Les travaux de cette thèse s'inscrivent dans le cadre de la cryptographie, et plus précisément de la cryptographie quantique. Le but est de concevoir un système permettant de transmettre simultanément une clé de cryptage et un signal horloge dans une même fibre optique (à la longueur d'onde des télécommunications soit 1550 nm) en essayant d'éviter les effets de la dispersion chromatique. En effet le signal représentant la clé de cryptage doit être réalisé sous forme d'impulsions fortement atténuées simulant des photons uniques et dans ces conditions il est nécessaire de disposer au niveau du détecteur d'un signal horloge donnant l'instant d'arrivée des impulsions. Nous fabriquons deux signaux de longueurs d'onde très proches (écart de 0,88 pm) grâce à un modulateur acousto-optique, chacune servant de porteuse à un des deux signaux. A la réception il est nécessaire de séparer ces deux longueurs d'ondes et pour cela un filtre basé sur un interféromètre de Fabry-Pérot a été conçu, réalisé, testé et mis en oeuvre au laboratoire. Puis nous avons aussi réalisé un photodétecteur basé sur une photodiode à avalanche, dont nous pouvons abaisser la température de fonctionnement jusqu'à environ 0°C. Le système a été entièrement réalisé et nous avons pu montrer la faisabilité de cette technique. Des améliorations restent à apporter en particulier sur la stabilité du filtre optique et sur le fonctionnement du détecteur en mode comptage de photons.

Ce travail de thèse, essentiellement théorique et basé sur une approche modale, porte sur les propriétés optiques de surfaces métalliques comportant un certain nombre de gravures de profil rectangulaire dont les dimensions sont inférieures à la longueur d'onde de la lumière incidente.<br />Ces surfaces présentent des anomalies de réflexion liées à des exaltations locales du champ électromagnétique, dues notamment à des résonances de type Fabry-Pérot à l'intérieur des sillons. L'analyse du problème d'un couple de cavités sub-longueur d'onde, couplées en champ proche, montre comment on peut générer des "points chauds" et contrôler la localisation de la lumière à l'échelle sub-longueur d'onde. Les applications sont de première importance: commutation optique, adressage quantitatif de la lumière, diffusion Raman exaltée en<br />surface (SERS)... On s'intéresse également aux effets de localisations liés au désordre structurel: la rupture de symétrie d'un arrangement périodique génère différents jeux d'allumage des cavités, très sensibles à la fréquence d'excitation. Certaines prédictions théoriques sont étayées expérimentalement.<br />Enfin, le cas des réseaux lamellaires très fortement sub-longueur d'onde est examiné, en lien avec l'Absorption Optique Anormale et l'effet SERS observés sur certains films métalliques rugueux. Les exaltations géantes du champ électrique, calculées dans les nano-cavités par la méthode modale exacte, dans le domaine visible, s'expliquent par l'excitation de plasmons-polaritons de surface dont les vecteurs d'onde sont très supérieurs à ceux de la lumière.

This research project concerns the construction, testing, and remote health monitoring of the first smart bridge structure in Florida, the East Bay bridge in Gibsonton, Hillsborough County. The East Bay Bridge is a four span, continuous, deck-type structure with a total length of 120' and width of 55'. The superstructure consists of an 18'' cast-in-place reinforced concrete slab, and is supported on pre-stressed pile bents, each consisting of 5 piles. The smart sensors used for remote health monitoring are the newly emerged Fabry --Perot (FP) Fiber Optic Sensors, and are both surface-mounted and embedded in the concrete deck.Static and Dynamic testing of the bridge were performed using loaded SU-4 trucks, and a finite element model for the bridge was developed for the test cases using commercial software packages. In addition, the smart sensors were connected to a data acquisition system permanently installed on-site. This system could be accessed through regular phone lin es, which permits the evaluation of the bridge behavior under live traffic loads.Currently, these live structural data under traffic loading are transmitted to Hillsborough County's bridge maintenance office to assist in the health evaluation and maintenance of the bridge.AASHTO LRFD Design Code has been investigated using analytical and laboratory test but no attempt has been made to verify its relative outlook with respect to Allowable Strength Design (ASD) and AASHTO Standard Specifications (LFD) in a real field test. The likely reason for could have been the lack of accurate and reliable sensing systems.The data collected as well as the analytical studies through out this research, suggest that current LRFD design specifications for deck-type bridges are conservative. The technology developed under this work will enable practical, cost-effective, and reliable systematic maintenance of bridge structures, and the study will provide a unique opportunity for future growth of this tech nology in the state of Florida and in other states and finally, long term collected data can be used to keep the design codes in check.

This thesis proposes a new method for the generation of continuous spectra with possible applications in optical WDM access networks. This new method would allow the development of a continuum laser type structure with better performances in terms of cost and simplicity compared to the current supercontinuum sources. For this purpose, we have analyzed the possibility of extending the resonant modes of a Fabry-Perot cavity acting only on the design of one of the cavity mirrors. The design of the mirror is generated with a genetic algorithm targeting a desired reflectivity spectrum. An active medium is then added inside the cavity formed with the synthesized mirror and the cavity's emission is simulated below the lasing threshold. The spectra thus obtained are continuous on an interval of 5 to 15 nm.

To study transport properties in single InAs nanowires (NW) with etched constrictions, a bunch of back-gated single InAs NW devices were made. The standard device contained a NW section with an etched constriction, placed between two pre-patterned side-gates. For comparison, devices either without etched constriction or without side-gates were also fabricated. Transport measurement results of three devices were presented and discussed. The device without side-gates exhibited Coulomb blockade due to electron tunneling through double quantum dots (QDs). The device without the etched constriction displayed conductance quantization. The standard device showed both Coulomb blockade (due to electron tunneling through either multiple QDs or single QD) and Fabry-Perot conductance oscillation at different gate bias regime. A 3-D electrostatic and 2-D eigenvalue coupled simulation was conducted to explain the observed conductance quantization. This model suggests that the nonuniform potential distribution in a thick NW dramatically modifies the confinement energies in the NW.

To study transport properties in single InAs nanowires (NW) with etched constrictions, a bunch of back-gated single InAs NW devices were made. The standard device contained a NW section with an etched constriction, placed between two pre-patterned side-gates. For comparison, devices either without etched constriction or without side-gates were also fabricated. Transport measurement results of three devices were presented and discussed. The device without side-gates exhibited Coulomb blockade due to electron tunneling through double quantum dots (QDs). The device without the etched constriction displayed conductance quantization. The standard device showed both Coulomb blockade (due to electron tunneling through either multiple QDs or single QD) and Fabry-Perot conductance oscillation at different gate bias regime. A 3-D electrostatic and 2-D eigenvalue coupled simulation was conducted to explain the observed conductance quantization. This model suggests that the nonuniform potential distribution in a thick NW dramatically modifies the confinement energies in the NW.

Cette thèse s'articule autour d'une expérience de métrologie visant à mesurer la biréfringence magnétique du vide. Son principe consiste à mesurer l'ellipticité induite par un champ magnétique transverse pulsé sur un faisceau laser initialement linéairement polarisé. L'ellipticité est proportionnelle au carré du champ magnétique, à la longueur du trajet parcouru dans le milieu et à la biréfringence magnétique de celui-ci. La théorie de l'électrodynamique quantique prédit en particulier une valeur extrêmement faible pour la valeur de la biréfringence du vide ; sa mesure constitue un véritable défi expérimental. Ce travail présente la caractérisation exhaustive de l'ellipsomètre de grande précision qui associe une cavité Fabry-Perot de très haute finesse, sur laquelle est asservi un laser Nd:YAG, avec des aimants pulsés délivrant un champ magnétique transverse très intense. Nous exposons ensuite les résultats des mesures d'effet Cotton-Mouton dans le diazote. Ces mesures permettent de faire un étalonnage précis du dispositif expérimental. Nous dressons un bilan des incertitudes associées à ces mesures et l'ensemble des effets systématiques est identifié. Nous donnons enfin les résultats des premiers tirs de champ magnétique effectués dans le vide, ainsi que la sensibilité du dispositif, et les améliorations qui doivent y être apportées. En complément de cette expérience, nous faisons une excursion hors du Modèle Standard et étudions la possibilité d'oscillations, sous champ magnétique, de photons en particules massives : les axions. Nous présentons en particulier les résultats de l'expérience du " mur brillant " réalisée avec des rayons X à l'ESRF de Grenoble.

Bibliography: leaves 194-212. / ix, 214 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 31 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Mawson Institute for Antarctic Research, 1991

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-27 / Objetivo: Implementar e padronizar técnicas de dosagem de atividade enzimática em gota seca de sangue em papel de filtro para as seguintes enzimas lisossomais: - galactosidase A, que permite diagnosticar pacientes com Doença de Fabry, - iduronidase, que permite identificar pacientes com Mucopolissacaridose tipo I; - glicosidase e quitotriosidase, que permitem diagnosticar pacientes com Doença de Gaucher e -glicosidase, que permite identificar pacientes com Doença de Pompe, além da enzima -galactosidase, que possibilita avaliar a qualidade do material. Determinar o valor de corte para todas estas enzimas, que irá possibilitar a diferenciação dos indivíduos saudáveis dos pacientes. Metodologia: Ao todo foram selecionados 302 indivíduos, de ambos os sexos e com idades entre 18 e 82 anos. Foram coletados de 5 a 10 mL de sangue periférico de cada voluntário, e posteriormente 4 ou 5 gotas de sangue foram transferidas com o auxílio de uma pipeta tipo Pasteur para um papel de filtro. Todas as técnicas de dosagem de atividade enzimática realizadas neste trabalho baseiam-se na ação da enzima de interesse sobre um substrato sintético específico, que libera após clivagem uma molécula que emite fluorescência. A atividade enzimática será proporcional à quantidade de fluorescência detectada pelo equipamento. Resultados: Com as dosagens de atividade enzimática realizadas neste trabalho foram obtidos os seguintes resultados (média±desvio-padrão; valores mínimos e máximos), expressos em μmol/L/h: -galactosidase (14,09±4,36; 4,04-29,65); -galactosidase A (4,57±1,37; 1,44-10,67); -iduronidase (3,45±1,21; 1,40-7,78); -glicosidase (4,57±1,37; 1,44-10,67); quitotriosidase (12,88±9,84; 0,00- 48,07); -glicosidase (5,41±1,74; 2,10-10,65); também expressa pela razão - glicosidase neutra/ -glicosidase ácida inibida (13,19±4,26; 5,03-28,58); e pela por cento inibição da -glicosidase ácida (70,66±7,60; 36,38-87,08). Os cálculos de sensibilidade e especificidade, realizados confrontando a técnica que utiliza papel de filtro com a técnica que utiliza leucócitos, resultaram em valores acima de 50 por cento, que são considerados adequados. Conclusões: As análises estatísticas dos resultados obtidos possibilitaram a escolha do valor de corte mais preciso, o que permite a diferenciação entre indivíduos saudáveis e pacientes com Doença de Fabry, Doença de Pompe, Doença de Gaucher e Mucopolissacaridose tipo I. Os valores de atividade enzimática observados se mostraram de acordo com os descritos na literatura, com pequenas variações. As técnicas de diagnóstico que utilizam papel de filtro podem ser consideradas uma ferramenta eficiente, barata e simples de serem realizadas. Objetivo: Implementar e padronizar técnicas de dosagem de atividade enzimática em gota seca de sangue em papel de filtro para as seguintes enzimas lisossomais: - galactosidase A, que permite diagnosticar pacientes com Doença de Fabry, - iduronidase, que permite identificar pacientes com Mucopolissacaridose tipo I; - glicosidase e quitotriosidase, que permitem diagnosticar pacientes com Doença de Gaucher e -glicosidase, que permite identificar pacientes com Doença de Pompe, além da enzima -galactosidase, que possibilita avaliar a qualidade do material. Determinar o valor de corte para todas estas enzimas, que irá possibilitar a diferenciação dos indivíduos saudáveis dos pacientes. Metodologia: Ao todo foram selecionados 302 indivíduos, de ambos os sexos e com idades entre 18 e 82 anos. Foram coletados de 5 a 10 mL de sangue periférico de cada voluntário, e posteriormente 4 ou 5 gotas de sangue foram transferidas com o auxílio de uma pipeta tipo Pasteur para um papel de filtro. Todas as técnicas de dosagem de atividade enzimática realizadas neste trabalho baseiam-se na ação da enzima de interesse sobre um substrato sintético específico, que libera após clivagem uma molécula que emite fluorescência. A atividade enzimática será proporcional à quantidade de fluorescência detectada pelo equipamento. Resultados: Com as dosagens de atividade enzimática realizadas neste trabalho foram obtidos os seguintes resultados (média±desvio-padrão; valores mínimos e máximos), expressos em μmol/L/h: -galactosidase (14,09±4,36; 4,04-29,65); -galactosidase A (4,57±1,37; 1,44-10,67); -iduronidase (3,45±1,21; 1,40-7,78); -glicosidase (4,57±1,37; 1,44-10,67); quitotriosidase (12,88±9,84; 0,00- 48,07); -glicosidase (5,41±1,74; 2,10-10,65); também expressa pela razão - glicosidase neutra/ -glicosidase ácida inibida (13,19±4,26; 5,03-28,58); e pela por cento inibição da -glicosidase ácida (70,66±7,60; 36,38-87,08). Os cálculos de sensibilidade e especificidade, realizados confrontando a técnica que utiliza papel de filtro com a técnica que utiliza leucócitos, resultaram em valores acima de 50 por cento, que são considerados adequados. Conclusões: As análises estatísticas dos resultados obtidos possibilitaram a escolha do valor de corte mais preciso, o que permite a diferenciação entre indivíduos saudáveis e pacientes com Doença de Fabry, Doença de Pompe, Doença de Gaucher e Mucopolissacaridose tipo I. Os valores de atividade enzimática observados se mostraram de acordo com os descritos na literatura, com pequenas variações. As técnicas de diagnóstico que utilizam papel de filtro podem ser consideradas uma ferramenta eficiente, barata e simples de serem realizadas. / Objectives: To implement and to standardize enzymatic activity techniques using dried blood spots on filter paper for the enzymes &#61537;-galactosidase A, for the diagnosis of Fabry Disease patients; -iduronidase, for the diagnosis of Mucopolysaccharidosis type I patients; &#61538;-glucosidase and chitotriosidase, for the diagnosis of Gaucher Disease patients and acid -glucosidase, that allows the diagnosis of Pompe Disease patients; besides the enzyme -galactosidase, that allows assessing the quality of the material. In addition, to determine the cut-off value for each enzyme, that will enable the discrimination between healthy subjects and patients. Methodology: 302 volunteers of both gender were selected, with ages between 18 and 82 years old. Peripheral blood was collected in heparin containing tubes and blood spots were prepared according to the protocol. All enzymatic activity techniques carried out in this work were based in the cleavage of a specific synthetic substrate, by the action of target enzymes which then releases a fluorescent molecule that will be detected by the fluorimeter. Results: The values of enzyme activity obtained in this work were the following (mean±standard deviation; minimum and maximum values), expressed in μmol/L/h: -galactosidase (14,09±4,36; 4,04-29,65); -galactosidase A (4,57±1,37; 1,44-10,67); -iduronidase (3,45±1,21; 1,40-7,78); -glucosidase (4,57±1,37; 1,44-10,67); chitotriosidase (12,88±9,84; 0,00-48,07); -glucosidase (5,41±1,74; 2,10-10,65); also expressed in the ratio of neutral -glucosidase/inhibited acid -glucosidase (13,19±4,26; 5,03-28,58); and as % of acid -glucosidase inhibition (70,66±7,60; 36,38-87,08). The sensibility and specificity values obtained with the comparison of leukocytes and dried blood spots results showed that all techniques are reliable and appropriate. Conclusions: The results from this work enabled us to choose the most accurate cut-off values which to distinguish between healthy subjects and patients with Fabry Disease, Mucopolysaccharidosis type I, Gaucher Disease and Pompe Disease. Enzyme activity values are in agreement with the literature data. The use of dried blood spots for lysosomal disease diagnosis can be considered efficient, inexpensive and simple to be performed. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

abstract: Current organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) suffer from the low light extraction efficiency. In this thesis, novel OLED structures including photonic crystal, Fabry-Perot resonance cavity and hyperbolic metamaterials were numerically simulated and theoretically investigated. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method was employed to numerically simulate the light extraction efficiency of various 3D OLED structures. With photonic crystal structures, a maximum of 30% extraction efficiency is achieved. A higher external quantum efficiency of 35% is derived after applying Fabry-Perot resonance cavity into OLEDs. Furthermore, different factors such as material properties, layer thicknesses and dipole polarizations and locations have been studied. Moreover, an upper limit for the light extraction efficiency of 80% is reached theoretically with perfect reflector and single dipole polarization and location. To elucidate the physical mechanism, transfer matrix method is introduced to calculate the spectral-hemispherical reflectance of the multilayer OLED structures. In addition, an attempt of using hyperbolic metamaterial in OLED has been made and resulted in 27% external quantum efficiency, due to the similar mechanism of wave interference as Fabry-Perot structure. The simulation and optimization methods and findings would facilitate the design of next generation, high-efficiency OLED devices. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 2016