This thesis revolves around the subject of fake news, a phenomenon that has been highly discussed with the advent of the internet-based media. It aims to shed light on the problem of fake news and its implications in the Turkish mainstream media by mainly departing from the discourse theory, as well as by using additional theoretical approaches over fake news and media in polarized settings. In that sense, five research questions were developed to understand how fake news items disseminate in the Turkish media ecosystem, and what this could mean for the Turkish mainstream media specifically from the contexts of political partisanship and polarization. In order to answer the research questions, a total number of 687 fake news items have been analyzed in three different data sets. After providing an overall picture of the problem of fake news in the Turkish media ecosystem, the thesis specifically focuses on fake news items that circulate within the Turkish mainstream media. Overall, 77 fake news items are further subjected to an analysis of discourse activity schema in order to find out the narratives that the fake news items are connected to the Turkish political and social context. The research shows that the use of fake news items in the Turkish mainstream media indicates divergent and conflicting epistemologies over certain social and political themes, which are government- opposition divide, secular religious divide, economy, and education. Moreover, the research also indicates that certain social and political themes are under the discursive hegemony of certain groups within the Turkish mainstream media organizations. These themes are found to be anti-immigration, anti-US, anti-Israel, and FETO. Eventually, two main points are discussed in relation to the given theoretical background. First, the problem of fake news in the Turkish mainstream media indicates a damaged understanding of journalism in the country, which requires a reorientation and reexamination. Second, media in polarized settings may increase partisan alignments and divergent epistemologies, which can lead to the use of fake news items in order to empower certain agendas.

The Swedish National Agency for Education has revised the national curriculum in order to emphasize the importance of digital competence within the Swedish public school system. One part of becoming digitally competent is to be able to critically review material from digital sources. In this study, four Swedish language upper secondary school teachers have been interviewed about their experiences in teaching digital source criticism, when a need for digital source criticism arises and how they didactically organize their teaching methods. All four informants believed that there is a need for digital source criticism although their motives and teaching methods differed. One teacher saw the use of applying the subject to democratic values, two others wanted the students to learn how to research facts and develop a more nuanced view on information, the fourth teacher wished to introduce debate and reflection. Only one of the teachers integrated digital source criticism in the teaching of the Swedish language. The other three taught it independently, as a stand-alone subject. All four teachers shared the same view on teaching digital source criticism: They need to teach the students the definition of a source and that there are different kinds of sources with a different degree of reliability.

The Cross-Strait between Taiwan Area and Mainland Area has been ruled separately for over five decades since 1949 after losing the Chinese mainland as a result of the Chinese Civil War (1947), the ROC government under the Kuomingtang (KMT) relocated to Taiwan. After long time of separated ruling of Cross-Strait, there are major differences in political system, government decision, legal system and style of social society. And also the end of martial law was declared by the government in July 15 of 1987. In the same year of November 2, it was also allowed visits to relatives on the mainland. In 1992, the government allowed Chinese spouses to settle down in Taiwan. And Taiwan has implemented the enforcement rules for the Act Governing relations between peoples of the Taiwan area and the Mainland area and its articles which will be the legal base among the people of Taiwan and mainland China for their social interactions. Prior to Taiwan government allowing its nationals to travel to China, people of China area have been smuggling to Taiwan to work and prostitute for a long time. Early, people of China area who smuggled to Taiwan working and prostitution were arranged by ¡§snakeheads¡¨ or people smugglers, using the fishing boats by sea route to enter Taiwan, then prostituted agency or middle man will control and arrange them to do work and prostitute. Because of the high risk that is involved in smuggling, Chinese nationals seem to favor other means of entering the country. Since the government opened private exchanges between the two sides of Taiwan Strait, based on the ¡§Regulations for Permitting the Spouse Residency; Long Duration of Stay, and Permanent Residence of Mainland People in the Taiwan Area¡¨, the spouse who is from Mainland Area applying for family reunion or family visit is quite easy to get a permit, that provides a great opportunity for the snakeheads. The snakeheads and people smugglers are using the legal reason to help the People of Mainland Area entering Taiwan Area illegally. It also creates corrupted police problems and affects seriously on the public security and safety of the Country. This study aims to discuss how to prevent and regulate Chinese citizens trying to enter Taiwan with fake marriage.The research approach of the study is while Chinese citizen of faked marriage in Taiwan, Chinese female who has disregarding the regulations of the relations of Cross-Strait and performing or working the non-permitted criminal activities. Using the police agency prevent and regulate the Chinese citizens of faked marriage to come to Taiwan as an issue boundary. The research purpose: Reviewing since 1990 the Cross-Strait marriage has begun, under established the legal system of the governing law and governing structures, the current situation of prevention and regulation of legal system for the problem of faked marriage of Chinese citizens, truly understating the practical structure of prevention and regulation system. Making sure we have fully understood the current situation of prevention and regulation system and concerning the thoughts of governing management and those directly involved party to discover the existed issues of related legal structures, andmaking legislation to regulate and solve the problems of Chinese citizens getting faked marriage to enter to Taiwan. Also using the structure of the Governing law with 5 major points¡V Theory, Organization, Authority, Relief and Supervisor, we expect to establish a completed legal system of prevention and regulation focusing on ¡§People of Mainland Area fake-marriage to enter to Taiwan problem¡¨.

The counterfeit phenomenon was analyzed in this magisterial work, and was interpretation made of it. In any museum appears to discover some forgeries that can be clarified only with time though time can veil it. Forgeries are made usually by faired people who lengthened manner or style of one or another famous artist. On one glance to history is clear, that the phenomenon of adulteration is popular in these quarters, where finances and profit are in hand also in the world of art. This phenomenon does not passes neither history nor politics. Some myths and legends are so vital, that it can encourage the modern man to a fantasies, that embolden to falsification of a facts. The rigging is not only material wealth, but intellectual property can be rigged too. Though the religious society declaring Christian moralities speak against any inferiority or lying and cheating, there are facts of its members can not resist a temptation to firm up their positions in peoples harts by invoking worldly unfair games. The erect hypothesis approved there for the proposition can be made that so widely spread forgery is not popular as a peace of art itself. There is gathered and systematized information allows to make an abstract opinion on forgery in this magisterial work. The oeuvre part of this magisterial work “Fake” is important up to date this theme was not used as artificial expression, there for it can become not only an object of exhibitions, but perform the social function:... [to full text]

This work focuses on the issue of fake news and related disinformation in contemporary, especially electronic media. The aim of the thesis is to clarify the definition of fake news and their function in the context of media manipulation and to give a comprehensive picture of this issue. Fake news are also related with hoaxes, rumors, urban legends, conspiracy theories and more. This work also maps the incidence of fake news especially in the Czech environment, estimates the possible reach of false news to the audience and describes their characteristics. These characteristics include captions in the form of a clickbait, highlighting emotions, manipulation with lexical means and invective, misleading or completely not specified sources (and seeming authority) and the construction of reality by image materials. Another aim of this work is to delineate the problems that fake news affect. It includes violations of journalistic ethics, growing distrust in traditional media, possible influence on political preferences, violation of legislation or personalization of the content. The research is based on the analysis of a representative sample of fake news, their comparison and a survey of public opinion. In the end, this work also proposes solutions for a defense against fake news and prevent their...

This thesis focuses on software source code plagiarism. In the theoretical part there is a description of usual plagiarism techniques. The main output in practical part is the program that checks source codes of Java programs, whether these codes are really developed by individual students independently. It detects two or more students with identical source codes by controlling names of methods and variables.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / This research addresses the dynamics that developed on the official Twitter account of Peru’s former president, Martín Vizcarra, before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. In the analysis, four trends crucial to political activity via Twitter are explored. These are the predominance of the emotional and affective component, the growing influence of fake news, deepening polarization that prevents dialogue, and the use of the platform as an information window. Results show that the pandemic effected a change in the account’s dynamics and audience participation: posting frequency on the @MartinVizcarraC account decreased, but Twitter users’ engagement more than doubled compared with the pre-pandemic period. In addition, the account strongly tended toward predominance of the emotional and affective component and informative value was the second most relevant topic for Vizcarra’s account. The communication of @MartinVizcarraC was unidirectional, focusing on the dissemination of content and avoiding conversation.

TOPICAL ANALYSIS OF FAKE NEWS 4 Abstract Since the 2016 US presidential campaign of Donald Trump, the term "fake news" has permeated mainstream discourse. The proliferation of disinformation and false narratives on social media platforms has caused concern in security circles in both the United States and European Union. Combining latent Dirichlet allocation, a machine learning method for text mining, with themes on topical analysis, ideology and social identity drawn from Critical Discourse theory, this thesis examines the elaborate fake news environments of two well-known English language websites: InfoWars and Sputnik News. Through the exploration of the ideologies and social representations at play in the larger thematic structure of these websites, a picture of two very different platforms emerges. One, a white dominant, somewhat isolationist counterculture mindset that promotes a racist and bigoted view of the world. Another, a more subtle world order-making perspective intent on reaching people in the realm of the mundane. Keywords: fake news, Sputnik, InfoWars, topical analysis, latent Dirichlet allocation Od americké prezidentské kampaně Donalda Trumpa z roku 2016, termín "fake news" (doslovně falešné zprávy) pronikl do mainstreamového diskurzu. Šíření dezinformací a falešných zpráv na platformách...

Med deepfake-teknologi kan det skapas manipulerade videor där det produceras falska bilder och ljud som framställs vara verkliga. Deepfake-teknologin förbättras ständigt och det kommer att bli svårare att upptäcka manipulerade videor online. Detta kan innebära att en stor del mediekonsumenter omedvetet exponeras för tekniken när de använder sociala medier. Studiens syfte är att undersöka unga vuxnas medvetenhet, synsätt och påverkan av deepfake videor. Detta eftersom deepfake-teknologin förbättras årligen och problemen med tekniken växer samt kan få negativa konsekvenser i framtiden om den utnyttjas på fel sätt. Insamlingen av det empiriska materialet skedde genom en kvantitativ metod i form av en webbenkät och en kvalitativ metod med tre fokusgrupper. Slutsatsen visade på att det finns ett större antal unga vuxna som inte är medvetna om vad en deepfake video är, dock existerar det en viss oro för deepfake-teknologin och dess utveckling. Det upplevs att det finns risker för framtiden med teknologin i form av hot mot demokratin och politik, spridning av Fake news, video-manipulation samt brist på källkritik. De positiva aspekterna är att tekniken kan användas i sammanhang av humor, inom film- och TV-industrin samt sjukvård. Ytterligare en slutsats är att unga vuxna kommer att vara mer källkritiska till innehåll de exponeras av framöver, dock kommer de med stor sannolikhet ändå att påverkas av deepfake-teknologin i framtiden. / Manipulated videos can be created with deepfake technology, where fake images and sounds are produced and seem to be real. Deepfake technology is constantly improving and it will be more problematic to detect manipulated video online. This may result in a large number of media consumers being unknowingly exposed to deepfake technology while using social media. The purpose of this study is to research young adults' awareness, approach and impact of deepfake videos. The deepfake technology improves annually and more problems occur, which can cause negative consequences in the future if it’s misused. The study is based on a quantitative method in the form of a web survey and a qualitative method with three focus groups. The conclusion shows that there’s a large number of young adults who are not aware of what a deepfake video is, however there’s some concern about deepfake technology and its development. It’s perceived that there can be risks in the future with the technology in terms of threats to democracy and politics, distribution of Fake news, video manipulation and lack of source criticism. The positive aspects are that the technology can be used for entertainment purposes, in the film and television industry also in the healthcare department. Another conclusion is that young adults will be more critical to the content they are exposed to in the future, but likely be affected by deepfake technology either way.

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