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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Obligation of negotiation and facultative arbitration as part of constitutional law content on collective negotiation / El deber de negociar y el arbitraje potestativo como parte del contenido del derecho constitucional de negociación colectiva

Boza Pró, Guillermo, Aguinaga Meza, Ernesto 10 April 2018 (has links)
This work studies constitutional bases of two essential institutions of Collective Labor Law: employer’s obligation to negotiate collectively and facultative arbitration. In relation to the first one, using tools provided bythe Theory of Law, it is argued that the section 28º of Peruvian Constitution establishes a collective negotiation concept as claim (not as permission) so, employers legal obligation of collective negotiation is constitutional. In theother hand, regarding facultative arbitration, it has constitutional support on state’s obligation to promote pacific ways to labor conflicts; even though, it is questioned that a «sub constitutional» rule has restrictively regulated this institution. / En este trabajo se estudian las bases constitucionales de dos instituciones centrales del derecho colectivo del trabajo: la obligación patronal de negociar colectivamente y el arbitraje potestativo. En lo que se refiere a la primera, utilizando las herramientas que proporciona la teoría del derecho, se sostiene que el artículo 28 de la Constitución consagra una concepción de la negociación colectiva como pretensión (y no como permiso), y por tanto, que es constitucional el deber legal de los empleadores de negociar colectivamente. En cuanto al segundo, se afirma que este encuentra sustento constitucional en la obligación estatal de promover formas pacíficas de solución de los conflictos laborales, aunque se cuestiona que la normativa infraconstitucional haya regulado esta institución de forma restrictiva.
52

Dynamique évolutive des symbioses protectrices chez les insectes / Evolutionary dynamics of protective symbioses in insects

Leclair, Mélanie 15 December 2016 (has links)
Les associations symbiotiques entre microorganismes et eucaryotes sont omniprésentes dans le monde vivant. Ces microorganismes peuvent jouer un rôle crucial dans l’évolution et l’écologie de leurs porteurs en modifiant leur phénotype. Ces symbiotes étant le plus souvent héritables, les phénotypes étendus résultant de ces associations symbiotiques peuvent se transmettre aux générations suivantes. Certains microorganismes vont permettre l’accès à une ressource alimentaire, d’autres conférer une protection contre un ennemi. Une telle protection symbiotique est rencontrée chez le puceron du pois (Acyrthosiphon pisum) en interaction avec la bactérie Hamiltonella defensa. Cette symbiose confère au puceron une résistance face à l’attaque de son principal ennemi : le parasitoïde Aphidius ervi. Les populations de ce ravageur des Légumineuses sont structurées en biotypes (populations spécialisées sur des plantes hôtes). La distribution du symbiote protecteur au sein des populations de pucerons est singulière. De nombreux individus vivant sur la luzerne, la bugrane ou les genêts abritent ce symbiote alors qu’il est peu fréquent dans les populations d’autres biotypes d’A. pisum comme le pois ou le trèfle. Nous avons cherché à comprendre pourquoi H. defensa n’était pas retrouvé chez tous les biotypes du puceron du pois. Afin de prédire la dynamique de la symbiose protectrice et le potentiel de résistance dans les populations aphidiennes naturelles, nous nous sommes intéressés à plusieurs processus écologiques et évolutifs. L’incidence de la pression des parasitoïdes sur la composition des populations symbiotiques a été mesurée chez trois biotypes (luzerne, pois et trèfle) à travers une approche terrain. La distribution du symbiote H. defensa dans les populations est directement dépendante de la variabilité du phénotype associé exprimé dans les différentes populations, j’ai identifié les phénotypes associés au symbiote pour des pucerons issus de différents biotypes ainsi que l’influence du contexte local sur ces phénotypes. L’absence d’H. defensa chez certains individus peut s’expliquer par la redondance d’une fonction protectrice en place chez ces biotypes comme un alternative symbiotique autre que H. defensa ou encore une immunité forte. Enfin, nous avons testé si le cumule des protections symbiotiques conférées par deux bactéries du cortège du puceron du pois pouvaient se cumuler créant ainsi des super-organismes. Mon travail met en évidence l’implication de nombreux facteurs dans la prédiction des fréquences symbiotiques d’une bactérie facultative dans les populations d’hôte. / Symbiotic associations between microorganisms and eukaryotes are ubiquitous in the living world. These microorganisms can play a crucial role in the evolution and ecology of their hosts by altering their phenotypes. Since these symbionts are usually heritable, extended phenotypes resulting from these symbiotic associations may be transmitted to subsequent generations. Some microorganisms will allow access to a food source; others will provide protection against natural enemies. Such symbiotic protection is found in the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) in its interaction with the bacteria Hamiltonella defensa. This symbiosis provides the aphid with a resistance against the attack of its main parasitoid enemy: Aphidius ervi. The populations of the pea aphid, a legume pest insect, are structured in different biotypes (specialized populations on host plants). The distribution of this protective symbiont within pea aphid populations is singular: many individuals living on Medicago sativa (alfalfa), Ononis spinosa or Genista sagittalis and G. tinctoria host plant with H. defensa while it is rarely found in other populations of A. pisum biotypes such as Pisum sativum (pea) or Trifolium sp. (clover). We sought to understand why H. defensa was not found in every pea aphid biotype. In order to predict the dynamics of the protective symbiosis and the resistance potential in natural aphid populations, we focused on several ecological and evolutionary processes. We measured the consequence of parasitoid stress in the composition of symbiotic populations in three different biotypes (alfalfa, clover and pea) using a field approach. The distribution of H. defensa symbiont in populations dependent directly on the variability of the associated phenotype expressed in different populations. We identified the phenotypes associated with this symbiont in aphids from different biotypes, and the influence of the local context on these phenotypes. The lack of H. defensa in some individuals can be explained by the redundancy of a protective function already in place in these biotypes, such as an alternative symbiotic species or a strong immunity. Finally, we tested whether the symbiotic protections provided by two different bacteria in the pea aphid could be cumulated, thus creating super-organisms. My work highlights the many factors involved in predicting the frequencies of facultative symbiotic bacteria in host populations.
53

Avaliação exergoecológica de processos de tratamento de esgoto. / Exergology evaluation of wastewater treatment process.

Carlos Humberto Mora Bejarano 24 March 2009 (has links)
O presente trabalho propõe uma metodologia científica, com critérios bem definidos, para avaliar e quantificar o desempenho ambiental e a renovabilidade de processos de tratamento de esgoto, numa base única: a exergia. O desempenho ambiental é quantificado através do cálculo da eficiência exergética ambiental, definida como a razão da exergia do efeito útil do processo pela exergia total consumida dos recursos humanos e naturais, incluindo todas as entradas exergéticas. O cálculo da renovabilidade é feito por meio do índice exergético de renovabilidade definido como como a razão entre a exergia dos produtos pela soma das exergias não renováveis, a exergia destruída, a exergia de desativação e a exergia das emissões e residuos. A metodologia foi aplicada a três processos de tratamento de esgoto: dois biológicos (aeróbio e anaeróbio) e um físico-químico (TQA). O cálculo dos indicadores exergéticos foi realizado para cada um destes processos e foi observado que o processo com maiores valores de desempenho ambiental e renovabilidade, considerando o metano e o lodo do processo como efeito útil, foi o processo RAFA Lagoa Facultativa, com valores respectivamente de n<exerg,amb> (0,983) e lâmbda(7,060). A análise dos resultados mostrou que a metodologia proposta é uma ferramenta útil na avaliação e comparação do desempenho ambiental e da renovabilidade de processos de tratamento de esgoto. / This work proposes a scientific methodology, with well defined criteria, to assess and quantify the environmental performance and renewability of wastewater treatment processes on a single base: the exergy. The environmental performance was measured by calculating the environmental exergy efficiency defined as the exergy ratio of the useful effect of the process to the total exergy consumed by human and natural resources, including all the exergy inputs. The renewability calculation was done using the renewability exergy index defined as the exergy ratio of the products to the sum of the non-renewable exergy, destroyed exergy, deactivation exergy and the emissions and waste exergy. The methodology was applied to three wastewater treatment processes: biological (aerobic and anaerobic) and physicochemical (CEPT) processes. The exergy indicators were calculated for each of these processes and it was observed that the process with the higher environmental performance and renewability values, considering the methane and sludge of process as useful effect, was the Facultative Lagoon UASB process, with values, respectively, of n<env,exerg>(0.983) and lambda(7.060). The results analysis showed that the proposed methodology is a useful tool in the evaluation and comparison of environmental performance and renewability of wastewater treatment processes.
54

La norme facultative

Emane Meyo, Martin 08 December 2016 (has links)
La « norme facultative » n’est pas reconnue en droit. Pourtant, elle renvoie à un phénomène singulierauquel les juristes se trouvent de plus en plus confrontés. Celui-ci est porteur de normes non obligatoires, enmarge des instruments juridiques traditionnels. Ces normes ont en commun une mise en œuvre tributaired’un consentement préalable de leurs destinataires, ce qui signifie qu’elles sont laissées à leur libredisposition et qu’ils peuvent les utiliser entièrement ou seulement en partie, selon leur convenance.Facultatives, elles supposent la reconnaissance d’une normativité distincte de l’obligatoriété et del’impérativité. Elles tirent leur caractère normatif du fait qu’elles constituent à la fois des actes de langageayant force illocutoire et des modèles pour agir.En raison de leur originalité, leur intégration en droit est susceptible d’entraîner des bouleversementsdans la théorie des normes. En effet, la reconnaissance de la norme facultative conduit à s’interroger sur laplace du facultatif au sein des catégories de contenus normatifs. À côté des contenus normatifs classiquesconçus à partir de l’obligation, à savoir le prescriptif, le prohibitif et le permissif, le « facultatif » désigne unautre contenu normatif correspondant aux normes de faculté tournées vers le « normativement souhaitable ».Ces normes sont porteuses d’une faculté de choisir, autrement dit, une opportunité normative ouverte audestinataire et demandant à être saisie. Une fois qu’elles ont fait l’objet d’une adhésion, elles s’introduisentdans un « lien normatif». / The « voluntary norm » is not recognized in law. Yet, it refers to a peculiar phenomenon that juristshave increasingly to deal with. It is associated with noncompulsory norms, outside the traditional legal tools.These norms share a tributary implementation of a prior agreement from their recipients, which means theycan freely dispose of them and use them fully or partly, at their convenience.Being voluntary, the norms involve the recognition of a normativity distinct from the bindingnessand imperativity. They draw their standards-relative feature from the fact that they establish bothillocutionary speech acts and patterns to operate.As a result of their originality, their incorporation into law is likely to cause some changes in thetheory of norms. Indeed, the recognition of the voluntary norm leads to question the position of the voluntaryfeature within the categories of standards-relative contents. Besides the classical standards-relative contentsbuilt upon what is compulsory, that is the prescriptiveness, prohibitiveness and permissiveness, the“voluntaryness” refers to another standards-relative content which corresponds to the voluntary normsfocused on what is normatively desirable. These standards include the capacity of choice, in other words, astandards-relative opportunity opened to the recipient and asking to be seized. And once they obtain anadhesion, they get into a “standards-relative bond”.

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