartiklarnas transport och på så sätt föroreningsspridningen blir då beroende av markens porstorlek samt partiklarnas diameter. Transportförsöken för partiklar > 11 µm pekade på att fysiokemiska partikel- och ytinteraktioner och/eller silning permanent immobiliserade de större partiklarna. Vid immobilisering av de större partiklarna skulle föroreningsspridning kunna begränsas. För att skapa en fullständig bild över vilka mekanismer som styr släckvattenpartiklarnas transport och på så vis föroreningsspridning under olika förhållanden behöver vidare undersökningar genomföras. / A fire can generate large amounts of toxic compounds and particles. When a fire is extinguished with water these compounds and particles can be transferred to the water, generating contaminated fire-extinguishing water. To understand and predict contamination transport from fire-extinguishing water in soil and groundwater the effect of fire generated particles on contamination transport needs to be understood. The aim of this study was to increase the knowledge of the chemical and physical properties of particles in fire-extinguishing water and to examine how these properties effect contamination transport in soil and groundwater. The study was conducted as a case study where fire-extinguishing water from a single fire was examined. Considering particle properties, particle transport in soil and groundwater is regulated by two main mechanisms: physicochemical particle-surface interactions and straining. How the mechanisms effect the transport is controlled by, among other things, the surface charge of the particles and the size of the particles. To understand particle properties analysis of the size distribution and zeta potential were conducted. To understand how the particles influenced contamination transport concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and metal were measured. Column experiments were then conducted with the characterized particles. The results showed that the particles zeta potential was negative. The fire-extinguishing water contained high concentrations of metals and PAH. When the particles were filtrated into two sizes, larger and smaller than 11 um, the highest concentration PAH and metals were found on the larger particles. In the column experiment particles ≤ 11 µm were transported through the sand while larger particles were immobilized. The measurements and the transport experiments indicate that particles ≤ 11 µm, in soil with similar properties as in the column experiment, could be transported without influence of physicochemical particle-surface interactions. The main mechanism for particle transport for particles with a diameter ≤ 11 µm would then be straining. That means that the transport of particles and therefore contamination transport would depend on particle size and soil pore size. The transport experiment with particles > 11 µm indicated that physicochemical particle-surface interactions and/or straining immobilized larger particles. If larger particles are immobilized the contamination spreading would be limited. To fully understand what mechanism controls the transport of particles in fire-extinguishing water, and therefore the contamination transport, more studies need to be conducted.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cesar Eduardo Lavoura Romao.pdf: 896008 bytes, checksum: 54e55907f1bbf721ad0fe4dd90f12edf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-13 / The present work aims at to deepen the study of virtual or anticipated lapse, analyzing its use for the Brazilian Judiciary Power, mainly for the magistrates of lower court. This controversial institute comes being understood as cause of elimination of the interest of action in the criminal proceeding whenever evidenced the possibility of decrements of the punitive lapsing pretension in the retroactive modality, early in the process, even before of the act of receiving the denunciation or of pronounced the sentence, leading in consideration a hypothetical penalty surveyed by the refined circumstances until that moment. For times, after a long procedural proceeding with an intricate probatory instruction, the magistrate is obliged to pronounce the sentence, convicted the defendant and, immediately afterwards, to recognize the extinguishing of the punshability for the retroactive lapsing of the punitive pretension, playing for the thin one, all the developed intellective work in the course of the process and, mainly, at the moment of the elaboration of the condemnatory decree. It is accurately in this scene, and on behalf of the procedural economy and of the effective and coherent search of the application of the penalties, that the virtual lapsing demonstrates to its force and utility. This because it searches to move away from the Judiciary Power useless processes, that will not have resulted beneficial, contributing, only, to generate, unnecessary, more service and, consequently, greater slowness in the procedural proceeding. For the understanding of subject so controversial, surrounded of favorable and contrary arguments, one searched to analyze, in this research, in order to select its validity before the legal system, each one of the arguments advantages and against the institute. First, the consistent ones in the absence of action right; in the criminal proceeding as a pledge of the defendant and not as sanction; in the beginning of the judgment quickly; in the uselessness of the judgment of the prescribed process; e in the similarity of the decision that receives the lapsing with the acquittal. The seconds, contrary to its application, in the pretense breaking the beginning of the legality; the beginning of the innocence presumption; to the obligatoriness of the criminal action; to the possibility of amendment of complain (mutatio libelli); and to the condition of the victim in the process. However, before the ingression in the object of the controversy, there was the analysis of related institutions, such as the right to punish, the purposes of punishment, the criminal action and the proper lapsing, as extinctive cause of ius puniendi / O presente trabalho visa aprofundar o estudo da prescrição virtual ou antecipada, analisando sua utilização pelo Poder Judiciário brasileiro, principalmente pelos magistrados de primeira instância. Esse polêmico instituto vem sendo entendido como causa de eliminação do interesse de agir no processo penal sempre que constatada a possibilidade de decretação da prescrição da pretensão punitiva na modalidade retroativa, logo no início do processo, antes mesmo do recebimento da denúncia ou de proferida a sentença, levando em consideração uma pena hipotética aferida pelas circunstâncias apuradas até aquele momento. Por vezes, após um longo trâmite processual com uma intrincada instrução probatória, o magistrado é obrigado proferir a sentença, condenado o acusado e, logo em seguida, a reconhecer a extinção da punibilidade pela prescrição retroativa da pretensão punitiva, jogando pelo ralo todo o trabalho intelectivo desenvolvido no curso do processo e, principalmente, no momento da elaboração do decreto condenatório. É exatamente nesse cenário, e em nome da economia processual e da busca efetiva e coerente da aplicação da sanção penal, que a prescrição virtual demonstra sua força e utilidade. Isto porque busca afastar do Poder Judiciário processos inúteis, que não terão resultado proveitoso, contribuindo, apenas, para gerar, desnecessariamente, mais serviço e, consequentemente, maior lentidão no trâmite processual. Para a compreensão de tema tão controvertido, cercado de argumentos favoráveis e contrários, buscou-se analisar, nesta pesquisa, de modo a apurar-se sua validade perante o ordenamento jurídico, cada um dos argumentos prós e contra o instituto. Os primeiros, consistentes na ausência de interesse de agir; no processo penal como garantia do acusado e não como sanção; no princípio da celeridade do julgamento; na inutilidade do julgamento do processo prescrito; e na semelhança da decisão que acolhe a prescrição com a sentença absolutória. Os segundos, contrários à sua aplicação, na pretensa violação ao princípio da legalidade; ao princípio da presunção de inocência; à obrigatoriedade da ação penal; à possibilidade de aditamento da denúncia (mutatio libelli); e à condição da vítima no processo. Porém, antes do ingresso no objeto da controvérsia, realizou-se a análise de institutos correlatos, tais como, o direito de punir, as finalidades da punição, a ação penal e a própria prescrição, como causa extintiva do ius puniendi

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabricio de Carvalho Serafini.pdf: 2174708 bytes, checksum: b4b0a81d724e6647978c41ed2cd174c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-23 / Starting with the forecast, in our positive law, about the extinguishing of the punshability of the tax crimes, for the tax payment (regardless of the time), we arrive at the conclusion that the criminal law is working as collecting agent of the tax law, what it opposes the characteristic of ultima ratio of the first one, characteristic this, pointed since its origins, until the present days, as basic with respect to the same, being one of its differentials for other branches of low. This show us that's more important for our State the payment of the tax then the punishment for who commit tax crimes. This coaction propagated by the accusation for tax crime ended showing very efficient, therefore it increased the tax collection, which will be argued in terms of the general theory of the law, once confirmed what we always defend, unique as characteristic of the complete rules of law, of the several species of norms, that is the forecast of a sanction, for the State, for the one who did not follow the law, imposed in coercitive way. This took us to study the sanction, as well as differentiating the coaction of the coercion, therefore the first one happens before the non compliance of the complete rule of law, threatening the expectation of a sanction, while the second one happens after the non compliance of the complete rule of law, being the application form of the sanction. Confirming our sanctionist idea, we look for the reasons of the fulfilment of many of the rules of law are given by the fear of the sanction, what took us to look for answers in psychology, more specifically in its analysis of the behavior stream (behaviourism), but for our surprise, this showed unfruitful. With this disillusionment, we went to search aid in an opposing chain, the psychoanalysis, more precisely in the ideas of its founder Sigmund Freud. Its ideas in social, cultural and anthropological terms, permeated for its fundamental concepts of the psychoanalysis, had supplied what we looked for, that is, the confirmation of that the human beings follow many norms due to the fear of its sanctions, what it strengthened our sanctionist idea of the law / Partindo da previsão, em nosso direito positivo, da extinção da punibilidade dos crimes tributários, pelo pagamento do tributo (independentemente do seu momento), chegamos à conclusão de que o direito penal está funcionando como agente arrecadador do direito tributário, o que contraria a característica de ultima ratio do primeiro, característica essa, apontada desde seus primórdios, até os dias de hoje, como fundamental para o mesmo, sendo um de seus diferenciais para os demais ramos do direito. Isso nos mostra que mais importa para o nosso Estado o pagamento do tributo do que a punição para os que cometem crimes tributários. Essa coação veiculada pela acusação por crime tributário acabou por se mostrar muito eficiente, pois aumentou a arrecadação tributária, o que será discutido em termos da teoria geral do direito, pois confirmou o que sempre defendemos, como característica diferenciadora das normas jurídicas completas, das demais espécies de normas, que é a previsão de uma sanção, pelo Estado, para seu descumpridor, imposta de maneira coercitiva. Isso nos levou a estudar a sanção, bem como diferenciar a coação da coerção, pois a primeira se dá antes do descumprimento da norma jurídica completa, ameaçando, pela previsão de uma sanção, ao passo que a segunda se dá após o descumprimento da norma jurídica completa, sendo a forma de aplicação da sanção. Ao confirmamos a nossa idéia sancionista, procuramos buscar os porquês do cumprimento de muitas das normas jurídicas se dar pelo temor da sanção, o que nos levou a buscar respostas na psicologia, mais especificamente na sua corrente análise do comportamento (behaviorismo), mas para nossa surpresa, isso se mostrou infrutífero. Com essa decepção, fomos buscar auxílio numa corrente oposta, a psicanálise, mais precisamente nas idéias de seu fundador Sigmund Freud. As suas idéias em termos sociais, culturais e antropológicos, permeadas por seus conceitos basilares da psicanálise, nos forneceram o que procurávamos, ou seja, a confirmação de que os seres humanos seguem muitas normas devido ao temor de suas sanções, o que reforçou a nossa idéia sancionista do direito

This thesis describes analysis and optimization of existing heating system aboveground fire sprinkler water tanks. The purpose is to design a heating system so as to achieve optimal operating and economic conditions for the operation of heating in winter. I will use available computer software and adhere to the applicable regulations and standards. Using experi-mental methods and computer simulations I will assess the current state of the heating system which in turn will provide an optimizing its use and operation.