Social networks have been used to understand how information flows through an organization as well as identifying individuals that appear to have control over this information flow. Such individuals are identified as being central nodes in a graph representation of the social network and have high "betweenness" values. Rather than looking at graphs derived from email, on-line forums, or telephone connections, we consider sequences of bipartite graphs that represent face-to-face meetings between individuals, and define a new metric to identify the information elite individuals. We show that, in our simulations, individuals that attend many meetings with many different people do not always have high betweenness values, even though they seem to be the ones that control the information flow. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2009. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 192 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 171-190).

abstract: Effectively educating students with autism is a necessary element in providing all students with a free and appropriate public education, and as the number of students diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder continues to increase in both public and private educational settings, providing successful and satisfactory professional development opportunities in the area of autism is becoming increasingly essential. This study explored the experiences of twenty-three educators in a suburban southwest K-12 public school district, as they participated in a fifteen-hour professional development course in an online or face-to-face format, and collaboratively problem-solved their challenges in educating students with autism. Qualitative data was collected from participants' weekly written reflections and comments from a pre- and post-survey on attitudes, to determine quality of and satisfaction with collaboration in relation to course format. Results indicated that the online format produced higher-quality collaboration when it came to presenting one's own situation(s) to the group, finding group discussions helpful, having enough time to collaborate, providing feedback/suggestions to group members, and perceiving suggestions for one's own situation as helpful (as evidenced by the number of suggestions that participants said they would likely implement). The face-to-face format produced higher-quality collaboration when it came to in-depth problem-solving regarding a situation, implementing suggestions for one's own situation, and relating course content to collaborative activities. Participants' attitudes about using technology as a means of collaboration showed little change overall from pre- to post-survey. Though slight increases in positive attitudes concerning technology were found in various areas, many participants still thought highly of a face-to-face format for collaborative purposes, even after participating in the online professional development course. Findings may be of use to educational institutions developing online or face-to-face professional development opportunities in the area of autism. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Curriculum and Instruction 2011

A antropometria é o estudo das medidas do corpo. A medição pode ser realizada no próprio corpo, na chamada técnica direta, ou na representação do indivíduo, na técnica indireta. Os resultados podem ser aplicados nas áreas da medicina, odontologia, fisioterapia, fonoaudiologia, entre outros. A antropometria aplicada à face traz dados referentes ao crescimento, ao envelhecimento e é capaz de traçar características de tecidos moles. É consenso na literatura que não há um padrão facial único que possa servir para todas as populações, sendo que cada uma possui características que as tornam únicas e que devem ser levadas em consideração no planejamento de cirurgias estéticas, ortognáticas e reconstrutivas. Até o momento, não há estudos que tragam o detalhamento antropométrico da face da população brasileira. Assim, o objetivo geral desse trabalho é trazer o levantamento antropométrico facial da população de adultos jovens brancos brasileiros por meio da análise de fotografias em norma frontal, método conhecido como fotoantropometria. As fotografias têm origem de um banco civil de imagens da Polícia Federal brasileira, sendo 689 de indivíduos do sexo feminino (F) e 660 do sexo masculino (M). Foram selecionadas as imagens que possibilitavam a visualização dos pontos fotoantropométricos de interesse e que apresentavam a centralização da cabeça em relação ao plano sagital, ao plano horizontal e ao eixo sagital. Os indivíduos representados nas fotografias foram classificados quanto à ancestralidade levando-se em consideração aspectos como cor da pele, textura do cabelo e morfologia nasal e labial. Os pontos fotoantropométricos foram marcados manualmente nas imagens fotográficas por meio do software SAFF 2D®. As coordenadas em pixels foram transformadas em distâncias lineares e deram origem aos índices, os quais foram analisados sob diversos aspectos. Além das análises realizadas para a população total, os indivíduos foram separados em grupos, considerando-se o sexo e o local de nascimento correspondente às regiões do país, sendo: Sul, Sudeste, Centro-oeste, Nordeste e Norte. A morfologia da face da população de adultos jovens brancos do Brasil foi exaustivamente analisada sob vários aspectos e foi possível concluir que há diferença na morfologia facial entre os sexos e regiões de nascimento. O estudo ainda mostra qual a acurácia dos índices para a estimativa de sexo e predição da região de nascimento. Estudos futuros devem ser realizados para as demais ancestralidades que compõem a população do Brasil. / Anthropometry is the scientific study of the measurements of the human body. These measurements can be performed directly on the body or indirectly on the images of individuals. Their findings can be used in areas such as medicine, dentistry, physical therapy, and speech therapy, among others. Facial anthropometry provides information on growth and aging and can be used to outline characteristics of soft tissues. A consensus agreement has been reached in the literature that there is not a single facial pattern that fits all populations, as each population has unique features that should be taken into account in the planning of esthetic, orthognathic, and reconstructive surgeries. To date, no studies in Brazil have conducted an extensive investigation into the facial pattern of the Brazilian population. Therefore, the overall aim of this study is to carry out a photoanthropometric analysis of the population of young adult white Brazilians by analyzing frontal photographic images. The photographs were obtained from the Brazilian Federal Police image database and include 689 female (F) and 660 male (M) individuals. The images that allowed observing the anthropometric parameters of interest and on which the head had been placed centrally to the sagittal plane, to the horizontal plane, and to the sagittal axis were selected. The individuals depicted on the photographs were classified as to ancestry based on aspects such as skin color, hair texture, and nose and lip morphology. Anthropometric landmarks were made manually on the photographic images using the SAFF 2D® software program. The pixel coordinates were converted to linear distances, giving rise to indices, which were assessed with respect to various aspects. In addition to the analyses of the total population, individuals were categorized into groups according to sex and region of birth (south, southeast, midwest, northeast, or north). The facial morphology of the population of young adult white Brazilians was analyzed comprehensively as to different aspects, leading to the conclusion that facial morphology varies between the sexes and across regions of birth. The study also shows the accuracy of the indices for sex assessment and for prediction of the region of birth. Further studies are needed to evaluate other ancestries that make up the Brazilian population.

Advances in computer graphic and statistical methods have made it possible to visualise global face shape correlates of social judgments. The current thesis used a data-driven approach to investigate face shape correlates and perception of two traits, masculinity and strength, both of which are important in mate choice and social perception more generally. The studies presented defined the influences of body physique (height, body mass index, body fat and muscle mass) on facial shape, and their effects on the perception of masculinity, attractiveness and strength. Study 1 investigated the face shape correlates of actual and perceived masculinity. I found that perceived masculinity is not only driven by sexually dimorphic shape, but also by cues to body height and weight. Men with taller and heavier bodies were perceived to have more masculine-looking faces. Study 2 investigated women's perception of male attractiveness as a function of masculine face shape. As previously assumed but not explicitly tested, I found that masculinity preferences followed a quadratic relationship: attractiveness increased with increasing masculinity levels, but dropped o. at higher levels of masculinity. In addition, I showed that the relative costs and benefits of high and low masculinity are affected by individual differences in own condition, perceived financial harshness and pathogen disgust. In Study 3, I found that perception of strength from faces is driven by facial cues to body physique; individuals with higher body bulk were perceived to be stronger. In men, it proved possible to further dissociate facial cues to muscle and fat mass which both contributed to strength perception. The thesis demonstrates that facial cues used in the evaluation of masculinity and strength are linked to bodily characteristics associated with sex differences and actual strength, namely height, weight, muscularity and adiposity. My findings therefore support the hypothesis that perceptions have an adaptive origin.

L'objet de recherche aborde la professionnalisation de formateurs, tout particulièrement ceux qui exercent dans le champ de la formation en Travail social. L'enjeu est d'interroger le travail relationnel de formateur en présentiel, son rôle spécifique, sa pertinence et son actualité à travers la dimension corporelle de son activité, l'usage qu'il peut faire de gestes. Cet impensé de la formation en Travail social, celui de la place du corps et des gestes comme réintroduisant la part du sensible dans l'activité de communication est le thème central de ce travail. Une approche phénoménologique de l'activité est utilisée dans le cadre de cette recherche, l'offre de présence étant le concept d'intelligibilité qui a été construit et mobilisé par le chercheur pour comprendre la façon dont le formateur s'y prend quand il s'exprime devant un auditoire selon le type d'd'intervention et l'auditoire. La méthodologie s'est appuyée sur deux types d'entretien (semi-directifs et de confrontation à l'activité filmée) puis sur les observations du chercheur à partir des films, in fine une analyse croisée des différents résultats. Le fait de réintroduire le corps, de redonner aux gestes "leur épaisseur symbolique" permet de faire ressortir la spécificité du présentiel. / This thesis deals with professionalization of trainers, especially those working in the field of social work training. Its perspective provides a focus which is seldom approach when it comes to professionalization. The stake is to calle in question the communication activity of the trainers when they are in presence of students, the place of the body and gestures as reintroducing sensibility into the communication. That is the key theme of this work. The phenomenology as a theoretical Anchor, showing a phenomenology of activity has been privileged. Offering face-to-face is the concept of intelligibility which has been built to understand how the trainer set about it according to the type of intervention and the type of audience. The methodology is based on two types of interviews (semi structured interviews and interviews namely of confrontation in face of films), then the researcher's observations from films, in fine a crossed analysis of the different results. Reintroducing body language into the activity, giving the gestures back their "symbolic thickness" allowed to justify the specificity of face-to-face activity and give it a fuure with other perspectives.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:30:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiago M_Brando_pg1_40.pdf: 738109 bytes, checksum: f04096475de10722dab420b9c5c8df8b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-21 / The goal of this retrospective cephalometric study was to evaluate the influence of the sagittal skeletal pattern to determine the facial type (vertical skeletal pattern of the face) in patients with different malocclusions, who came to UMESP for orthodontic treatment over the past 10 years. For this, we selected initial radiographs of 59 patients who were in average 16 years and seven months old (range: 11 to 25 years). These patients were selected after a subjective analysis of 1600 cases, and grouped as follows: Group 1 Facial Pattern I; Group 2 Facial Pattern II; and Group 3 Facial Pattern III. Following this division, we tested the hypothesis that the determination of facial type differs between two angular measures: SN.GoGn and SN.Gn. To test this hypothesis, we used a logistic regression with errors distributed according to a binomial distribution. Our results show that the probability of congruence between the patterns Gn and SN.GoGn was relatively high (70%) for Pattern I, but for Pattern II (46%) and III (37%) this congruence was relatively low. Apparently, the sagittal skeletal facial pattern (Facial Patterns I, II and III) influenced the determination of facial type. Hence, the use of SN.Gn appears inappropriate to determine the vertical facial skeletal pattern, because Gn. may shift depending on facial patterns. / O presente estudo cefalométrico retrospectivo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência do padrão esquelético sagital na determinação do padrão esquelético vertical da face (Tipo Facial) em indivíduos com diferentes más oclusões, que procuraram a UMESP para tratamento ortodôntico nos últimos 10 anos. Para isso foram selecionadas as telerradiografias iniciais de 59 pacientes, com idade média de 16 anos e 7 meses variando entre 11 e 25 anos. Estes pacientes foram selecionados após a análise facial subjetiva de 1600 documentações, resultando em 3 grupos. Grupo 1 Padrão I facial; Grupo 2 - Padrão II; e, Grupo 3 - Padrão III. Após esta divisão, foi comparado se a determinação do tipo facial é diferente nas medidas angulares SN.GoGn e SN.Gn. Para testar essa hipótese, utilizou-se uma regressão logística com erros distribuídos de acordo com uma distribuição binomial. Para observar a probabilidade de uma congruência entre SN.Gn e SN.GoGn utilizou-se uma regressão logística individual para cada Padrão Facial. Observou-se que a probabilidade de uma congruência entre SN.Gn e SN.GoGn no Padrão I é relativamente alta (70%), mas para os Padrões II e III essa congruência é relativamente baixa - Padrão II (46%) e Padrão III (37%). O Padrão esquelético sagital da face (Padrão I, II e III) influencia na determinação do Tipo Facial. Utilizar a grandeza SN.Gn parece não ser apropriado para a determinação do Padrão esquelético vertical da face, em virtude do ponto Gn sofrer importantes deslocamentos nos diferentes Padrões Faciais.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:31:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCOS FELIPE NUNES.pdf: 1735094 bytes, checksum: d669294ec64b8766711cb109225668d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-23 / This study evaluated the transverse dimensions of the mandibular dental arches in individuals with different facial patterns. The sample was made up by right lateral cephalograms and dental casts of 33 Caucasian individuals of both sexes, aged between 13 and 25 years in the stage of permanent dentition. The Facial Pattern was obtained through a subjective facial analysis on frontal and profile photographs of 1.500 orthodontic documentations, using the cephalometric analysis by means of ANB angle to define the Skeletal Pattern, which should agree with the Angle malocclusion classification. The sample was divided into three groups: Group 1 - Pattern I, Class I of Angleand ANB 2.0o (±0.5o); Group 2 - Pattern II, Class II division 1 of Angle and ANB&#8805; 4.0o, and Group III Pattern III, Class III of Angle and ANB&#8805; - 4.5o. Transversal arch dimensions were measured after 3D digitizing (Scanning Dental Wings) of the cast models, from which were set the transverse distances intercanine, inter-first premolars, inter-second premolars, and inter-first molar mesial and distal cusps, inter-second molar mesial and distal cusps, by using the software Geomagic Studio® 12. The mean values and standard deviation of the transverse dimensions were obtained and to compare the three groups, an analysis of variance and Tukey s post-hoc test were applied.For all statistical tests, the significance level was set at 5% (p<0.05). A statistical difference was detected for 2 of the 14 transverse dimensions evaluated in the maxillary arch in the mesial region of the second molar (p=0.024), and in the mandibular arch, in the distal region of the first molar (p=0.047). The mandibular dental arches were similar for the three studied groups. / O presente estudo avaliou as dimensões transversais dos arcos dentais mandibulares em indivíduos com diferentes padrões faciais. A amostra foi constituída por telerradiografias em norma lateral direita e modelos em gesso de 33 indivíduos, leucodermas, em ambos os sexos, com idade entre 13 e 25 anos, na fase de dentição permanente. O Padrão Facial foi obtido pela análise facial subjetiva em fotografias frontal e de perfil de 1500 documentações ortodonticas, foi utilizada análise cefalométrica por meio do ângulo ANB para confirmar o padrão esquelético, o qual deveria coincidir com a classificação de maloclusão de Angle. A amostra foi dividida em três grupos: Grupo I Padrão I, Classe I de Angle e ANB 2,0 o ±0,5o; Grupo II Padrão II, Classe II divisão 1 de Angle e ANB &#8805; 4,0, e Grupo III Padrão III, Classe III de Angle e ANB &#8805; - 4,5o. As dimensões transversais do arco foram mensuradas após a digitalização dos modelos em gesso pelo Scanner Dental Wings (3D), a partir dos quais foram estabelecidas as distâncias transversais intercanino, inter 1º PM, inter 2º PM, inter 1º M (cúspide mesial e distal), inter 2º M (cúspide mesial e distal), com o auxílio do software Geomagic Studio® 12. As médias e desvio padrão das dimensões transversais foram obtidas, e, para comparação entre os três grupos foi utilizado a Análise de Variância e teste de Tukey. Em todos os testes estatísticos foi adotado nível de significância de 5% (p<0,05). Houve diferença estatística em duas dimensões transversais das 14 avaliadas no arco maxilar na região mesial do segundo molar (p=0,024) e no mandibular na região distal do primeiro molar (p=0,047). Os arcos dentais mandibulares foram semelhantes nos três grupos estudados.

Reconhecer a identidade de seres humanos a partir de imagens digitais gravadas de suas faces é uma etapa importante para uma variedade de aplicações que incluem segurança de acesso, iteração humano computador, entretenimento digital, entre outras. Neste trabalho é proposto um novo método automático para reconhecimento facial que utiliza simultaneamente a informação 2D e 3D de uma câmera RGB-D(Kinect). O método proposto utiliza a informação de cor da imagem 2D para localizar faces na cena, uma vez que uma face é localizada ela é devidamente recortada e normalizada para um padrão de tamanho e cor. Posteriormente com a informação de profundidade o método estima a pose da cabeça em relação com à câmera. Com faces recortadas e suas respectivas informações de pose, o método proposto treina um modelo de faces robusto à variação de poses e expressões propondo uma nova técnica automática que separa diferentes poses em diferentes modelos de faces. Com o modelo treinado o método é capaz de identificar se as pessoas utilizadas para aprender o modelo estão ou não presentes em novas imagens adquiridas, as quais o modelo não teve acesso na etapa de treinamento. Os experimentos realizados demonstram que o método proposto melhora consideravelmente o resultado de classificação em imagens reais com variação de pose e expressão. / Recognizing the identity of human beings from recorded digital images of their faces is important for a variety of applications, namely, security access, human computer interation, digital entertainment, etc. This dissertation proposes a new method for automatic face recognition that uses both 2D and 3D information of an RGB-D(Kinect) camera. The method uses the color information of the 2D image to locate faces in the scene, once a face is properly located it is cut and normalized to a standard size and color. Afterwards, using depth information the method estimates the pose of the head relative to the camera. With the normalized faces and their respective pose information, the proposed method trains a model of faces that is robust to pose and expressions using a new automatic technique that separates different poses in different models of faces. With the trained model, the method is able to identify whether people used to train the model are present or not in new acquired images, which the model had no access during the training phase. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed method considerably improves the result of classification in real images with varying pose and expression.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um estudo morfológico quantitativo e qualitativo da região da sínfise mandibular (SM), através da construção de modelos tridimensionais (3D) e avaliar o seu grau de associação com diferentes classificações de padrões faciais. Foram avaliados 61 crânios secos humanos de adultos jovens com oclusão normal, com idade entre 18 e 45 anos e dentadura completa. Tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico (TCFC) de todos os crânios foram obtidas de forma padronizada. O padrão facial foi determinado por método antropométrico e cefalométrico. Utilizando o critério antropométrico, tomando como referência o índice facial (IF), o padrão facial foi classificado em: euriprósopo (&#8804;84,9), mesoprósopo (85,0 - 89,9) e leptoprósopo (&#8805;90,0). Pelo critério cefalométrico, o plano mandibular (FMA) determinou o padrão facial em curto (&#8804;21,0), médio (21,1 - 29,0) e longo (&#8805;29,1); e o índice de altura facial (IAF) classificou a face em hipodivergente (&#8805;0,750), normal (0,749 - 0,650) e hiperdivergente (&#8804;0,649). A construção de modelos 3D, representativos da região da SM, foi realizada com o auxílio do software ITK-SNAP. Os dentes presentes nesta região, incisivos, caninos e pré-molares inferiores, foram separados do modelo por técnica de segmentação semi-automática, seguida de refinamento manual. Em seguida, foram obtidos modelos 3D somente com o tecido ósseo, possibilitando a mensuraçãodo volume ósseo em mm3 (VOL) e da densidade radiográfica, pela média de intensidade dos voxels (Mvox). No programa Geomagic Studio 10 foi feita uma superposição anatômica dos modelos 3D em bestfit para estabelecer um plano de corte padronizado na linha média. Para cada sínfise foi medida a altura (Alt), a largura (Larg) e calculado o índice de proporção entre altura e largura (PAL). A avaliação da presença de defeitos alveolares foi feita diretamente na mandíbula,obtendo-se a média de todas as alturas ósseas alveolares (AltOss) e a média da dimensão das deiscências presentes (Medef). O índice de correlação intra-classe (ICC) com valores entre 0,923 a 0,994,indicou alta reprodutibilidade e confiabilidade das variáveis medidas. As diferenças entre os grupos, determinados pelas classificações do padrão facial (IF, FMA e IAF), foram avaliadas através da análise de variância (oneway ANOVA) seguida do teste post-hoc de Tukey. O grau de associação entre o padrão facial e as variáveis Vol, Mvox, PAL, Alt, Larg, AltOss e Medef foi avaliado pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson com um teste t para r. Os resultados indicaram ausência de diferença ou associação entre o volume, densidade radiográfica e presença de defeitos alveolares da SM e o padrão facial quando determinado pelo IF, FMA e IAF. Verificou-se tendência de SM mais longas nos indivíduos com face alongada, porém a largura não mostrou associação com o padrão facial. Estes resultados sugerem que as classificações utilizadas para determinar o padrão facial não representam satisfatoriamente o caráter 3D da face humana e não estão associadas com a morfologia da SM. / The objective of this study was to develop a quantitative and qualitative morphological study of the mandibular symphysis (SM) region through the construction of three-dimensional models (3D) and assess their association with different classifications of facial patterns. Sixty-one human dry skulls of young adults with normal occlusion, aged 18 and 45, with complete dentition, were evaluated. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) of all skulls were obtained in a standard manner. The facial pattern was determined by anthropometric and cephalometric methods. By the anthropometric criteria, using as reference the facial index (IF), facial patterns were classified as: euriprosopic (&#8804; 84.9), mesoprosopic (85.0 to 89.9) and leptoprosopic (&#8805; 90.0). By the cephalometric criteria, the mandibular plane (FMA) determined the facial pattern as short (&#8804; 21.0), medium (21.1 to 29.0) and long (&#8805; 29.1), and the facial height index (IAF) determined the classification of the face in hypodivergent (&#8805; 0.750), average (0.749 to 0.650) and hyperdivergent (&#8804; 0.649). Data obtained were reconstructed using ITK-SNAP software. Teeth present in this region, incisors, canines and premolars, were separated from the model by semi-automatic segmentation, followed by manual refinement. Then the 3D models were obtained only with bone tissue, enabling the measurement of bone volume in mm3 (VOL) and radiographic density, by the mean intensity of the voxels (MVox). With the Geomagic Studio 10 software an anatomical best fit superimposition of 3D models was performed to standardly cut in the midline. For each symphysis the height (Alt) and width (Larg) were measured, and the ratio between height and width was calculated (PAL). The evaluation of the presence of alveolar defects was done directly on the mandible, thus obtaining the average of all the alveolar bone height (AltOss) and the average of the size of the present dehiscences (Medef). The intra-class correlation index (ICC) showed values between 0.923 to 0.994, indicating high reproducibility and reliability of the measurements. The differences between the groups as determined by the facial pattern (IF, FMA and LAI) ratings were assessed by analysis of variance (one way ANOVA) followed by post-hoc Tukey test. The degree of association between facial pattern and Vol, MVox, PAL, Alt, Larg, AltOss and Medef variables was assessed by Pearson's correlation coefficient with a t-test for r. The results indicated no difference or association between the volume, density and presence of radiographic alveolar defects of the SM and the facial pattern when determined by IF, FMA and IAF. There was a tendency of a longer SM in individuals with longer faces, but the width was not associated with the facial pattern. These results suggest that the classifications used to determine the facial pattern does not represent the 3D nature of the human face and are not associated with the morphology of the SM.