Unterhalt zwischen den Eltern und den Kindern Resümee Meine Diplomarbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Thema des Unterhalts zwischen den Eltern und den Kindern. Dieses Thema betrifft fast jeden von uns, entweder als den Unterhaltspflichtiger oder als den Unterhaltsberechtigter. Meiner Meinung nach ist das Thema des Unterhalts zwischen den Eltern und den Kindern sehr interessant und immer aktuell und verdient Beachtung der ganzen Gesellschaft. Das erste Kapitel meiner Arbeit erklärt die Grundbegriffe dieser Problematik, als der Unterhalt, seine Arten und Funktionen. Dieses Kapitel beschreibt auch kurz die historische Entwicklung der rechtlichen Regelung der Unterhaltspflicht und grenzt die Subjekte der Unterhaltspflicht ab. Die gröβte Aufmerksamkeit wird in meiner Arbeit der Unterhaltspflicht gegenüber dem Minderjährigen gewidmet, weil die rechtliche Regelung dieser Art der Unterhaltpflicht am wichtigsten und gesellschaftlich am bedeutendsten ist. Meiner Arbeit beschäftigt sich vor allem mit den Kriterien für die Festsetzung der Höhe des Unterhaltsbeitrags, der Zeitdauer und der Weise der Leistung des Unterhalts. Das wichtigste Problem stellen die Gerichtsentscheidungen über die Höhe des Unterhaltsbeitrags dar, die ab und zu in ähnlichen Fällen bedeutend unterschiedlich sind. Darum hat das Justizministerium im...

Maintenance between parents and children Resumé My thesis deals with the mutual maintenance of parents and children in theory and in practice and the thesis consists of ten chapters. The topic of alimony is a very current topic. Our society is constantly changing and its relations in the families as well. The families which are functioning decrease so the needed family members have to seek for their rights. Each of us is a parent or a child, so this topic affects all of us. The first chapter defines the basic concepts of my thesis, such as the concept of maintenance obligations, the differences between different types of maintenance obligations, the definition of subjects of maintenance obligations and the differences between the Czech and the International legal system. The final part of the first chapter discusses the new regulations of maintenance obligations, which will come into effect with new Civil Code. The main chapters focus on alimony obligation of parents to children and on alimony obligation of children to parents. I discuss the basic concepts and I define them. In those chapters the newly created tables from the Ministry of Justice for calculating the alimony with its application in the practice of Czech courts, where also the latest judiciary decisions are mentioned, also are taken into...

The presented thesis provides a comprehensive view of the current legislation on family and parents-children relationships, including insights into past and future. Being a still hot topic is the reason why I chose it for my thesis. Two introductory chapters discuss historical context of family and development of legal relationships between parents and children to date. The family has evolved over time, developed and changed and so has the status of its individual members, which was all reflected in legislation (paternal power, parental power, parental rights and duties, parental responsibilities). The current concept of family is described in Chapter 3, followed by Chapter 4 which gives general characteristics of family law and legal relations within the family, including the definitions of basic concepts used in the rest of the work. Key Chapter 5 discusses the concept of parental responsibilities brought into our law by the so-called "big amendment" to the Family Code (Act No. 91/1998 Coll.). In exercising these rights and duties, parents are obliged to protect the best interests of the minor child, to control his or her actions and to exercise supervision over him or her. The parent-child relationship is equal and both its parties are holders of complementary rights and duties. In all actions, child's...

The family is a term, which is known in each period of history of mankind. It played, playes and will play an important role in life of every individual. It helps to create an identity of individual, a scale of values and principles, which are so necessary for happy life. The topic of my thesis is Rights and Obligations of Parents and Children with Emphasis on Selected Issues of Development of Relationship between Parents and Children. I have chosen this topic because I think that this part of family law is very interesting, especially the questions regarding to the determination of parenthood in the time of the medical breakthroughs. The purpose of my thesis is to analyse Czech legislation with regard to international law. The thesis is composed of six chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of the relationships between parents and children and the determination of parenthood. Chapter one is introductory. It is subdivided into four parts. Part one deals with history of legislation of relationships between parents and children. Part two describes general features of this relationships. And third and fourth parts sort rights and obligations into groups and analyze the issue of a parental responsibility, which are the basic rights and obligations of parents and children. These rights and...

Barnperspektiv är ett begrepp vilkets innebörd och mening har utvecklats genom åren. Vår studie syftade till att undersöka några familjerättssekreterares upplevelser och erfarenheter av hur barnperspektivet tillvaratas inom det familjerättsliga arbetet. Detta genom halvstrukturerade intervjuer med fyra familjerättssekreterare från en mellanstor kommun i Sverige. Familjerättssekreterarna menade att barnperspektivet har stärkts genom åren, men att det fortfarande finns delar att utveckla, exempelvis vad gäller barns röst och delaktighet. Familjerättssekreterarna beskrev svårigheter med tillvaratagandet av barnperspektivet i deras arbete så som föräldrarnas makt, en rädsla för att förvärra barnets situation och tidspress. De upplevde även möjligheter i form av samverkan och lagstiftning. Frågan om den sociala konstruktionen av barns position i samhället behöver förändras för att barnperspektivet ska kunna fortsätta stärkas och utvecklas diskuteras. / Through the years the child perspective is a word that has developed in its meaning and significance. The aim of this study was to investigate how family law investigators experience that the child perspective is being used in family law work. Four family law investigators in a middle-sized municipality in Sweden were interviewed in semi-structured interviews. The most significant results was that the child perspective, according to the family law investigators, has grown stronger but that there is’ still a need for development, for example listening to the voice of children and letting them participate more. The family law investigators experienced a challenge in the reinforcement of the child perspective in their work because of the parents’ power and a fear of making the child’s situation worse and that it also was time pressuring. They saw possibilities in the development of collaboration and in the legislation. The question if the social construction of children’s position in society needs to change in order for the child perspective to continue to be further strengthened and developed is discussed.

The purpose of this research is to understand how Trial Court Judges in state and city courts make decisions in domestic violence cases. The researcher examined the relationship between legal (e.g., evidence) and extra-legal factors (e.g., preconceived biases and behaviors related to judicial decision-making) using a qualitative research design. A case study of multiple locations in Orleans and Jefferson Parishes was used whereby a purposive sample of 17 current civil, municipal, and criminal court judges were interviewed. Judicial decision-making strategies were studied via face-to-face interviews, courtroom observations, and content analysis of courtroom communications (e.g., speech, written text, interviews, images, etc.). The researcher discusses future applications of the study as well as the application of findings to assist in exploring judicial decision-making processes. This qualitative research may be beneficial to policy planners, practitioners, and sociologists in gaining insight into the complexity of the judges’ decision-making processes.

The issue of maintenance and maintenance rights in Czech law This diploma thesis deals with legal regulation of maintenance and maintenance rights in the Czech historical context. The legislation of the Czech Republic is compared with the regulation of the Slovak Republic. The first part describes the historical development of this regulation, from the time of Roman law to the present. It also explains the meaning of the term "maintenance" and "maintenance duty" and the difference between these terms. As a follow-up, other parts of the diploma thesis deal with the various types of maintenance obligations that exist in the current Czech law. For each type of obligation, the manner of its origin, the way of determining its extent and the duration of its duration are described. For the sake of completeness of this issue, the thesis contains a part dealing with the frequency of individual types of maintenance obligations in proceedings before the courts, general assumptions for the award of maintenance, ways of its fulfillment, maturity and possibility of changing the amount of the maintenance obligation. The next section deals with the procedural issues of the maintenance and maintenance obligations, namely the possibility of including maintenance, the limitation of the right to maintenance and the...

Thesis advisor: Ali Banuazizi / Thesis advisor: Sarah Babb / This dissertation focuses on the intersection of global and indigenous advocacy strategies in feminist women’s movements in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). I explore strategies of resistance and innovation in three contexts: (1) Globally, I analyze a sample of MENA NGOs in a transnational women’s rights network, Women’s Learning Partnership (WLP) and their interactions in the international funding sphere; (2) Domestically, I examine a local Moroccan NGO’s strategy development process and their domestic and regional partnerships when organizing to reform the Moudawana (1999-2004); and (3) Regionally, I analyze inter-organizational collaboration and coalition building between three NGOs in the Campaign to Reform Arab Women’s Nationality (2001-2008). I locate the dissertation in a feminist activist framework and draw from diverse data sources, including years of fieldwork with WLP (2004-2008); participant observation and notes from five transnational women’s rights meetings (2005-2008); a content analysis of a sample of international funders’ and MENA feminist NGOs’ websites; and two in-depth case studies with data derived from historical analysis, three months of fieldwork in Morocco, interviews with Moroccan, Lebanese, and regional activists, and secondary document analysis. The findings provide deeper clarity into the strategic action of MENA feminist movements and the variety of social, political, and economic forces that shape their discourses and practices for achieving social change and gender equality. The findings contribute to the scholarly literature on transnational feminism and social movements and its intersection with the law. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2009. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Sociology. / Discipline: Psychology.

Historicamente, a família, célula básica e fundamental da sociedade, sempre evoluiu e se moldou ao contexto social em que esteve inserida. Especialmente no Brasil, o conceito de família sofreu substancial modificação desde a colonização, e, principalmente nas últimas décadas, para acompanhar os fenômenos e anseios sociais. De uma família patriarcal constituída exclusivamente pelo casamento, voltada para sua preservação enquanto instituição, passou-se a uma família fundada no afeto e voltada para a realização de seus integrantes. Diante de tal evolução, sacramentada pela Constituição Federal de 1988, algumas relações informais habituais na sociedade, mas vistas com desprezo e inferioridade por grande parte da população, passaram a ser reconhecidas e tuteladas pelo Estado. Nesse contexto, uniões informais duradouras, públicas e contínuas entre homem e mulher desimpedidos de casar, com objetivo de constituir família, foram reconhecidas como verdadeiras entidades familiares, sendo denominadas de uniões estáveis. No entanto, em consonância com o modelo monogâmico ordenador do sistema jurídico brasileiro, uniões informais concomitantes a outra relação jamais receberam tratamento legal que lhes tenha atribuído efeitos patrimoniais, tendo o legislador civilista cuidado apenas de restringi-los Tal histórica omissão legislativa não impediu, todavia, que, em um contexto social marcado pela pluralidade de formas nas relações afetivas e por uma contradição de desejos inerentes à maioria dos seres humanos – de um lado, o de ser o único na vida do parceiro; e, no outro, o de ter mais de um parceiro –, as uniões simultâneas, de tão reincidentes, alcançaram o status de fato social, o qual, todavia, por uma série de razões, continua a ser visto com severas restrições pela própria sociedade, e, consequentemente, pelo Direito. Tais uniões adquirem especial relevância para o mundo jurídico no momento em que ocorrem os seus rompimentos, seja pela morte, seja pelo simples desejo de uma das partes envolvidas. Nasce, então, uma das questões de maior complexidade e de difícil solução no Direito atual: a de conciliar a sensação de injustiça, que muitas vezes paira quando do rompimento de tais relações, com o sistema jurídico atual, o qual não só não reconhece tais uniões como entidade familiar, como veda expressamente seu reconhecimento como união estável O trabalho tem como foco o estudo dessas uniões simultâneas, as quais podem ser formadas tanto por pessoas impedidas como por pessoas desimpedidas de casar ou de constituir união estável, em especial o tratamento jurídico a elas conferido e os efeitos jurídicos que podem gerar. Assim, a primeira parte do trabalho volta-se precipuamente para os aspectos históricos, sociológicos e psicológicos que envolvem as uniões simultâneas, para que, ao final, se possa alcançar um entendimento jurídico sobre o tema, coerente não só com o sistema jurídico, mas também com a realidade sociocultural da atualidade. / Historically, the family, the basic and fundamental unit of society, has always evolved and shaped itself with the social context in which it was inserted. Especially in Brazil, the concept of family has undergone substantial changes since its colonization, and mainly in recent decades, in order to monitor the social phenomena and expectations. From the patriarchal family, consisting solely by marriage and aiming at its preservation as an institution, the family unit has changed to a family based on affection and concerned with its members’ fulfillment. Due to such developments, empowered by the 1988 Constitution, some usual informal relationships in society, although viewed with contempt and inferiority by much of the population, were recognized and protected by the State. In this context, long-term, ongoing public relationships between man and woman unimpeded to marry, aiming at constituting a family, were recognized as genuine family entities and called stable unions. However, in line with the monogamous model of the Brazilian legal system, an informal relationship concomitant to another relationship has never received the legal treatment to assign it propriety rights, being the civil legislator, in such a case, only concern in restricting them However, in a social context characterized by the plurality of forms in affective relationships and by a contradiction of desires inherent in most humans beings – in one hand, the desire of being the only one in the partner’s life; and, in the other, the desire of having more than one partner - such historic legislative omission has not prevented simultaneous relationships, for being so recidivists, from attaining the status of a social fact, which, for a number of reasons, remains to be seen with severe restrictions by the society itself and hence by the Law. Such unions acquire special relevance to the legal world at the time of their breakups, either by death, or by the simple desire of the parties involved. At this moment, one of the most complex and difficult issues to solve in the current Law is how to conciliate the feeling of injustice, which often hangs when the breakup of such relationships occurs, with the current legal system, which not only does not recognize such unions as a family unit, but it expressly forbids its recognition as a stable union This paper focuses on the study of these simultaneous relationships, which can be formed both by impeded persons as well as unimpeded ones to marry or to constitute stable unions, in particular, the legal treatment given to them and the legal consequences that may result. Therefore, the first part of this study turns primarily to the historical, sociological and psychological aspects involving simultaneous unions, so that in the end, one can achieve a legal opinion on the issue not only consistent with the legal system, but also with the sociocultural reality of present days.

Nesta dissertação buscou-se refletir sobre a atuação do psicólogo junto às Varas de Família, a partir da experiência e da perspectiva de profissionais que participaram da implantação de um Serviço de Psicologia em um fórum. Teve como objetivo ainda descrever o processo de implantação desse Serviço, conhecer as temáticas dos casos encaminhados e identificar possibilidades de atuação do psicólogo junto às Varas de Família. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi utilizada uma metodologia qualitativa através de um estudo de caso. As observações, análise documental, conversas informais e entrevistas foram os procedimentos utilizados na construção dos dados para análise, para a qual foi utilizado o referencial da Teoria Crítica da Sociedade. Os dados foram organizados a partir de três temas mais recorrentes, sendo eles a construção do espaço, as possibilidades de atuação e a adaptação ao meio. A análise apresenta as contradições em meio às quais se dá a atuação do psicólogo junto às Varas de Família, dentre as quais se destaca aquela relacionada às finalidades humanas e às finalidades jurídicas da atuação do psicólogo. Para o Direito, os conflitos de família ganham sentido no processo judicial, e este passa a ser o objeto do Direito. Para a Psicologia, os conflitos ganham sentido nas relações entre os indivíduos, e o processo judicial consiste em um meio pelo qual a lide se manifesta, sendo os fins da atuação pautados no cuidado com as pessoas, voltados para as finalidades humanas. Na análise da construção do espaço, remeteu-se a aspectos como a naturalização da desigualdade presente na instituição judiciária entre os magistrados e demais servidores. A implantação do Serviço de Psicologia é percebida pelos próprios profissionais como um improviso. A construção do espaço vai além do ambiente físico, diz respeito também à construção de um lugar para a Psicologia no fórum, nas relações que se estabelecem, no trabalho a ser realizado. Quanto às possibilidades de atuação, identificou-se que no Serviço de Psicologia, campo desta pesquisa, a atuação dos profissionais de psicologia junto às Varas de Família está restrita à demanda de avaliação psicológica determinada pelos juízes. Intervenções são realizadas em alguns casos, a fim de auxiliar as famílias, à medida que não interfiram no processo de avaliação que resulta em um laudo psicológico. Levanta-se a hipótese de que existe um sentimento de ameaça reprimido frente à realização de uma atuação que não apresente finalidades jurídicas. Ainda que haja consciência sobre a importância de pensar outras formas de atuação, a necessidade de ajustamento leva à submersão da consciência crítica e à adaptação. Esta dissertação contribui para uma possível análise crítica dessa atuação / This dissertation aimed to reflect on the psychologists role at family courts, based on the experience and the perspective of professionals who participated in the implementation of a Psychology Service in a court. It also had the purpose of outlining the process of implementation of this service, to get acquainted with the topics of court cases and to identify opportunities for psychologists at family courts. For the development of this research, a qualitative methodology was used through a case study. The observations, document examination, informal conversations and interviews were the procedures conducted to make up data for analysis, which was grounded on the Critical Theory of Society. Data were organized from the three most recurrent topics, namely the construction of space, the possibilities of intervention and the adaptation to the environment. Data analysis shows the contradictions amidst which the psychologist stands at family courts. Among them it should be highlighted the ones related to human ends and the purposes of the psychologists legal work. Under the law, family conflicts make sense in the judicial process and this becomes the object of law. For Psychology, conflicts make sense in the relationship between individuals, and the judicial process is a means by which the confrontation is expressed. Psychologists interventions aim at human care leading to human ends. The analysis of the construction of space, revealed some issues such as the naturalization of inequality of magistrates and other officers in a judicial institution. The establishment of the Psychology Service is perceived by the professionals themselves as an improvisation. The construction of the space goes beyond the physical environment, also involving the constitution of a locus for Psychology in the court, in the relationships that are established, and in the work accomplished. As for the possibilities of intervention, we found out that within the Psychology Service, which is this research field, the role of professional psychologist at family courts is restricted to the requirements for psychological assessment determined by judges. Interventions are performed in some cases to assist families, provided they do not interfere in the evaluation process which leads to a psychological assessment report. It is possible to hypothesize that there could be a sense of repressed threat facing the achievement of interventions that do not express legal purposes. Although there is an awareness of the importance of considering other ways of intervention, the need for adjustment leads to the restraint of critical awareness and to adaptation. This dissertation contributes to a possible critical analysis of this intervention