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Scholars confirm that a huge proportion of black South African men are not participating in their children's upbringing, as a result, children face various challenges that impede their wellbeing. This study is of the view that there is still a need for further investigations to explore the effects of fatherlessness on children's wellbeing and to gain new perspectives on father absence within the context of black societies in South Africa. With that in mind, this study aimed to explore the impact of fatherlessness on the psychosocial wellbeing of young black South African men. The objectives of this study included investigating the following: (1) young men's experiences of growing up without their biological fathers; (2) the psychosocial effects of growing up without a biological father on young black men; (3) the ways in which fatherlessness shapes the development of a gendered (masculine) identity among young black men; and (4) to understand the ways in which fatherlessness shapes young men's participation in cultural practices that facilitate their transition to manhood (e.g. ulwaluko). A qualitative approach research approach was adopted for this study. Semi-structured interviews (face to face) were used for data collection, and both purposive sampling and snowball sampling methods were used to recruit participants for this study. The interviews were conducted with twenty-four (24) young black men (participants) who shared their experiences of growing up without the presence of their biological fathers. These participants resided in Langa township (Western Cape). The interviews were conducted during the third wave of Covid-19, so all the protocols to safeguard the spread of Covid-19 were observed. The data was analysed using thematic analysis. It further drew on the psychosocial developmental theory by Erik Erickson (1963) as a lens through which it reflects on young men's developmental processes and the ways in which such development is shaped by the absence of biological fathers. The findings suggest that many of the participants' conceptions of the roles of fathers were in line with the traditional views of fathers as financial providers, protectors, and disciplinarians. The results of this study also gave insight into challenges faced by young black men who grew up without their biological fathers. These challenges were related to their cultural identity, which then affected their capacity to build intimate relationships, affected them when they were undergoing ulwaluko, and affected their constructions of masculinity. Fatherlessness was also shown to have a negative impact on the education and psychosocial wellbeing of the young black men in the study.

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Yes / This paper sets out to capture the missing voices of fathers in discussions around gender, parenting and work. Using Critical Discursive Psychology (CDP), a qualitative methodology that frames discourse, language and action as socially situated, the paper sets out to understand the complexities of involved fatherhood. Using data from two distinct research projects that considered managing tensions around parenting and paid work, alongside the move to ‘involved fatherhood’, we examine the ways in which different discourses are operating in order to construct stories around gender and parenting. We are particularly interested in the ways in which participants use language and, specifically, discourses of parenting, working and caring. Through the interview excerpts we analysed how simultaneously participants position themselves in the discourses and were also being positioned by the wider societal discourses. We consider how CDP can contribute rich insights into the ways in which fathers are arranging sharing parenting caregiving responsibilities, using these insights to inform the policy landscape. We finish the paper by suggesting that CDP methodology can be mobilised by researchers wanting to capture missing voices in shifting policy landscapes.

Yes

Yes / Despite higher work-life conflict (WLC) amongst women (Bakker & Karsten, 2013; Minnotte, 2013), work-to-family conflict (WFC) and family-to-work conflict (FWC) experienced by single mothers receives less attention than dual earner couples but more than single fathers (Gatrell, 2001; 2005). This paper presents a review of key concepts, drawn from a variety of WFC debates allowing us to understand how the under-researched single parent attributes meaning to, self-actualises, copes with and facilitates decision-making around daily time specific WFC episodes within the family domain. The paper acknowledges that previous WFC studies examine inter-role effects and levels of influence between work and family-life although time-specific episodic WFC experiences are concealed. A comprehensive understanding of the nature in which work facilitates time specific WFC episodes or events within the family domain of the single parent is also lacking. A new framework is suggested in examining the WFC experiences of the single parent. Future single parent studies underpinning WFC may consider the complex distinctive nature in which work is conceptualised perhaps single mothers and single fathers distinguishing the coping strategies and decision-making criteria underpinning their daily-time specific episodic WFC experiences. Our conceptualisation of the daily time specific nature of WFC perhaps suggests that we revisit our understanding of the implications that single parents present for the workplace. The use of an innovative mixed methods qualitative approach is suggested using qualitative dairies, photo elicitation and convergent interviews to capture rich, in depth and time specific interpretations of the daily episodes of single parents. Extant studies on WFC adopt quantitative methodologies while the use of qualitative methods remains under-developed.

Text in Afrikaans / The earlier conceptualisation of the roles of fathers that only focused on the breadwinner, has been replaced by a number of unique roles that are fulfilled by the father. The different aspects of fatherhood have a reciprocal influence on each other and can influence the father’s experience. The goal of this qualitative study was to explore the father’s experience of twins in their middle childhood. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight fathers. From this study it became clear that fatherhood of twins can generally be seen as a positive experience, but fathers of twins face extra challenges that lack in the case of single children. The researcher came to the conclusion that by being aware of the changes in each developmental stage, the father can prepare himself better for fatherhood and handle situations that he experiences at a particular moment. Various suggestions that can be useful for parental guidance and preparing fathers of twins for fatherhood were made. / Social Work / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)

<p>Studien syftar till att undersöka hur unga pappor upplever och hanterar rollen som pappa. Som forum för att finna lämpliga respondenter till detta användes verksamheten ”Unga mammor och pappor”. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats och baseras på fem stycken narrativa intervjuer. En intervjuguide med olika teman utformades och dessa teman följer sedan både i resultatet och i analysen. Frågeställningarna har behandlat processen; från graviditeten till idag, vilka förändringar i livssituationen faderskapet medfört, viktiga funktioner i papparollen och hur omgivning och samhälle påverkat dem som pappor. För att analysera resultatet av studien används Eriksons psykosociala utvecklingsteori, The Scripting and Life Course Perspective samt teorier om kön och genus. Resultatet i studien visar bland annat på att alla respondenterna såg positivt på sitt faderskap och de hade anammat detta till fullo. De kände alla att de hade ett stort ansvar och var delaktiga i det som rörde hem och barn. Dock ansågs det finnas en skillnad mellan pappa- och mammarollen gällande ansvarsfördelningen när barnen var små. Främst handlade detta då om att papporna var den primära familjeförsörjaren. Den största livsomställningen som framkom var att mindre tid spenderades på fritidsintressen och vänner till förmån för familjen. Vidare visade resultatet på att upplevelsen av krav från omgivning och samhälle tycks öka med barnens ålder.</p> / <p>The study aims to examine how young fathers experience and handle their role as fathers. As source to find suitable respondents, the program ”Unga mammor och pappor” was used. The study has a qualitative attempt and is based on five narrative interviews. A guide for the interviews was made with different themes and these themes later follows both in the result and in the analyse. The questionnaire in the study involves the process; from pregnancy until today, what kind of changes in their life situation did the fatherhood bring, important functions in the role as father and how the surrounding environment and society has effected them as fathers. To analyse the result of the study we used Eriksons psychosocial developmental theory, The Scripting and Life Course Perspective and theories about sex and gender. The result of the study shows, among other things, that the respondents were all positive to their fatherhood and they had fully adopted it. They all felt a great responsibility and participation considering home and child. However they all believed there to be a difference between the father- and the mother role concerning how to distribute the responsibility when the children are small. Mainly meaning, that the fathers were the primary family providers. The greatest change in their life situation appeared to be that less time was spent on hobbies and friends to the benefit of the family. The result also showed that their experience of the environmental and societal demands seems to grow with the ageing of the children.</p>

Studien syftar till att undersöka hur unga pappor upplever och hanterar rollen som pappa. Som forum för att finna lämpliga respondenter till detta användes verksamheten ”Unga mammor och pappor”. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats och baseras på fem stycken narrativa intervjuer. En intervjuguide med olika teman utformades och dessa teman följer sedan både i resultatet och i analysen. Frågeställningarna har behandlat processen; från graviditeten till idag, vilka förändringar i livssituationen faderskapet medfört, viktiga funktioner i papparollen och hur omgivning och samhälle påverkat dem som pappor. För att analysera resultatet av studien används Eriksons psykosociala utvecklingsteori, The Scripting and Life Course Perspective samt teorier om kön och genus. Resultatet i studien visar bland annat på att alla respondenterna såg positivt på sitt faderskap och de hade anammat detta till fullo. De kände alla att de hade ett stort ansvar och var delaktiga i det som rörde hem och barn. Dock ansågs det finnas en skillnad mellan pappa- och mammarollen gällande ansvarsfördelningen när barnen var små. Främst handlade detta då om att papporna var den primära familjeförsörjaren. Den största livsomställningen som framkom var att mindre tid spenderades på fritidsintressen och vänner till förmån för familjen. Vidare visade resultatet på att upplevelsen av krav från omgivning och samhälle tycks öka med barnens ålder. / The study aims to examine how young fathers experience and handle their role as fathers. As source to find suitable respondents, the program ”Unga mammor och pappor” was used. The study has a qualitative attempt and is based on five narrative interviews. A guide for the interviews was made with different themes and these themes later follows both in the result and in the analyse. The questionnaire in the study involves the process; from pregnancy until today, what kind of changes in their life situation did the fatherhood bring, important functions in the role as father and how the surrounding environment and society has effected them as fathers. To analyse the result of the study we used Eriksons psychosocial developmental theory, The Scripting and Life Course Perspective and theories about sex and gender. The result of the study shows, among other things, that the respondents were all positive to their fatherhood and they had fully adopted it. They all felt a great responsibility and participation considering home and child. However they all believed there to be a difference between the father- and the mother role concerning how to distribute the responsibility when the children are small. Mainly meaning, that the fathers were the primary family providers. The greatest change in their life situation appeared to be that less time was spent on hobbies and friends to the benefit of the family. The result also showed that their experience of the environmental and societal demands seems to grow with the ageing of the children.