Background: Loneliness, a feeling of distress, has aggravated due to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns and reduced social interactions. The objective of this study was to explore whether increased loneliness due to the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with various eating and activity behaviours in adolescence, a critical period for the development of lasting lifestyle habits. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we used self-reported data from 43,588 and 40,521 Canadian adolescents aged 12-19 years (collected between November 2020 and June 2021) for eating habits and the 24-hour movement behaviours, respectively. Binary and multinomial logistic regression were used to predict the odds of various lifestyle behaviours among adolescents with increased loneliness due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: We found higher odds of skipping breakfast [boys: OR 1.41 (95% CI: 1.33, 1.50), girls: OR 1.64 (95% CI: 1.56, 1.74)], fast food consumption [1-2 days in the past week: girls - OR: 1.14 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.21); ≥3 days in the past week: boys - 1.12 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.24), girls - OR: 1.42 (95% CI: 1.29, 1.57)], not meeting screen time [boys: OR 1.43 (95% CI: 1.24, 1.66), girls: OR 1.72 (95% CI: 1.54, 1.92)], and sleep duration guidelines [boys: OR 1.38 (95% CI: 1.28, 1.48), girls: OR 1.36 (95% CI: 1.27, 1.45)] among adolescents that reported increased loneliness due to the pandemic (versus those in the decreased/stayed the same loneliness group). Conclusion: Future longitudinal studies in adolescents are needed to confirm the directionality of these associations. It is important to raise awareness of these findings among public health practitioners, policymakers, physicians, schools and parents to promote healthier eating habits and increase adherence to the 24-hour movement behaviours. Recovery efforts post-pandemic are needed to reduce loneliness levels to support adolescent social health and establish healthy behavioural habits across the lifespan.

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On the assumption that the translation strategies used to translate American fast-food advertisements into Arabic cause the Arabic translations to be culturally bound to their originals, the aim of the present study is to identify such translation strategies. The study was conducted with the aid of questionnaires as a primary research method to obtain data which are then complemented by means of textual analyses of the corpus. The findings reveal that the main translation strategies used to translate phrases in fast-food advertisements from English into Arabic are borrowing and transliteration. The overall finding is that inadequate translations of culture-specific concepts, phrases, logos and terms produce target texts which are bound to the source texts. This causes the translations to be rejected by the target culture. / Linguistics / M.A. (Linguistics)

<p>Our increasingly globalized world has contributed to that more Swedish companies has expanded their business to more distant areas. One of these Swedish companies that now stands before their first international expansion is the Swedish fast-food chain Max AB. Max has chosen to start their expansion in Saudi Arabia, a country far away from Sweden, not only in terms of geographical distance but also in cultural. The cultural differences that Max will encounter may affect the business and result in to various adaptations that must be done in order to establish successfully. The thesis investigates the existing circumstances for the fastfood business in Saudi Arabia and shows which adaptations international fast-food chains should or must do as a result of the cultural distances they encounter. Subsequently there will be an exposition of which adaptations Max will accomplish in their concept with their establishment in Saudi Arabia. The investigation method that has been used is qualitative interviews. The interviews were with Max’ franchise manager and former marketing director for McDonald’s in the Middle Eastern region. The outcome of our investigation shows clear cultural differences and that fast-food chains have to conduct themselves and adapt to these differences in order to establish successfully.</p><p>Key words: Fast-food business, Max AB, McDonald’s, Saudi Arabia, psychic distance, culture, adaptations</p> / <p>Vår allt mer globaliserade värld har medfört att alltfler svenska företag internationaliserar sin verksamhet till mer avlägsna områden. Ett av dessa svenska företag som nu står inför sin första utlandsexpansion är den svenska snabbmatskedjan Max AB. Max har valt att börja sin expansion i Saudiarabien, ett land långt ifrån Sverige, inte bara i termer av geografiskt avstånd utan även kulturellt avstånd. De kulturella skillnaderna som Max möter kan komma att påverka verksamheten och leda till att vissa anpassningar måste genomföras för en framgångsrik etablering. Uppsatsen undersöker det rådande förhållandet för snabbmatsbranschen i Saudiarabien och visar vilka anpassningar internationella snabbmatskedjor bör eller måste göra på grund av de kulturella skillnaderna de möter. Härefter följer en genomgång av vilka anpassningar Max kommer att göra i sitt koncept vid sin etablering i Saudiarabien. Den undersökningsmetod som har använts är kvalitativa intervjuer. En intervju med Max expansionschef samt tidigare marknadschef för McDonald’s i regionen mellanöstern har företagits. Resultatet från undersökningen visar på tydliga kulturella skillnader och att snabbmatskedjor måste förhålla sig och anpassa sig till dessa för genomförandet av en framgångsrik etablering.</p><p>Nyckelord: Snabbmatsbranschen, Max AB, McDonald’s, Saudiarabien, psychic distance, kultur, anpassningar</p>

Background: Over the past two decades, the media landscape has undergonesubstantial changes. Social media is increasingly replacing traditionalmedia, which has influenced the way of advertising. Social mediaplatforms enable a two-way communication between brands and itsconsumers. However, it remains a challenge for brands to create relevantand attractive content in order to market themselves and build strongrelationships with consumers on social media. Purpose: The aim of the study is to investigate what should be taken into accountin order to generate a higher level of consumer engagement when brandspublish posts on social media. Method: This study is conducted with a quantitative research design. It employsa content analysis of brand posts by a selection of worldwide fast foodand beverage brands on the social media platform Instagram. Eightinternational brands are selected based on the size of their businessaround the world and the variation of their brand posts. A total of 287brand posts from the brands’ international accounts are collected andexamined in order to investigate what leads to higher levels of consumerengagement. Findings: The results of the study reveal that image posts lead to higher levels ofconsumer engagement compared to video posts. However, content type,emotions, source of content, presence of hashtags and posting time donot create significant differences in engagement levels.

Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-03-18T12:44:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_PaisagemLugarAmazonia.pdf: 11892118 bytes, checksum: 24de0f71a9d75f0b22c1030096d39712 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-06-04T13:34:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_PaisagemLugarAmazonia.pdf: 11892118 bytes, checksum: 24de0f71a9d75f0b22c1030096d39712 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-04T13:34:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_PaisagemLugarAmazonia.pdf: 11892118 bytes, checksum: 24de0f71a9d75f0b22c1030096d39712 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As empresas transnacionais e nacionais sob à luz do capitalismo, instaladas especialmente em bairros centrais da cidade de Belém-PA, estariam complementando a metrópole de equipamentos urbanos, com paisagens estandardizadas, introduzidos pelas empresas de fast food, engendrando cosmopolitismo concernentes a todas as grandes metrópoles brasileiras e mundiais, concomitantemente, trazendo inflexões sócio-urbana para os moradores e trabalhadores do circuito inferior da economia, residentes em bairros centrais, como a mudança de frações do espaço urbano, de valor de uso para valor de troca e, sobretudo, a provável transmutação destes lugares para não-lugares, a partir de uma nova apreensão destes citadinos com os recortes espaciais, reforçada pelas mudanças paisagísticas. Apontando, continuamente o capitalismo imanente à globalização como vetores de mudanças na morfologia espacial, e, consequentemente nas relações sócio-cuturais. / Transnational corporations and nationals in the light of capitalism, especially installed in the central districts of the city of Belém-PA, would complement the urban metropolis of equipment, with standardized landscapes introduced by fast food companies, generating cosmopolitanism concernetes all major Brazilian cities and world, or bringing negative effects to residents and workers in lower circuit resident economy in central districts, such as changes in urban space, use value for value exchange, and especially the probable transmutation of these places not to places, from an apprehension of these new urbanites with this space, enhanced by the changing landscape. Pointing capitalism continually immanent globalization as vectors of changes in morphology and consequently on the social-crops in space. / Les sociétés transnationales et leurs ressortissants dans la lumière du capitalisme, notamment installés dans les quartiers centraux de la ville de Belém-PA, viendrait en complément de la métropole urbaine de l'équipement, avec des paysages standardisés, mis en place par les entreprises de restauration rapide, de production de cosmopolitisme concernant toutes les grandes villes Brésil et dans le monde, en même temps, ce qui porte inflexions aux résidents socio-urbaines et les travailleurs dans l'économie circuit inférieur résident dans les quartiers centraux, comme le changement de fractions de l'espace urbain, la valeur d'usage pour la valeur d'échange, et en particulier la transmutation probable ces postes à des non-lieux, à partir d'une appréhension de ces nouveaux citadins avec les limites spatiales, exécutée par des changements du paysage. Pointage, le capitalisme sans cesse la mondialisation immanente comme vecteurs de changements dans la morphologie spatiale, et par conséquent dans le domaine social-Gourde.

Our increasingly globalized world has contributed to that more Swedish companies has expanded their business to more distant areas. One of these Swedish companies that now stands before their first international expansion is the Swedish fast-food chain Max AB. Max has chosen to start their expansion in Saudi Arabia, a country far away from Sweden, not only in terms of geographical distance but also in cultural. The cultural differences that Max will encounter may affect the business and result in to various adaptations that must be done in order to establish successfully. The thesis investigates the existing circumstances for the fastfood business in Saudi Arabia and shows which adaptations international fast-food chains should or must do as a result of the cultural distances they encounter. Subsequently there will be an exposition of which adaptations Max will accomplish in their concept with their establishment in Saudi Arabia. The investigation method that has been used is qualitative interviews. The interviews were with Max’ franchise manager and former marketing director for McDonald’s in the Middle Eastern region. The outcome of our investigation shows clear cultural differences and that fast-food chains have to conduct themselves and adapt to these differences in order to establish successfully. Key words: Fast-food business, Max AB, McDonald’s, Saudi Arabia, psychic distance, culture, adaptations / Vår allt mer globaliserade värld har medfört att alltfler svenska företag internationaliserar sin verksamhet till mer avlägsna områden. Ett av dessa svenska företag som nu står inför sin första utlandsexpansion är den svenska snabbmatskedjan Max AB. Max har valt att börja sin expansion i Saudiarabien, ett land långt ifrån Sverige, inte bara i termer av geografiskt avstånd utan även kulturellt avstånd. De kulturella skillnaderna som Max möter kan komma att påverka verksamheten och leda till att vissa anpassningar måste genomföras för en framgångsrik etablering. Uppsatsen undersöker det rådande förhållandet för snabbmatsbranschen i Saudiarabien och visar vilka anpassningar internationella snabbmatskedjor bör eller måste göra på grund av de kulturella skillnaderna de möter. Härefter följer en genomgång av vilka anpassningar Max kommer att göra i sitt koncept vid sin etablering i Saudiarabien. Den undersökningsmetod som har använts är kvalitativa intervjuer. En intervju med Max expansionschef samt tidigare marknadschef för McDonald’s i regionen mellanöstern har företagits. Resultatet från undersökningen visar på tydliga kulturella skillnader och att snabbmatskedjor måste förhålla sig och anpassa sig till dessa för genomförandet av en framgångsrik etablering. Nyckelord: Snabbmatsbranschen, Max AB, McDonald’s, Saudiarabien, psychic distance, kultur, anpassningar

The primary goal of this paper is to critically examine five of the top nine US fast food chains to look at their history and to determine what factors have lead to their massive success. The companies that will be analyzed include: McDonald's, Taco Bell, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Domino's Pizza, and Subway. Similarities and differences of these companies are compared and contrasted throughout the paper and clearly demonstrate how each company has managed to capture and maintain major market share in their respective food categories. Areas that are examined range from product quality to to business models to consumer psychology. A review of these companies reveals that there are specific success factors for each, and one overarching factor for all. Specific factors include, but are not limited to marketing technique, organizational structure and overall business concept. The one factor that seems critical to all is entering the market with an innovative and unique concept.

Employee turnover can cost an organization a significant amount of money. In addition, retention of employees can beneficial towards to an organization as it e.g. allows to save costs related torecruitment and training of new employees. The fast food industry is recognized as an industry which employs low-skilled employees and is especially in the United States known to be prone to high employee turnover. With regards to Europe, only little information is available in the field of low-skilled employee retention in the fast food industry. Looking towards the Netherlands, there has been no conducted research concerning this topic from a manager’s perspective allowing to identify the best HR practices to limit employee turnover in the organization. Our purpose of this thesis is to increase the understanding of the practices on employee retention of low-skilled employees in the Dutch fast food industry. To be able to meet this purpose, the following research question was developed “How do managers address retention of low-skilled employees in the Dutch fast food industry?” To be able to answer this research question, a multiple case study was conducted to study several franchises of the Dutch fast food organization “Verhage fast food”. We chose to conduct a qualitative study by developing semi-structured interviews. The empirical material was collected by interviewing an HR manager and the CEO of Verhage to develop an overview of the organization. Furthermore, we conducted five interviews with franchisees of Verhage. These franchisees were chosen based on four criteria being location, variety in experience, amount of employees, and amount of franchises owned. These four criteria ensured that the chosen franchisees in our study are active in different environmental settings. These interviews were conducted with the aim to find out how these franchisees perceive low-skilled employee retention and to identify how these franchisees address retention through the implementation of HR practices. Our study provided a contribution that shows the most effective HR practices in the fields of recruitment and selection, training and development, career development, and recognition and rewards are depending on the situational factors. Whereas one franchisee needs to pay well above minimum wage to attract low-skilled employees, another franchisee can easily pay the employees minimum wages without the need to worry for job applicants. Another contribution based on the outcome of our study is that the provision of training and responsibilities besides being done to benefit the company in e.g. productivity it also results in more engaging employees with a higher intention to stay.